CN101450667B - 混合动力系的操作方法 - Google Patents

混合动力系的操作方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101450667B
CN101450667B CN2008101911980A CN200810191198A CN101450667B CN 101450667 B CN101450667 B CN 101450667B CN 2008101911980 A CN2008101911980 A CN 2008101911980A CN 200810191198 A CN200810191198 A CN 200810191198A CN 101450667 B CN101450667 B CN 101450667B
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torque
output
power
input
transmission system
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CN101450667A (zh
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A·H·希普
J·J·麦康奈尔
S·T·麦格拉斯
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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    • B60W20/10Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
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    • B60K6/42Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/44Series-parallel type
    • B60K6/445Differential gearing distribution type
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    • B60K6/00Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/50Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B60K6/54Transmission for changing ratio
    • B60K6/547Transmission for changing ratio the transmission being a stepped gearing
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    • F16H37/02Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
    • F16H37/06Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts
    • F16H37/08Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
    • F16H37/10Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts
    • F16H2037/104Power split variators with one end of the CVT connected or connectable to two or more differentials
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H37/00Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00
    • F16H37/02Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings
    • F16H37/06Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts
    • F16H37/08Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing
    • F16H37/10Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts
    • F16H2037/105Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts characterised by number of modes or ranges, e.g. for compound gearing
    • F16H2037/106Combinations of mechanical gearings, not provided for in groups F16H1/00 - F16H35/00 comprising essentially only toothed or friction gearings with a plurality of driving or driven shafts; with arrangements for dividing torque between two or more intermediate shafts with differential gearing at both ends of intermediate shafts characterised by number of modes or ranges, e.g. for compound gearing with switching means to provide two variator modes or ranges
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16HGEARING
    • F16H3/00Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion
    • F16H3/44Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion using gears having orbital motion
    • F16H3/72Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion using gears having orbital motion with a secondary drive, e.g. regulating motor, in order to vary speed continuously
    • F16H3/727Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion using gears having orbital motion with a secondary drive, e.g. regulating motor, in order to vary speed continuously with at least two dynamo electric machines for creating an electric power path inside the gearing, e.g. using generator and motor for a variable power torque path
    • F16H3/728Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion using gears having orbital motion with a secondary drive, e.g. regulating motor, in order to vary speed continuously with at least two dynamo electric machines for creating an electric power path inside the gearing, e.g. using generator and motor for a variable power torque path with means to change ratio in the mechanical gearing
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62Hybrid vehicles
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02TCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/64Electric machine technologies in electromobility

Abstract

本发明公开了一种用于混合动力电动车的混合制动容量的最优选择。混合动力系统包括在输入元件和转矩机械与输出元件之间传递功率的变速箱,输出元件连接到传动系,传动系连接到车轮。转矩机械反作用从车轮通过传动系传递给变速箱的输出元件的转矩。转矩机械和能量存储装置相连。一种操作混合动力系统的方法包括:监测加速踏板的驾驶员转矩请求输入;确定能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出;基于能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出确定通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩;确定再生制动转矩容量,包含通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩和加速踏板的驾驶员转矩请求输入之间的转矩范围;基于再生制动转矩容量控制混合动力系统的操作。

