CN116885459A - Design method of embedded widening angle scanning phased array antenna - Google Patents
Design method of embedded widening angle scanning phased array antenna Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
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- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/005—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system using remotely controlled antenna positioning or scanning
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- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
- H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
- H01Q3/34—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means
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Abstract
The invention discloses an embedded widening angle scanning phased array antenna design method, which has an antenna structure with good wide angle scanning gain characteristic and circular polarization characteristic and is realized by the following technical scheme: each antenna radiation unit adopts a circular radiator, the same-layer circular polarization patch radiators are connected together through a circular array metal column penetrating through an upper layer dielectric plate and taking a beam solid angle, radiation fields are generated by coupling, linear polarization radiation energy is overlapped, circular polarization radiation is formed through a broadside center longitudinal slot, the energy propagates radiation electromagnetic waves along the dielectric plate, the feeding column obtains circular polarization radiation coupling energy, and the electromagnetic waves are radiated to a space in a mode of loading monopole arrays; the antenna radiation unit arrays on all quaternary subarrays sequentially rotate by the same unit distance according to the longitudinal slot direction, and four feeding frustum base vertical monopoles are formed in a coaxial four-feeding mode, and are sequentially delayed by 90 degrees clockwise to feed so as to obtain the optimal circular polarization performance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a ground receiving system widely applied to millimeter wave satellite communication and the like in the fields of radar, satellite communication, navigation, space detection and the like, in particular to an embedded widening angle scanning phased array antenna design method with miniaturization or integrated design.
Background
Receiving weak signals from satellites often requires a very wide beam from the receiving antenna, high gain at low elevation angles, and circular polarization. Generally, the antenna which we study is in the form of a unit, and different units have different characteristics, and the resonant frequency, bandwidth, axial ratio and pattern are all different. The gain of a single antenna is often limited by materials and design and cannot be used to achieve satellite communication or other applications. The phased array antenna has the greatest characteristics of large gain, and can realize the scanning of a large airspace, so that the target condition in the visible range can be well observed. And the multi-beam characteristics of the antenna can be used for simultaneously tracking the dynamic states of a plurality of targets and feeding back information to a computer for analysis. Phased array antennas, while having numerous advantages, have difficulty achieving wide instantaneous bandwidths at large scan angles due to limitations in aperture transit time and beam pointing drift. The beam width in the array of the phased array line unit is limited, the directional diagram characteristic and the polarization characteristic change along with the beam scanning, the cross polarization level is obviously deteriorated along with the increase of the scanning angle, and the inherent frequency sensitivity of polarization, so that the array gain is greatly reduced from scanning to the low elevation direction; the input impedance of the port of the antenna unit is related to the scanning angle, and the larger the scanning range is, the more difficult the input port of the antenna unit is to realize impedance matching during scanning, so that the efficiency of the phased array antenna is reduced. Phased array antennas have limited scanning range due to limitations in aperture transit time and beam pointing drift, and it is difficult to achieve wide instantaneous bandwidths at large scan angles.
A phased array antenna is an antenna that performs scanning with a wide angle by controlling the phase of each element antenna. Satellite communications typically employ a circularly polarized phased array antenna that is scanned over a wide angle. The axial ratio of a wide angle scanning circularly polarized antenna array is determined by two aspects: the first is the axial ratio of the array unit, and the second is the influence of the array arrangement mode on the axial ratio of the antenna. The axial ratio is achieved by rotation of the antenna elements, and the axial ratio characteristics will directly affect the performance of the array antenna. The cell axial ratio is severely degraded if the array cell arrangement and feed single feed circularly polarized patches have an axial ratio in the beam of 30 that is less than the inter-cell mutual coupling. In the prior art, the improvement of the axial ratio of circularly polarized array units has been discussed in many documents, and many microstrip structures are used as the results of taking microstrip cell arrays as examples. Microstrip antennas with microstrip junctions are poor in front and back and narrow in bandwidth, and a single-layer microstrip antenna is difficult to widen beams and simultaneously maintain good circular polarization performance in wide beams, so that the microstrip antennas become technical bottlenecks for limiting system performance, the antenna radiating units and the floor areas are small, and the antenna installation and application are very difficult; because the single-feed point circularly polarized microstrip antenna has very narrow axial ratio bandwidth, the axial ratio bandwidth of a wide-beam antenna taking the single-feed point circularly polarized microstrip antenna as a main radiating element is also very narrow, and a plurality of working frequency bands of satellite communication cannot be covered at the same time. Circular polarized microstrip antennas are not very wide in impedance bandwidth to axial ratio bandwidth due to their own structural limitations, thus limiting their application in certain scenarios. In addition, when the array element of the rotary circularly polarized microstrip array antenna adopts a linearly polarized microstrip patch, the antenna gain is suddenly reduced and the back lobe level is increased in a wide-angle scanning state. Whether it is the impedance bandwidth or the axial ratio bandwidth of a circularly polarized microstrip antenna. This is mainly because microstrip antennas are resonant antennas, which have a high Q quality factor, and the impedance bandwidth and the axial bandwidth of the antenna are inversely proportional to Q. The axial ratio bandwidth of a common single-feed circularly polarized microstrip antenna is generally less than 2%. The quality factor Q of the microstrip antenna is related to the relative dielectric constant and thickness of the dielectric plate, and the smaller the dielectric constant, the thicker the thickness, the smaller the Q value and the wider the bandwidth. Therefore, in order to increase the bandwidth of the microstrip antenna, the thickness of the dielectric plate of the antenna needs to be increased, but the thickness increase causes the feed probe to be lengthened, thereby bringing additional inductance, which may cause deterioration of the impedance matching performance. The gain of the conventional unidirectional radiating microstrip antenna in the end-fire direction drops sharply, which makes the radiation coverage of the conventional microstrip antenna limited. As the scanning range of the main beam of most planar microstrip phased array antennas is only about 90-100 degrees, and the gain fluctuation is about 4-5dB, the defects of limited scanning angle and the like exist, and the wide-angle airspace coverage requirement of a communication system cannot be met. The antenna radiating unit is too small, the antenna gain is low, and the feeding design and processing are not facilitated by a high dielectric constant medium microstrip method in the millimeter wave frequency band; the antenna radiating unit and the floor area of the microstrip medium antenna method are smaller, and the antenna is difficult to install and apply. For microstrip antennas, the common methods for expanding the beam width are mainly the following: firstly, special radiation units are adopted, for example, auxiliary radiation branches are added on two sides of a microstrip patch antenna, or a laminated patch structure with parasitic units is utilized, or gaps, probes and the like are loaded on the microstrip patch; the second type is to adopt an optimized grounding structure, such as a slotted patch antenna with a conical table floor, a bowl-shaped back cavity structure, a 3D square grounding structure, a pyramid-shaped floor, a semi-closed folding metal wall structure and other technologies around the microstrip patch antenna; the third category is by using a specific feed network in the antenna element or subarray, for example a circularly polarized microstrip antenna element fed with a one-to-three power divider, a microstrip antenna quad subarray integrated with a sequential rotating feed network, etc. The method effectively improves the beam width of the circularly polarized antenna, but sacrifices the antenna size to a certain extent, and is not suitable for miniaturization or integrated phased array antenna design even because of oversized size. As with a conventional microstrip antenna, since the feed point is not at the geometric center of the antenna, the feed coaxiality is not regularly distributed after the unit antenna rotates, which increases the design difficulty of the array antenna feed network.
With the development of small mobile terminal antennas and aircraft-mounted antennas for satellite navigation, positioning and mobile satellite communications, higher and higher requirements are being put on the coverage area of the antennas. The requirement for the antenna as a critical device is higher. For satellite navigation positioning systems, circularly polarized antennas are required to have wide beam performance where the gain at low elevation angles is not too low. For example, the dual-star positioning system in China, the GPS system user machine antenna in the United states and the aircraft-mounted antenna of the measurement and control system are all required to have approximately hemispherical coverage capability and have higher low elevation gain. Grating lobes cannot appear in the array design, the grating lobes can disperse energy and reduce gain, and the grating lobes can lead to target positioning and direction finding errors. It is known from the basic principle of satellite positioning that the signal at low elevation angle is the most responsive to positioning accuracy. Therefore, the navigation positioning system requires that the circularly polarized antenna have wide beam performance at low elevation angle, the gain of which cannot be too low. The control difficulty and the manufacturing complexity of the antenna are increased, and the reliability of the phased array is reduced. The existing phased array antenna usually requires high gain and narrow wave beams, which means that the caliber of the antenna is large, the number of unit antennas is large, and the design work of the antenna is difficult to complete by directly using electromagnetic simulation to design the whole antenna. In order to quickly and accurately acquire weak satellite signals, it is generally required that the antenna have a very wide lobe width and maintain a certain low elevation gain. For example, in some applications of GPS, the beam coverage of the antenna unit is required to reach 120 ° or higher, and the antenna unit has better circular polarization characteristics in the frequency band range, whereas the wave speed width of a common microstrip antenna is generally about 70 ° to 110 °, and the gain is between-7 ° and-3 dB at a low elevation angle of 10 °, so that it is very difficult to achieve the above requirement with the common microstrip antenna.
The main methods of the phased array antenna for realizing the wide beam antenna unit include reconfigurable technology, magnetic flow source construction, super surface loading and the like. Based on the reconfigurable technology, the loading of an active device is utilized, the planar phased array reconfigurable antenna with a wider scanning range is realized, the current distribution on the surface of the antenna is controlled through the active switching device, the beam deflection of the unit is realized, and therefore, the wide-angle radiation coverage is dynamically realized. At present, the reconfigurable wide-angle scanning antenna only realizes one-dimensional scanning range broadening, is not expanded to a two-dimensional layer, and not only needs to adjust the phase difference among units but also needs to control each unit during working. The antenna unit based on the equivalent magnetic current source can only realize wide-angle scanning in one dimension, and the equivalent magnetic current source antenna proposed in partial literature has larger dimension in one dimension, which limits the application of the antenna unit in a two-dimensional scanning phased array. In practical application, the current of the unit antenna is affected by mutual coupling of other unit antennas in the array, and the smaller the unit spacing is relative to the wavelength, the more obvious the effect is. Mutual coupling is the effect of mutual coupling or electromagnetic induction of energy between antennas, and the influence of mutual coupling mainly comes from adjacent units, and the influence of units with larger distances on the mutual coupling is smaller. Because of the mutual coupling between the array units, the amplitude and phase distribution of the current on the units can be changed, so that the units show different impedance and radiation characteristics under the isolated state, and the array scanning performance is further affected. Under a wide frequency band, the fixed cell spacing in the array can lead to a large variation of the array factor in the frequency band, and the variation is severe along with the variation of mutual coupling caused by the source standing wave of a scanning angle, thereby further increasing the complexity of the array design.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of limited scanning angle and large three-dimensional volume of the wide-angle scanning array of the traditional circular polarization plane array, the invention provides the embedded widening angle scanning phased array antenna design method which has the advantages of low section, high gain, reliable performance, wider coverage range of wave beams, larger wave beam width, better circular polarization characteristic and good wide-angle scanning gain characteristic, so as to solve the problems of lower wide-angle scanning gain, poorer circular polarization performance and overlarge antenna contour in the prior art.