Description

混合动力系的操作方法
相关申请的交叉参考
本申请要求2007年11月4日申请的美国临时申请No.60/985248的权益,并在此引入该临时申请作为参考。 
技术领域
本发明涉及混合动力电动车,具体而言涉及混合动力电动车的混合动力系的操作方法。 
背景技术
这部分的叙述只是提供与本发明相关的背景技术,这些叙述可能并不构成现有技术。 
已知的混合动力系结构包括转矩产生装置,这些装置包括内燃发动机和电机,它们通过一变速箱装置传递转矩至一输出元件。一个示例性混合动力系包括双模式、混合-分离(compound-split)、电-机械变速箱和输出元件,该变速箱利用一输入元件接收来自于优选为内燃发动机的原动机动力源的牵引转矩。输出元件可以操作地连接至机动车辆的传动系,用于将牵引转矩传递给传动系。作为电动机或者发电机运转的电机能够向变速箱产生输入转矩,该输入转矩独立于来自内燃发动机的输入转矩。该电机可将通过车辆传动系传递的车辆动能转换成可存储在一电能存储装置中的电能。一控制系统监控来自于车辆和操作者的各种输入,并且对混合动力系提供操作控制,这些操作控制包括控制变速箱的运行状态和换档、控制转矩产生装置、以及调节电能存储装置和该电机之间的电能交换,以管理包括转矩和转速在内的变速箱输出。 
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是以优化的系统效率操作混合动力电动车的混合动力系。 
根据本发明的一个方面,混合动力系统包括可操作地在输入元件和转矩机械与输出元件之间传递功率的变速箱,输出元件与传动系相连,传动系与带有可致动的摩擦制动器的车轮相连。转矩机械可操作地反作用于从车轮通过传动系传递给变速箱的输出元件的转矩。该转矩机械和能量存储装置相连。一种操作混合动力系统的方法包括:监测对加速踏板驾驶员转矩请求输入;确定能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出;基于能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出;确定通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩;确定再生制动转矩容量,其包含在通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩与对加速踏板的驾驶员转矩请求输入之间的转矩范围;和基于再生制动转矩容量控制混合动力系统的操作。
根据本发明的另一个方面,一种操作混合动力系统的方法,该混合动力系统包括:可操作地在输入元件和多个转矩机械与输出元件之间传递功率的变速箱,输出元件联接到传动系,所述传动系联接到包括可致动摩擦制动器的车轮,所述转矩机械之一可操作地反作用于从车轮通过传动系传递给变速箱的输出元件的转矩,该转矩机械连接至能量存储装置,该方法包括:监测对加速踏板的驾驶员转矩请求输入;确定能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出;基于能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出来确定通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩;确定再生制动转矩容量,其包含在通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩与对加速踏板的驾驶员转矩请求输入之间的转矩范围;和基于再生制动转矩容量控制混合动力系统的操作。
根据本发明的再一个方面,一种操作混合动力系统的方法,该系统包括:可操作地在输入元件和多个转矩机械与输出元件之间传递功率的变速箱,所述输出元件联接到传动系,所述传动系联接到车轮,所述变速箱可操作地通过可选择地制动转矩传送离合器而在输入元件和所述转矩机械与输出元件之间以固定传动比和连续可变操作范围状态中的一个传送功率,所述转矩机械连接到能量存储装置,所述转矩机械之一可操作地反作用于从车轮通过传动系传递给变速箱的输出元件的转矩;该方法包括:监测对加速踏板的驾驶员转矩清求输入;确定能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出;基于能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出,确定通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩;确定再生制动转矩容量,其包含在通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩与对加速踏板的驾驶员转矩请求输入之间的转矩范围;和基于再生制动转矩容量来控制混合动力 系统的操作。