The invention solves the problems by adopting the following technical scheme: the design method of the embedded widening angle scanning phased array antenna is characterized by comprising the following steps of: by utilizing the generation mechanism of mutual coupling among array units, introducing an upper dielectric plate 7 loaded with wide-angle impedance matching resistance above a lower dielectric plate 8, integrating the upper dielectric plate 7 and the antenna radiating unit 1 which are laminated by the lower dielectric plate 8 on the same dielectric substrate in a coplanar manner, designing an antenna metal floor 9, the upper dielectric plate 7 and the antenna radiating unit 1 which are laminated by the lower dielectric plate 8, designing a feed frustum base 6 for improving the low-elevation gain of the antenna at the bottom of the antenna radiating unit, arranging a plurality of antenna radiating units 1 according to a four-element array grid to form a wide-angle scanning matrix, sequentially arranging the antenna radiating units in a matrix stepped seat hole, fixing the lower end face of each antenna radiating unit 1 on a two-dimensional layer surface of the lower dielectric plate 8, and expanding a 2X 2 four-element subarray to obtain a similar three-dimensional phased array antenna array; one for each antenna radiating element 1Working at TM 31 The circular ring radiator 2 of the mould, the circular ring microstrip patch is through penetrating the upper dielectric plate 7 and with the circular array metal column 4 of the beam solid angle, link the circular ring radiator 2 with the circular polarized patch radiator 3 of the same layer together to form a three-dimensional radiation flowing squirrel cage cavity to wrap up the antenna unit, the circular ring radiator 2 and the feed column 5 perpendicular to the bottom of the circular polarized patch radiator 3 penetrate the coupling hole of the lower dielectric plate 8, couple and fix on the feed frustum base 6 of the antenna metal floor 9; the radiation energy is fed in from a feed column 5, is radiated out through a circular microstrip patch of a circular radiator 2, is coupled with a circular polarized patch radiator 3 through a beam solid angle circular array metal column 4 to generate radiation field superimposed linear polarization radiation energy, forms circular polarization radiation through a longitudinal slot broadside center feed column 5 of the circular polarized patch radiator 3, and transmits radiation electromagnetic waves along the tangential direction of a dielectric plate along one part of the radiation energy and the other part of the radiation energy along the tangential direction of the dielectric plate, wherein the feed column 5 obtains circular polarization radiation coupling energy to radiate the electromagnetic waves to the space in a mode of loading monopole arrays; the antenna radiation units 1 on all quaternary subarrays 11 are sequentially rotated by 0 degree, 90 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees according to the longitudinal slot direction sequence, the same unit intervals are arranged clockwise, the four vertical monopoles of the feed frustum bases 6 are formed in a coaxial four-feed mode, and the feed is sequentially delayed by 90 degrees according to the clockwise direction, so that the optimal circular polarization performance is obtained.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
aiming at the limitations of the traditional wide-beam antenna, the invention adopts a two-layer structural design by utilizing the generation mechanism of mutual coupling among array units, introduces an upper dielectric plate 7 loaded with wide-angle impedance matching resistance above a lower dielectric plate 8, integrates the upper dielectric plate 7 on the same dielectric substrate in a coplanar manner, designs an antenna metal floor 9, an upper dielectric plate 7 laminated by the lower dielectric plate 8, an antenna radiating unit 1 and a feeding frustum base 6 arranged at the bottom of the antenna radiating unit 1 to improve the low elevation gain of the antenna, widens circular polarization by introducing a grounding mode, and can form the low-section wide-angle scanning circular polarization array antenna. The dual-layer medium is utilized, the metal ring structure of the antenna radiating unit 1 is loaded above the lower-layer medium plate 8 to play a role in guiding the directional diagram of the antenna, the principle that the metal ring and the circular patch radiating field are overlapped is utilized to guide current to the horizontal direction, and the edge current diffracts to cause larger backward radiation. Linear polarized radiation is generated by coupling. The phase difference of the two electric field components can be kept about 90 degrees in a wide angle range, and the beam width of the antenna is widened. The loading double layers can ensure good circular polarization performance in a wide beam range while widening half-power beam width, the upper layer is a circular patch with a metal ring loaded on the same-layer dielectric plate, and the antenna beam is widened by utilizing a guiding effect; the lower layer is introduced into the feed column 5, circular polarization in the beam range is improved through phase compensation, and the double-layer structure of the structural space lamination is used for trying to improve electromagnetic parameters such as the whole working bandwidth of the antenna through the mutual coupling of radiation gaps among patches. The relative dielectric constant of the medium is larger than that of air, and electromagnetic waves propagating in the medium can generate strong reflection at the interface between the medium and the air to form a medium waveguide, so that the electromagnetic waves propagate along the medium, the antenna has strong radiation in the horizontal and vertical directions, the microstrip antenna beam can be widened, the electromagnetic waves propagating in the medium can generate strong reflection at the interface between the medium and the air to form the medium waveguide, the electromagnetic waves propagate along the medium, the antenna has strong radiation in the horizontal and vertical directions, the microstrip antenna beam can be widened, the microstrip antenna beam has a wide beam, and the uniform coverage can be provided in the upper half space. Compared with the method that the circular polarization characteristic of the main radiation patch is destroyed when the single-layer parasitic ring is loaded, the double-layer metal ring can enable the main radiation patch to keep good wide-angle circular polarization performance. The half-power beam width of the antenna can be widened to 159-78-81 degrees, the 3dB axial ratio beam width can reach 180 degrees, and the normal direction gain is 2.7 dBi. I.e. the circular polarization performance of the antenna in a wide beam range is good. By overlapping the space fields of the double-layer metal ring units, the circularly polarized antenna can widen the half-power beam width and simultaneously maintain good circularly polarized performance in the beam range.
The invention distributes a plurality of antenna radiation units 1 into a wide-angle scanning matrix according to a four-element array arrangement grid, and the wide-angle scanning matrix is sequentially arranged in a matrix ladder seat hole, and the lower end surface of each antenna radiation unit 1 is fixed on the two-dimensional layer of a lower dielectric plate 8, so that the antenna has obvious low-profile characteristic and has the antenna height of about 0.08λ0; the four-element array wide beam antenna unit with two-dimensional wide-angle scanning circular polarization is designed to realize good circular polarization characteristics and wide beam and circular polarization functions on the premise of no additional complex structure only through relatively simple subarray optimization and arrangement. Compared with the traditional antenna with the same area, the antenna has better circular polarization performance. The problem of too large an antenna profile is solved. The array arrangement mode of loading the high-impedance surface element subarrays 11 by the 2X 2 quadri-directional antenna units can quickly and accurately capture weak satellite signals, the scanning speed is high, the potential of large-angle scanning is provided, the rotation symmetry of the pattern is good, circular polarized waves have strong capability of resisting harmful environments, the 2X 2 quadri-directional subarrays are expanded to obtain a similar three-dimensional phased array antenna array, the radiation gain, the application range and the like are all greatly improved, the beam coverage of the antenna units reaches 120 degrees or higher, the circular polarized characteristics are good in the frequency band range, the complexity of array design and the loss caused by a feeder line network in a phased array antenna system are reduced, and the problem that the mutual coupling of the array units is changed severely along with the change of the scanning angle is solved. The measured results show that the impedance bandwidths of the 2×2 and 4×4 antenna arrays reach 32% and 39.7%, respectively. The side lobe level and the cross polarization level of the antenna array are lower, the maximum gain of the 2 x 2 antenna array in the working frequency band reaches 13.8dB, and the maximum gain of the 4 x 4 antenna array reaches 17.8dB. Compared with the traditional rectangular arrangement, the array has better circular polarization performance and wider subarray beam width. The three-dimensional phased array antenna array realizes 360 DEG azimuth and 60 DEG pitching scanning under the condition of low section size.
The invention adopts one antenna radiation unit 1 working on TM aiming at the prior circular polarization plane array with limited scanning angle and three-dimensional wide-angle scanning array 31 The circular radiator 2 of the mould, the circular microstrip patch radiates the circular radiator 2 and the same layer circular polarized patch through a circular array metal column 4 penetrating through an upper layer dielectric plate 7 and forming a beam solid angle of a space by a conical surfaceThe radiators 3 are connected together in a concentric manner, the energy is concentrated, the transmissibility is strong, the coupling between the circular patch and the circular patch can be reduced, the low elevation gain can be effectively improved, the antenna has only one maximum radiation extreme point on the pitch angle, and the coupling between the circular patch and the circular patch is reduced. The feed column 5 between the circular radiator 2 and the bottom of the circular polarized patch radiator 3 penetrates through the coupling hole of the lower dielectric plate 8 and is coupled and fixed on the feed frustum base 6 of the antenna metal floor 9; the formed squirrel cage cavity wraps the wide beam radiation formed by the antenna units, the radiation characteristic of the antenna is changed, the low elevation gain is improved, the 3dB axial ratio beam width of the center frequency is larger than 129 degrees, and the performance is reliable. Meanwhile, circular polarized radiation is formed through the central feed column (5) of the longitudinal slot broadside of the circular polarized patch radiator (3), so that the working bandwidth of the antenna is improved. Because the four-element array is distributed as a wide-angle scanning matrix, the direct and indirect coupling signals of the four adjacent four-element structure antenna units are mutually offset, and the isolation degree of the feed ports of the adjacent four-element units is obviously improved. By effectively compensating the mutual coupling signals between adjacent quaternary units, the wide-angle impedance matching of the array units is realized. The beam solid angle circular array metal column 4 connects the circular radiator 2 and the same layer circular polarization patch radiator 3 together, and through beam solid angle energy aggregation, gain reduction caused by impedance mismatch during large angle scanning is avoided.
According to the invention, a feed column 5 penetrates through a lower layer dielectric plate 8, an annular radiator 2 is connected upwards, a feed base plate 6 is connected downwards, an annular microstrip patch of the annular radiator 2 is coupled with a circular polarization patch radiator 3 through a beam solid angle circular array metal column 4 to generate radiation field phase superimposed linear polarization radiation energy, circular polarization radiation is formed through a wide-side central longitudinal groove of the circular polarization patch radiator 3, one part of the radiation is radiated along a normal direction, the other part of the radiation is radiated along a tangential direction of the dielectric plate, the feed column 5 obtains circular polarization radiation coupling energy, electromagnetic waves are radiated to a space in a loading monopole array mode, the beam width of the antenna is widened in two directions, the standing wave bandwidth is widened, the standing wave and the axial ratio characteristics are good, the beam width of the antenna formed by slotting the center of the circular polarization patch radiator 3 is widened, and good wide angle scanning gain characteristics and circular polarization characteristics are obtained.