附图说明
下面将参考附图,通过举例的方式来描述一个或多个实施例,其中: 
图1是本发明的一示例性混合动力系的示意图; 
图2是本发明的控制系统和混合动力系的一示例性结构的示意图; 
图3-图6是本发明的用于控制和管理混合动力系统中的转矩的控制系统结构的示意流程图和 
图7是根据本发明的数据图表。 
具体实施方式
现在参看附图,其中附图只是为了示出某些示例性实施例,而不是限制实施例,图1和2描绘了一示例性混合动力系。图1所描绘的本发明的该示例性混合动力系包括双模式、混合-分离、电-机械混合变速箱10,该变速箱10操作连接至发动机14和转矩机械,该转矩机械包括第一和第二电机(‘MG-A’)56和(‘MG-B’)72。发动机14和第一和第二电机56和72每个都产生能传递给变速箱10的机械功率。由发动机14和第一和第二电机56和72所产生的并且传递给变速箱10的功率用术语输入转矩和电机转矩及速度来描述,在本文中该输入转矩和电机转矩分别用TI、TA和TB来表示,该速度则分别用NI、NA和NB来表示。 
示例性发动机14包括多缸内燃发动机,其选择性地在多个工况下运转,以经由输入轴12将转矩传递给变速箱10,该发动机14可以是点燃式或者压燃式发动机。发动机14包括操作联接到变速箱10的输入轴12上的曲轴(未示出)。转速传感器11监控输入轴12的转速。来自发动机14的包括转速和发动机转矩的功率输出可能与传递给变速箱10的输入速度NI和输入转矩TI不同,这是由于在发动机14和传动箱10之间的输入轴12上放置转矩消耗部件,例如液压泵(未示出)和/或转矩管理装置。 
该示例性的变速箱10包含三组行星齿轮组24、26、28以及四个选择性接合的转矩传递装置,即离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75。本文所使用的离合器是指任何类型的摩擦转矩传递装置,例如它们包括单盘式或复合盘式离合器或组件、带式离合器及制动器。优选由变速箱控制模块(下面用‘TCM’表 示)17控制的液压控制回路(HYD)42操作控制离合器的状态。离合器C2 62和C4 75优选包括以液压方式施用的旋转摩擦离合器。离合器C1 70和C3 73优选包括可选择性地接到变速箱壳体68上的液压控制固定装置。离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75中的每一个都优选是以液压方式施用的,选择性地通过液压控制回路42接收已加压的液压流体。 
第一和第二电机56和72优选包括三相交流电机以及各自的第一和第二解算器(resolver)80和82,每个三相交流电机都包括定子(未示出)和转子(未示出)。每个电机的电机定子都接到变速箱壳体68的外部上,并且还包括定子心,盘绕的电绕组自该定子心开始延伸。第一电机56的转子支撑在毂盘齿轮(hub plate gear)上,该毂盘齿轮经由第二行星齿轮组26操作地附接到轴60上。第二电机72的转子固定地附接到衬套轴毂(sleeve shaft hub)66上。 
第一和第二解算器80、82的每一个优选都包括可变磁阻装置,该可变磁阻装置包括解算器定子(未示出)和解算器转子(未示出)。第一和第二解算器80和82分别被适当地定位和安装在对应的第一和第二电机56和72上。该解算器80和82的定子分别操作连接到第一和第二电机56和72的定子之一上。解算器的转子操作连接到对应的第一和第二电机56和72的转子上。第一和第二解算器80和82每个都信号连接和操作连接到变速箱功率变换器控制模块(下面用‘TPIM’表示)19上,并且每个解算器检测和监控解算器转子相对于解算器定子的旋转位置,从而监控对应的第一和第二电机56和72的旋转位置。此外,将来自于第一和第二解算器80和82的信号输出进行解释,以分别提供第一和第二电机56和72的转速,即NA和NB。 
变速箱10包括输出元件64,例如轴,其可操作地连接车辆(未示出)的传动系90以向该传动系90提供输出功率,该输出功率被传递给车轮93,在图1中示出了该车轮93中的一个。在输出元件64处的输出功率用术语输出转速NO和输出转矩TO来表征。变速箱输出速度传感器84监控输出元件64的转速和旋转方向。车轮93的每一个优选地都配有适于监测车轮速度的传感器94,该传感器94的输出由针对图2所描述的分布式控制模块系统中的一控制模块来监控,以确定用于制动控制、牵引控制和车辆加速管理的车辆速度以及绝对的和相对的车轮速度。 
来自发动机14的输入转矩和来自第一和第二电机56和72的电机转矩 (分别为TI、TA和TB)是由燃料或存储于电能存储装置(下面用‘ESD’来表示)74中的电势能的能量转化而产生的。ESD 74经由直流电传递导线27而高压直流地连接到TPIM 19。传递导线27包括接触器开关38。在正常工况下,当接触器开关38闭合时,电流能够在ESD 74和TPIM 19之间流动。当接触器开关38断开时,ESD 74和TPIM 19之间的电流流动则中断。通过传递导线29,TPIM 19将电能传递给第一电机56,及传递来自于第一电机56的电能,并且类似地,通过传递导线31,TPIM 19将电能传递给第二电机72,及传递来自于第二电机72的电能,以作为对电机转矩TA和TB的响应来满足对第一和第二电机56和72的转矩命令。电流被传递给ESD 74及从ESD 74中输出是要依据ESD 74是被充电还是被放电。 