The invention adopts a coaxial four-feed mode to form four feed frustum bases 6, the vertical monopoles are sequentially delayed by 90 degrees according to the clockwise direction to feed, and the parasitic radiation of the vertical monopoles is utilized to improve the beam width of the circular patch antenna, so that the optimal circular polarization performance can be obtained. The antenna radiating units 1 on all quaternary subarrays 11 are sequentially rotated by 90 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees according to the longitudinal slot direction sequence to sequentially arrange the same unit intervals, so that the antenna array can be well ensured to realize high gain and high radiation efficiency, the axial ratio of the array antenna is improved, and the axial ratio bandwidth of the array antenna is expanded. The array unit arrangement mode not only can improve the axial ratio of the subarrays, but also can enable the gain of the antenna unit factors to compensate the gain reduction of the array factors when the main beam is scanned to a large angle, and realizes two-dimensional large-angle scanning. The phased array antenna with 8 multiplied by 8 array rectangular arrangement can be built by 16 2 multiplied by 2 quaternary subarrays 11 as a group according to the rotation group of 0 DEG, 90 DEG, 180 DEG and 270 DEG, and has good wide-angle scanning gain characteristic and circular polarization characteristic. The 8x8 antenna has good simulation test performance, and can be combined with a plurality of transmitting phased array antennas with more design unit antennas and larger standard modules. In addition, the problem that the axis ratio bandwidth of the microstrip patch antenna is narrow is solved through periodic rotation of the unit antenna. The designed phased array antenna has the advantages of large scanning angle, good axial ratio characteristic, light weight, low profile, good radiation resistance and the like. The spacing between the 2×2 quaternary sub-arrays is 2×d, grating lobes can appear in the visual sense scanning process, in fact, the feeding phase is changed independently for each unit antenna in the scanning process instead of changing in units of the 2×2 small arrays, and the spacing between the unit antennas is still d=5-6 mm, so that the grating lobes cannot appear. When the phased array antenna scans to 60 degrees, the main beam gain of the phased array antenna is reduced by about 2.3dB compared with the main beam gain when the phased array antenna does not scan, the gain fluctuation in the scanning range of 360 degrees and 60 degrees of pitching is less than 3dB, and the scanning axis ratio of the antenna array is less than 3dB. Simulation verifies that the beam width is increased from about 12 degrees to about 24 degrees with the increase of the scanning angle; the side lobe level increases with the scan angle; according to the phased array antenna, the scanning of azimuth 360 DEG and pitching +/-60 DEG is realized, gain fluctuation in a scanning range is only less than 3dB, a scanning axial ratio is less than 3dB, a 3dB axial ratio beam width reaches 80 DEG and 180 DEG respectively on two orthogonal planes, a half-power beam width reaches 165 DEG, the structure of a dielectric layer is changed, the axial ratio in a wide beam is improved, a 6dB axial ratio beam width reaches 140 DEG and 180 DEG on two orthogonal planes, the half-power beam width reaches 180 DEG on both orthogonal planes, and standing waves of the antenna are less than 2 in a bandwidth of more than 20%. The problems of low large-angle scanning gain and poor circular polarization performance in the prior art are solved. The test application shows that the invention has the characteristics of better bandwidth, high gain, good circular polarization characteristic, compact structure and low section, and is very suitable for assembling large antenna arrays in the communication field.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a grid array layout arrangement in a quad array arrangement in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective schematic perspective view of the quaternary subarray of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic side perspective view of FIG. 2;
fig. 4 is a perspective schematic view of the single antenna radiating element of fig. 3;
fig. 5 is a bottom view of fig. 2.
In the figure: 1. the antenna comprises an antenna radiating unit, a circular ring radiator, a circular polarization patch radiator, a metal column, a feeding frustum base, an upper dielectric plate, a lower dielectric plate, an antenna metal floor and an isolation ring.
Detailed Description
See fig. 1-4. The invention uses the generation mechanism of mutual coupling between array units, introduces the upper dielectric plate 7 loaded with wide angle impedance matching resistance above the lower dielectric plate 8 to be integrated on the same dielectric substrate in a coplanar manner, designs an antenna metal floor 9, the upper dielectric plate 7 laminated by the lower dielectric plate 8, an antenna radiation unit 1 and a feed frustum base 6 which is designed at the bottom of the antenna radiation unit 1 and improves the low elevation gain of the antenna, then arranges a plurality of antenna radiation units 1 in a grid according to a quaternary array to form a wide angle scanning matrix, and sequentially arranges the wide angle scanning matrix in a stepped base hole of the matrix, and each antenna radiationThe lower end surface of the shooting unit 1 is fixed on the two-dimensional layer of the lower dielectric plate 8, and a 2 multiplied by 2 quaternary subarray is expanded to obtain a similar three-dimensional phased array antenna array; each antenna radiating element 1 adopts a radiation device operating in TM 31 The circular ring radiator 2 of the mould, the circular ring microstrip patch is through penetrating the upper dielectric plate 7 and with the circular array metal column 4 of the beam solid angle, link the circular ring radiator 2 with the circular polarized patch radiator 3 of the same layer together to form a three-dimensional radiation flowing squirrel cage cavity to wrap up the antenna unit, the circular ring radiator 2 and the feed column 5 perpendicular to the bottom of the circular polarized patch radiator 3 penetrate the coupling hole of the lower dielectric plate 8, couple and fix on the feed frustum base 6 of the antenna metal floor 9; the radiation energy is fed in from a feed column 5, is radiated out through a circular microstrip patch of a circular radiator 2, is coupled with a circular polarized patch radiator 3 through a beam solid angle circular array metal column 4 to generate radiation field superimposed linear polarization radiation energy, forms circular polarization radiation through a longitudinal slot broadside center feed column 5 of the circular polarized patch radiator 3, and transmits radiation electromagnetic waves along the tangential direction of a dielectric plate along one part of the radiation energy and the other part of the radiation energy along the tangential direction of the dielectric plate, wherein the feed column 5 obtains circular polarization radiation coupling energy to radiate the electromagnetic waves to the space in a mode of loading monopole arrays; the antenna radiation units 1 on all quaternary subarrays 11 are sequentially rotated by 90 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees according to the longitudinal slot direction sequence, the same unit intervals are arranged clockwise, four feeding frustum bases 6 are formed in a coaxial four-feeding mode, and the vertical monopoles are sequentially delayed by 90 degrees clockwise to feed, so that the optimal circular polarization performance is obtained.
In the embodiment described below, the adjacent four antenna radiating elements 1 are sequentially rotated by 90 ° to form a 2×2 quaternary subarray 11, and the 2×2 quaternary subarray 11 is formed in such a manner that: the antenna radiating units 1 of the antenna radiating unit 1 with the 3D structure are fixed in the left lower corner stepped seat holes, the antenna radiating units 1 in the other three stepped seat holes are respectively rotated by 90 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees around the respective feed posts 5 clockwise, and then are arranged at the same unit interval and clockwise, the caliber of the stepped seat holes is larger than the diameter of the antenna radiating unit 1, and the formed circular seam impedance band provides a long enough flow path for the surface current of a radiating array, so that the cross coupling phenomenon can be avoided, and the circular polarization performance of the antenna is better.
Quaternary subarray 11 may be spaced at a cell pitch of 0.48 lambda 0 The phased array antenna is composed of 16 subarrays or right-hand circularly polarized subarrays which are arranged in 8 multiplied by 8 rectangular mode.
Based on the above scheme, the embodiment can also be modified as follows: each antenna radiating element 1 is provided with a feed post 5 which penetrates through a lower dielectric plate 8, is connected with the annular radiator 2 upwards and is connected with a feed base plate 6 downwards, and a feed frustum base 6 which is fixed on an antenna metal floor 9 or adopts touch type feed. The beam solid angle formed by the circular array metal columns 4 is 85-115 degrees or a vertical structure. Therefore, the resonance frequency can be shifted downwards, the 3dB axis ratio beam width can be greatly widened, and the maximum can reach 120 degrees.
Further, the feeding post 5 and the feeding frustum base 6 connected with the antenna radiating unit 1 may be perpendicular to the center of the longitudinal slot or deviate from broadside touch type feeding bias as shown in fig. 4, the intensity deviating from this direction may decrease with increasing angle, a radiation pattern with the strongest electric field in the tangential direction is formed, and the upper half space of the grounding plate is overlapped. According to the specific application requirement, the feed post 5 can be changed into a metallized via hole for metallizing the inner wall of the hole, and the inner wall is processed with the width of 0.6mm and the length of lambda R Wavelength/4. The antenna reflector is replaced by a metal cavity, a unidirectional radiation source directional diagram with wide wave beam and high front-back ratio is generated, an inner conductor is welded with a surface feed ring, a microstrip cross dipole with very wide wave beam width and good axis bit is formed, a through-metallization via hole gap balun feed structure is formed, two orthogonal currents which are perpendicular to each other and have 90 degrees of phase difference can form circular polarized waves in space, the wave beam width with the 3dB axis ratio is increased to be more than 165 degrees, and therefore the wave beam of the antenna is widened, and meanwhile, the antenna has good cross polarization characteristics; or blind-plug feeding is carried out by adopting an SMP type connector or an equivalent axis connector of a microminiature push-in type radio frequency coaxial connector SSMP. The standing wave of the antenna can be regulated by optimizing the size of a gap on a feed balun through the standing wave curve of the dielectric microstrip dipole antenna in the working frequency band.
In an alternative embodiment of the present invention,
furthermore, the antenna radiating units 1 corresponding to each 2×2 quaternary subarray 11 of the wide-angle scanning antenna matrix can be fed by advancing by 90 ° clockwise in turn, and the polarization mode can be changed into left-hand circular polarization by adjusting the feeding position.
Further, each circular radiator (2) on the upper medium plate (7) loaded high-impedance surface reflecting plate is printed in a concentric medium spacer ring, the medium spacer ring surrounds the circular metal patches of the medium spacer ring to block the propagation of surface current, a capacitance effect is generated, the circular metal patches generate an inductance effect through 4-8 circular array metal columns (4) or metallized through holes which are uniformly distributed and arranged at equal circumferential angles and penetrate through the upper medium layer, the circular polarization patch radiators (3) on the bottom surface of the upper medium are connected together, the circular polarization patch radiators (3) are downwards connected with feed columns (5) penetrating through the lower medium plate (8) through the wide edge centers of longitudinal grooves, the feed columns (5) are connected with an antenna metal floor (9) through feed base plates (6), and the beam solid angle of the axis deviation of the circular array metal columns (4) is 3-15 degrees or a vertical structure.