TPIM 19包括一对功率变换器(未示出)和对应的电机控制模块(未示出),该电机控制模块配置成接受转矩命令并基于此来控制变换器状态,以便提供电机驱动或者再生功能,从而满足所命令的电机转矩TA和TB。功率变换器包括公知的互补型三相电力电子装置,每个装置都包括多个绝缘栅双极晶体管(未示出),其通过高频下的转换而将来自ESD 74的直流电转变为交流电,用于为相应的第一和第二电机56和72提供功率。绝缘栅双极晶体管形成为用于接收控制命令的开关模式功率供给源。典型地,每一个三相电机的每一相都配有一对绝缘栅双极晶体管。通过控制绝缘栅双极晶体管的状态来提供电机驱动机械能的产生或者电能再生的功能。三相变换器通过直流电传递导线27接收或者提供直流电,并且把直流电转化为三相交流电或者将三相交流电转化为直流电,该交流电分别通过传递导线29和31传导给第一和第二电机56和72或从第一和第二电机56和72传导出,以便作为电动机或者发电机工作。 
图2示出了分布式控制模块系统的示意性框图。下文中将描述的元件包括整个车辆控制结构的一个子集,其对图1所描述的示例性混合动力系提供了协调系统控制。该分布式控制模块系统综合有关的信息和输入,并且执行算法来控制各个致动器以实现控制目标,这些控制目标包括:燃油经济性、排放物、性能、驾驶性能以及包括ESD 74的电池及第一和第二电机56和72在内的硬件的保护。分布式控制模块系统包括发动机控制模块(下面用‘ECM’来表示)23、TCM 17、电池组控制模块(接下来用’BPCM’来表示)21以及TPIM 19。混合控制模块(下面用‘HCP’来表示)5对ECM 23、TCM 17、BPCM 21和TPIM  19提供监督控制和协调。用户接口(‘UI’)13可操作地连接至多个装置,通过这些装置,车辆操作者就能控制或者指挥电-机械混合动力系的运行。这些装置包括加速踏板113(‘AP’)、驾驶员制动踏板112(‘BP’)、变速箱档位选择器114(‘PRNDL’)和车辆速度巡航控制器(未示出)。变速箱档位选择器114可以具有离散数目的驾驶员可选位置,这些可选位置包括输出元件64的旋转方向,以便能实现前进和倒退方向之一。 
前面提到的这些控制模块通过局域网(下面用‘LAN’来表示)总线6与其它控制模块、传感器和致动器通信。LAN总线6允许在各种控制模块之间进行运行参数状态和致动器命令信号的结构化通信。所采用的特定通信协议是专用的(application-specific)。LAN总线6和合适的协议在前面提到的控制模块之间以及和其他控制模块之间提供了鲁棒通讯和多控制模块接口连接,这些其他控制模块提供了包括例如防抱死制动、牵引控制和车辆稳定性等功能。可以用多个通信总线来改进通信速度,并提供某种水平的信号冗余性和完整性。使用直接链路,例如串行外围接口(‘SPI’)总线(未示出),还可以进行各个控制模块之间的通信。 
HCP 5能对混合动力系提供监督控制,用于ECM 23、TCM 17、TPIM 19和BPCM 21的协调运行。基于来自用户接口13和包括ESD 74在内的混合动力系的各种输入信号,HCP 5确定出操作者转矩请求、输出转矩命令、发动机输入转矩命令、用于变速箱10中所施用的转矩传递离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73、C4 75的离合器转矩、以及第一和第二电机56和72的电机转矩TA和TB。 
ECM 23操作连接至发动机14,其作用是在多条离散线路上从传感器获取数据并控制发动机14的致动器,为了简便起见,该多条离散线路图示为总的双向接口电缆35。ECM 23接收来自于HCP 5的发动机输入转矩命令。ECM 23根据监控到的发动机速度和负载确定出在那一时间点提供给变速箱10的实际发动机输入转矩TI,该实际发动机输入转矩TI被传送至HCP 5。ECM 23监控来自转速传感器11的输入,以确定到达输入轴12的发动机输入速度,该发动机输入速度转化为变速箱的输入速度NI。ECM 23监控来自传感器(未示出)的输入,以确定包括如歧管压力、发动机冷却液温度、环境空气温度以及环境压力在内的其他发动机运行参数的状态。例如,从歧管压力或者可替代地从监控给加速踏板113的操作者输入可以确定发动机负载。ECM 23产生命令信号,并 且传输这些命令信号来控制发动机致动器,这些致动器包括例如喷油器、点火模块和节气门控制模块,这些在图中都没有示出。 