Further, the dielectric constant is determined according to the operating frequency, size and bandwidth requirements of the antenna, and a proper dielectric material and dielectric thickness are selected. The directivity coefficient of the dielectric plate dielectric antenna is larger than 3dB. The thickness h 2-6mm can be used to increase the bandwidth and gain of the antenna, the upper dielectric plate 7 can be 20mil-100mil thick plate Rogers high frequency plate RO5880, the lower dielectric plate 8 can be 20mil-100mil thick plate Rogers ceramic filled PTFE composite/laminated RO3003 material high frequency laminate, the selected grounding plate has a certain structural strength, the antenna metal floor 9 uses a metal structure with dielectric constant less than or equal to 2.2, the section is only 0.13 lambda wavelength as the floor, the performance of the low section is low, the good miniaturization effect is achieved, finally, the wide angle scanning performance is improved, the antenna radiation unit 1 combined with the 3D structure has a certain structural strength, the wavelength is 0.08 lambda 0 Realizing + -60 DEG two-dimensional scanning under the cross section size, thereby realizing the expansion of bandwidth lambda 0 Is a free space wavelength.
See fig. 5. The feed frustum base 6 is positioned on the back of the lower dielectric plate 8, a concentric isolation ring 10 which forms a coaxial structure together with the back of the antenna metal floor 9 is arranged around the feed frustum base 6, and a resistance diaphragm with an exponentially increasing resistance value and loaded on the bottom of the feed frustum base 6 is arranged, so that the current on the floor surface can be effectively inhibited, the edge scattering caused by the current on the surface of the antenna metal floor 9 is further reduced, and the back lobe of the antenna is improved. The spacer ring 10 can reduce the influence of adjacent cells to which the cell antenna is subjected. This structure improves the wide angle scanning characteristics of the phased array.
The present invention has been described and illustrated with particular reference to the preferred embodiments thereof, but it is not intended to be limited thereto since various modifications and variations of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and it is intended to include any structural or material modifications, equivalents, improvements and modifications, etc. which fall within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The design method of the embedded widening angle scanning phased array antenna is characterized by comprising the following steps of: by utilizing a generation mechanism of mutual coupling among array units, introducing an upper dielectric plate (7) loaded with wide-angle impedance matching resistance above a lower dielectric plate (8) to be integrated on the same dielectric substrate in a coplanar manner, designing an antenna metal floor (9), the upper dielectric plate (7) and an antenna radiating unit (1) which are laminated by the lower dielectric plate (8), and designing a feed frustum base (6) for improving low-elevation gain of the antenna at the bottom of the antenna radiating unit, arranging a plurality of antenna radiating units (1) according to a four-element array, distributing grids into a wide-angle scanning matrix, sequentially placing the wide-angle scanning matrix in a matrix stepped seat hole, fixing the lower end face of each antenna radiating unit (1) on a two-dimensional layer surface of the lower dielectric plate (8), and expanding a 2X 2 four-element subarray to obtain a similar three-dimensional phased array antenna array; each antenna radiating element (1) adopts a radiation device operating in TM 31 The circular ring radiator (2) of the mould, the circular ring microstrip patch connects the circular ring radiator (2) and the same layer circular polarization patch radiator (3) together to form a three-dimensional radiation flowing squirrel-cage cavity package antenna unit through a circular array metal column (4) penetrating through an upper layer dielectric plate (7) and taking a beam solid angle, and a feed column (5) between the circular ring radiator (2) and the bottom of the circular polarization patch radiator (3) penetrates throughThe coupling hole of the lower dielectric plate (8) is penetrated and fixed on the feed frustum base (6) of the antenna metal floor (9);
radiation energy is fed in from a feed column (5), is radiated out through a circular microstrip patch of a circular radiator (2), is coupled with a circular polarized patch radiator (3) through a beam solid angle circular array metal column (4) to generate radiation field phase superposition linear polarization radiation energy, forms circular polarization radiation through a longitudinal slot broadside center feed column (5) of the circular polarization patch radiator (3), and transmits radiation electromagnetic waves along the tangential direction of a dielectric plate when one part of the radiation energy is radiated along the normal direction and the other part of the radiation energy is radiated along the tangential direction of the dielectric plate, and the feed column (5) obtains circular polarization radiation coupling energy to radiate electromagnetic waves to the space in a mode of loading monopole arrays; the antenna radiating units (1) on all quaternary subarrays (11) are sequentially rotated by 0 DEG, 90 DEG, 180 DEG and 270 DEG according to the longitudinal slot direction sequence, the same unit intervals d are clockwise arranged, four coaxial four-feed mode is adopted to form four vertical monopoles of a feed frustum base (6), and the vertical monopoles are sequentially delayed by 90 DEG according to the clockwise direction to feed, so that the optimal circular polarization performance is obtained.
2. The embedded wideband angular scanning phased array antenna design method of claim 1, wherein: the adjacent four antenna radiating units (1) are sequentially rotated by 90 degrees to form a 2X 2 quaternary subarray 11, and the formation mode of the 2X 2 quaternary subarray (11) is as follows: firstly, fixing an antenna radiating unit (1) with a 3D structure in a left lower corner stepped seat hole, respectively rotating the antenna radiating units (1) in the other three stepped seat holes around respective feed posts 5 by 90 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees clockwise, and then arranging the antenna radiating units in the same unit interval clockwise, wherein the caliber of the stepped seat hole is larger than the diameter of the antenna radiating unit (1), and the formed circular seam impedance band provides a long enough flow path for the surface current of a radiating array.
3. The embedded wideband angular scanning phased array antenna design method of claim 1, wherein: the quaternary subarray (11) has a cell spacing of 0.48 lambda 0 Forming 16 subarrays or 8x8 rectangular right-hand circularly polarized subarray phased array antenna lambda 0 Is a free space wavelength; quaternary subarray(11) At a cell pitch of 0.48 lambda 0 Forming 16 subarrays or 8x8 rectangular right-hand circularly polarized subarray phased array antenna lambda 0 Is a free space wavelength.
4. The embedded wideband angular scanning phased array antenna design method of claim 1, wherein: the quaternary subarray (11) has a cell spacing of 0.48 lambda 0 Forming 16 subarrays or 8x8 rectangular right-hand circularly polarized subarray phased array antenna lambda 0 Is a free space wavelength. The feeding column 5 and the feeding frustum base 6 connected with the antenna radiating unit 1 are perpendicular to the center of the longitudinal groove or offset from the touch type feeding of the distance of the center of the broadside, the intensity of the offset direction can be reduced along with the increase of the angle, a radiation pattern with the strongest electric field in the tangential direction is formed, and the upper half space of the grounding plate is overlapped.
5. The embedded wideband angular scanning phased array antenna design method of claim 1, wherein: according to the specific application requirement, the feed post (5) is changed into a metallized via hole which is used for metallizing the inner wall of the hole, the inner wall is processed with the width of 0.6mm and the length of lambda R The method comprises the steps of (1) generating a unidirectional radiation source directional diagram with wide wave beam and high front-to-back ratio by utilizing a metal cavity to replace an antenna reflector at a wavelength of/4, welding an inner conductor with a surface feed ring to form a micro-strip cross dipole through-metallized via hole gap balun feed structure with very wide wave beam width and good axial bit, forming circularly polarized waves in space by utilizing two orthogonal currents which are perpendicular to each other and have 90 DEG phase difference, and increasing the wave beam width of the 3dB axial ratio to more than 165 DEG, so that the wave beam of the antenna is widened, or blind-plug feeding is performed by adopting an SMP type connector or an SSMP equivalent axial connector of a microminiature push-in radio frequency coaxial connector.
6. The embedded wideband angular scanning phased array antenna design method of claim 1, wherein: the antenna radiating units (1) corresponding to each 2X 2 quaternary subarray (11) of the wide-angle scanning antenna matrix are sequentially advanced by 90 degrees clockwise to feed, and the polarization mode is changed into left-hand circular polarization by adjusting the feeding position.
7. The embedded wideband angular scanning phased array antenna design method of claim 1, wherein: each circular radiator (2) on the upper medium plate (7) loaded high-impedance surface reflecting plate is printed in a concentric medium spacer ring, the medium spacer ring surrounds a circular metal patch of the medium spacer ring to block the propagation of surface current, a capacitance effect is generated, the circular metal patch generates an inductance effect through 4-8 circular array metal columns (4) or metallized through holes which are uniformly distributed and arranged at equal circumferential angles and penetrate through an upper medium layer, the circular polarization patch radiators (3) on the bottom surface of the upper medium are connected together, the circular polarization patch radiators (3) are downwards connected with a feed column (5) penetrating through a lower medium plate (8) through the center of the width of a longitudinal groove, the feed column (5) is connected with an antenna metal floor (9) through a feed base plate (6), and the beam solid angle of the axis deviation of the circular array metal column (4) is 3-15 degrees or a vertical structure.
8. The embedded wideband angular scanning phased array antenna design method of claim 1, wherein: according to the working frequency, size and bandwidth requirements of an antenna, a dielectric constant is determined, a proper dielectric material and dielectric thickness are selected, a dielectric plate dielectric adopts a thickening type antenna with an directivity coefficient larger than 3dB, a low dielectric constant k is less than 3, low loss and low leakage current, the thickness h is 2-6mm so as to increase the bandwidth and gain of the antenna, an upper dielectric plate (7) adopts a Rogowers high-frequency plate RO5880 with a thickness of 20mil-100mil, a lower dielectric plate (8) adopts a Rogowers ceramic filled PTFE composite material/laminated RO3003 material high-frequency laminated plate with a thickness of 20mil-100mil, a metal structure with a dielectric constant less than or equal to 2.2 is adopted as a selected antenna metal floor (9), the section is only 0.13 lambda wavelength is taken as a floor, the wide-angle scanning performance is improved, and an antenna radiation unit (1) with a 3D structure is combined, and the wavelength is 0.08 lambda 0 Realizing + -60 DEG two-dimensional scanning under the cross section size, thereby realizing the expansion of bandwidth lambda 0 Is a free space wavelength.
9. The embedded wideband angular scanning phased array antenna design method of claim 1, wherein: the feed frustum base (6) is positioned on the back of the lower dielectric plate (8), a concentric isolation ring (10) which forms a coaxial structure together with the back of the antenna metal floor (9) is arranged around the feed frustum base (6), and a resistance diaphragm with an exponentially increasing resistance value and loaded on the bottom of the feed frustum base (6).
10. Each circular radiator (2) on the upper medium plate (7) loaded high-impedance surface reflecting plate is printed in a concentric medium spacer ring, the medium spacer ring surrounds a circular metal patch of the medium spacer ring to block the propagation of surface current, a capacitance effect is generated, the circular metal patch generates an inductance effect through 4-8 circular array metal columns (4) or metallized through holes which are uniformly distributed and arranged at equal circumferential angles and penetrate through an upper medium layer, the circular polarization patch radiators (3) on the bottom surface of the upper medium are connected together, the circular polarization patch radiators (3) are downwards connected with a feed column (5) penetrating through a lower medium plate (8) through the center of the width of a longitudinal groove, the feed column (5) is connected with an antenna metal floor (9) through a feed base plate (6), and the beam solid angle of the axis deviation of the circular array metal column (4) is 3-15 degrees or a vertical structure.
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| CN117458133B (en) * | 2023-12-26 | 2024-03-12 | 微网优联科技(成都)有限公司 | Satellite antenna and satellite communication system |
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