TCM 17操作连接至变速箱10并且监控来自传感器(未示出)的输入,以确定变速箱运行参数的状态。TCM 17产生命令信号,并且传输这些信号以控制变速箱10,包括控制液压回路42。由TCM 17输入给HCP 5的输入包括:离合器(即C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75)中的每一个的估计离合器转矩,以及输出元件64的旋转输出速度NO。出于控制目的,其他致动器和传感器可用来自TCM 17向HCP 5提供附加信息。TCM 17监控来自于压力开关(未示出)的输入,并且选择性地致动液压回路42中的压力控制电磁阀(未示出)和换档电磁阀(未示出),以选择性地致动各离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75,进而实现如下面所描述的各种变速箱运行范围状态。 
BPCM 21信号连接至传感器(未示出)以监控ESD 74,包括监控电流和电压参数的状态,以向HCP 5提供表示ESD 74的电池的参数状态的信息。该电池的这些参数状态优选包括电池荷电状态、电池电压、电池温度及用范围PBAT_MIN到PBAT_MAX来表示的可用电池电量。 
制动器控制模块(下面用‘BrCM’来表示)22操作连接至车轮93的每一个上的摩擦制动器(未示出)。BrCM 22监控操作者对制动踏板112的输入,并产生控制信号以控制摩擦制动器,并且向HCP 5发送控制信号以基于此信号来运转第一和第二电机56和72。 
控制模块ECM 23、TCM 17、TPIM 19、BPCM 21和BrCM 22的每一个优选都是通用数字计算机,该数字计算机包括微处理器或中央处理单元、存储介质(包括只读存储器(‘ROM’)、随机存储器(‘RAM’),可电编程只读存储器(‘EPROM’))、高速时钟、模拟/数字(‘A/D’)和数字/模拟(‘D/A’)转换电路、以及输入/输出电路和装置(‘I/O’)、和适宜的信号调节和缓冲电路。每个控制模块都包括一组控制算法,该算法包括存储于存储介质之一中的驻留程序命令和校验(calibration),执行该算法来提供各计算机的相应功能。控制模块之间的信息传递优选由LAN总线6和串行外围接口总线来完成。在预设的循环周期中执行该控制算法使得每个算法在每个循环周期中至少被执行一次。由中央处理单元之一采用预设的校验来执行存储于非易失性存储器装置中的算法,以监控来自于传感装置的输入,及执行控制致动器运行的控制和诊断程序。定期执行 循环周期,例如在混合动力系运行期间每3.125、6.25、12.5、25和100毫秒执行一次。或者,响应事件的发生而执行算法。 
示例性混合动力系可选择性地在若干状态之一下运行,这些状态可以用包含发动机开状态(‘ON’)和发动机关状态(‘OFF’)的发动机状态的术语以及包含多个固定档位和无级变速运行模式的变速箱运行范围状态的术语来描述,下面参考表1对这些状态进行描述。 
表1
Figure GSB00000755664500081
表中描述了各个变速箱运行范围状态,并指出在每个运行范围状态中特定离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75中的哪些被施用。通过使用离合器C1 70(只为了将第三行星齿轮组28的外部齿轮元件“接地”),从而选择第一无级变速模式,即EVT模式1或M1。发动机状态可以是ON(‘M1_Eng_On’)或者OFF(‘M1_Eng_Off’)之一。通过使用离合器C2 62(只将轴60接到第三行星齿轮组28的架上),从而选择第二无级变速模式,即EVT模式2或M2。发动机状态可以是ON(‘M2_Eng_On’)或者OFF(‘M2_Eng_Off’)之一。为了便于说明,当发动机状态是OFF时,发动机输入速度等于0转每分钟(‘RPM’),即,发动机曲轴不旋转。固定档位运行提供了变速箱10的输入比输出速度的固定传动比运行,即NI/NO。通过使用离合器C1 70和C4 75,而选择第一固定档位运行(‘G1’)。通过使用离合器C1 70和C2 62而选择第二固定档位运行(‘G2’)。通过使用离合器C2 62和C4 75而选择第三固定档位运行(‘G3’)。通过使用离合器C2 62 和C3 73而选择第四固定档位运行(‘G4’)。由于行星齿轮组24、26和28中的减小的传动比,输入比输出速度的固定传动比运行随着固定档位运行的升高而增加。第一和第二电机56和72的转速NA和NB分别取决于由离合操作所限定的该机构的内部旋转,且与在输入轴12处所测得的输入速度成比例。 
作为对由用户接口13所捕获的经由加速踏板113和制动踏板112输入的驾驶员输入的响应,HCP 5和一个或多个其他控制模块确定出转矩命令,从而控制包括发动机14及第一和第二电机56和72在内的转矩产生装置,以满足在输出元件64处传递给传动系90的驾驶员转矩请求。基于来自用户接口13以及包括ESD 74在内的混合动力系的输入信号,HCP 5分别确定操作者转矩请求、变速箱10至传动系90的被命令的输出转矩、来自发动机14的输入转矩、变速箱10的转矩传递离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73、C4 75的离合器转矩以及第一和第二电机56和72的电机转矩,在下文中将描述它们。 
最终的车辆加速可能受到其他因素的影响,这些其它因素包括,例如路面载荷、道路等级以及车辆重量。基于混合动力系的各种运行特性可以确定出发动机状态和变速箱的运行范围状态。这包括如前面所描述的,通过加速踏板113和制动踏板112传输给用户接口13的操作者转矩请求。在电能产生模式或转矩产生模式下,根据由运行第一和第二电机56和72的命令所导致的混合动力系的转矩要求,可以断定变速箱运行范围状态和发动机状态。变速箱运行范围状态和发动机状态可以通过最佳算法或程序来确定,该最佳算法或程序根据驾驶员的功率要求、电池荷电状态以及发动机14和第一和第二电机56和72的能效确定最优的系统效率。控制系统根据所执行的最佳程序的结果来管理来自于发动机14及第一和第二电机56和72的转矩输入,并且由此使管理燃油经济性及电池充电的系统效率得到优化。此外,还可以根据部件或系统的故障来决定操作。HCP 5监控转矩产生装置,并且确定变速箱10在输出元件64处的功率输出,该功率输出要满足驾驶员的转矩请求,同时要满足例如对ESD74充电的其它传动系操作要求。根据上面所描述的,显然,ESD 74与第一和第二电机56和72操作电连接以便在它们之间形成能量流。此外,发动机14、第一和第二电机56和72以及电-机械变速箱10操作地机械连接以在它们之间传递功率,进而向输出元件64传递能量流。 
图3示出了用于控制和管理具有多个转矩产生装置的混合动力系的信号 流的控制系统的结构,下面将参照图1和图2中的混合动力系统对其进行描述,并且其以可执行算法和校验程序的形式存储在前面提及的控制模块中。该控制系统结构可适用于具有多个转矩产生装置的任一种混合动力系统,包括例如具有发动机和单个电机的混合动力系统、具有发动机和多个电机的混合动力系统。或者,该混合动力系统可使用非电的转矩机械和能量存储系统,例如,使用液压动力转矩机械(未示出)的液压机械混合变速箱。 
在工作中,监控操作者对加速踏板113和制动踏板112的输入以确定操作者的转矩请求。操作者对加速踏板113和制动踏板112的输入包括可独立确定的各个操作者转矩请求输入,这些操作者转矩请求输入包括即时加速输出转矩请求、预计加速输出转矩请求、即时制动输出转矩请求、预计制动输出转矩请求和轴转矩响应类型。在本文中,术语‘加速’表示当操作者所选择的变速箱档位选择器114的位置命令车辆向前运动时优选能导致车速超过当前车速的向前推进的操作者请求。术语‘减速’和‘制动’表示优选导致车速比当前车速低的操作者请求。该即时加速输出转矩请求、预计加速输出转矩请求、即时制动输出转矩请求、预计制动输出转矩请求和轴转矩响应类型都是对控制系统的各个独立输入。此外,监控发动机14和变速箱10的运行以确定输入速度(‘Ni’)和输出速度(‘NO’)。 
即时加速输出转矩请求包括根据对加速踏板113的操作者输入而确定的即时转矩请求。该控制系统响应即时加速输出转矩请求,控制来自混合动力系统的输出转矩,以产生正的车辆加速。该即时制动输出转矩请求包括根据对制动踏板112的操作者输入而确定的即时制动请求。该控制系统响应即时制动输出转矩请求,控制来自混合动力系统的输出转矩,以使车辆减速或产生负的加速。控制来自混合动力系统的输出转矩所导致的车辆减速与使车辆减速的车辆制动系统(未示出)所导致的车辆减速相结合以完成即时制动请求。 
即时加速输出转矩请求根据当前对加速踏板113的操作者输入而确定,并且其包括在输出元件64处产生优选使车辆加速的即时输出转矩的请求。该即时加速输出转矩请求是未定型的(unshape),但是其可由动力系统控制外的影响车辆运行的事件来定型(shape)。这样的事件包括用于防抱死制动、牵引控制和车辆稳定性控制的动力系控制中的车辆级中断(vehicle level interruptions),其可用于不定型(unshape)或速率限制(rate-limit)该即时加速输出转矩请求。 
预计加速输出转矩请求根据对加速踏板113的操作者输入而确定,并且其包含在输出元件64处的最优的或优选的输出转矩。在正常操作情况下,例如,没有命令防抱死制动、牵引控制或车辆稳定性中的任何一个时,该预计加速输出转矩请求优选等于即时加速输出转矩请求。当命令防抱死制动、牵引控制或车辆稳定性中的任一个时,作为对涉及防抱死制动、牵引控制或车辆稳定性控制的输出转矩命令的响应,该预计加速输出转矩请求保持该优选的输出转矩,且该即时加速输出转矩请求则被减小。 
该即时制动输出转矩请求根据对制动踏板112的操作者输入和控制摩擦制动器的控制信号而确定,以产生摩擦制动转矩。 
该预计制动输出转矩请求包括响应对制动踏板112的操作者输入而在输出元件64处的最优或优选的制动输出转矩,其受限于在输出元件64处所能产生的而与对制动踏板112的操作者输入无关的最大制动输出转矩。在一个实施例中,在输出元件64处产生的最大制动输出转矩被限制到-0.2g。当车速接近零时,不管对制动踏板112的操作者输入,该预计制动输出转矩请求被逐渐减为零。如使用者所希望的,存在将预计制动输出转矩请求设定为零的操作情况,例如,当操作者对变速箱档位选择器114的设定为倒档时,以及将分动箱(transfer case,未示出)设定为四轮驱动的低速区(low range)时。将预计制动输出转矩请求设定为零的操作情况是指那些由于车辆的运行因素而不优选混合制动的情况。 
轴转矩响应类型包括通过第一和第二电机56和72定型(shaping)和速率限制(rate-limiting)该输出转矩响应的输入状态。该轴转矩响应类型的输入状态可以是有效态和无效态,该有效态优选包括满意性受限状态和最大范围状态中的一个。当所命令的轴转矩响应类型是有效态时,输出转矩命令则是即时输出转矩。优选地,用于这种响应类型的转矩响应要尽可能快。 
混合制动转矩包括在车轮93处产生的摩擦制动转矩和在输出元件64处产生的输出转矩的组合,其反作用于传动系90以使车辆减速,作为对制动踏板112的操作者输入的响应。BrCM 22命令车轮93上的摩擦制动器施加制动力并对变速箱10发出命令以产生一个反作用于传动系90的负的输出转矩,作为对即时制动请求的响应。优选地,所施加的制动力和负的输出转矩只要能克服车轮93处的车辆动能就可以使车辆减速和停止。该负的输出转矩反作用于传动系90, 由此将转矩传递给电-机械变速箱10和发动机14。通过电-机械变速箱10反作用的该负的输出转矩能被传递给第一和第二电机56和72,从而产生电能储存在ESD 74中。 
战略性最佳控制方案(‘战略控制’)310基于输出速度和操作者转矩请求和其它混合动力系的操作参数确定优选的输入速度(‘Ni_Des’)和优选的发动机状态以及变速箱运行范围状态(‘混合范围状态Des’),这些其它混合动力系的操作参数包括电池功率极限、发动机14的响应极限、变速箱10的响应极限、以及第一和第二电机56和72的响应极限。预计加速输出转矩请求和预计制动输出转矩请求被输入至战略最佳控制方案310。该战略最佳控制方案310优选由HCP 5在每个100毫秒循环周期和每个25毫秒循环周期内执行。变速箱10的期望运行范围状态和从发动机14到变速箱10的期望输入速度被输入至换档执行和发动机启动/停止控制方案320。 
该换档执行和发动机启动/停止控制方案320根据动力系统的输入和运行来命令变速箱运行的改变(‘变速箱命令’),这些改变包括改变运行范围状态。这包括,如果优选的运行范围状态不同于当前的运行范围状态时,通过命令改变离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75中的一个或多个的使用以及其它变速箱命令,来命令执行变速箱的运行范围状态的改变。当前的运行范围状态(‘实际混合范围状态’)和输入速度曲线(‘Ni_Prof’)可以被确定。该输入速度曲线是即将到来的输入速度的估计值,其优选包括用于即将到来的循环周期的目标输入速度的标量参数值。在变速箱的运行范围状态发生转换期间,发动机操作命令和操作者转矩请求都是根据该输入速度曲线来确定的。 
战术控制方案(‘战术控制和操作’)330在控制循环周期之一内重复被执行以确定运行发动机14的发动机命令,其包括自发动机14到变速箱10的优选输入转矩,该优选输入转矩是基于输出速度、输入速度和操作者转矩请求确定的,该操作者转矩请求包括即时加速输出转矩请求、预计加速输出转矩请求、即时制动输出转矩请求、预计制动输出转矩请求、轴转矩响应类型和变速箱的当前运行范围状态。该发动机命令也包括发动机状态,该发动机状态包括全气缸(all-cylinder)运行状态和气缸失活运行状态之一,其中气缸失活运行状态是指发动机气缸的一部分失活及没有燃料供给,且发动机状态包括燃料供给状态和燃料供给中止状态之一。包括发动机14的优选输入转矩和反作用于发动机14 和输入元件12之间的当前输入转矩(‘Ti’)的发动机命令优选在ECM23中确定。优选在TCM 17中估计离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75中的每一个的离合器转矩(‘Tcl’),包括当前施用的离合器和未施用的离合器。 
输出和电机转矩确定方案(‘输出和电机转矩确定’)340被执行以确定来自动力系的优选输出转矩(‘To_cmd’)。在这个实施例中,这包括确定电机转矩命令(‘TA’,‘TB’),以通过控制第一和第二电机56和72传递满足操作者转矩请求的被命令的净输出转矩至变速箱10的输出元件64。即时加速输出转矩请求、即时制动输出转矩请求、来自发动机14的当前输入转矩以及所施用的离合器的估计转矩、变速箱10的当前运行范围状态、输入速度、输入速度曲线和轴转矩响应类型都是输入值。在循环周期之一的每个迭代过程中,执行该输出和电机转矩确定方案340以确定电机转矩命令。该输出和电机转矩确定方案340包括算法代码,其在6.25毫秒和12.5毫秒的循环周期内被定期执行以确定优选的电机转矩命令。 
当操作者选择的变速箱档位选择器114的位置命令车辆向前运行时,作为对加速踏板113的操作者输入的响应,控制该混合动力系传递输出转矩至输出元件64并至传动系90,以在车轮93处产生向前驱动车辆的牵引转矩。类似地,当操作者选择的变速箱档位选择器114的位置命令车辆向相反方向运行时,作为对加速踏板113的操作者输入的响应,控制该混合动力系传递输出转矩至输出元件64并至传动系90,以在车轮93处产生向相反方向驱动车辆的牵引转矩。优选地,只要输出转矩足以克服车辆上的外部负荷,推进车辆就会导致车辆加速,这些外部负荷包括例如由于道路等级导致的负荷、空气流动负荷和其它负荷。 
图4详细描述用于通过第一和第二电机56和72控制和管理输出转矩的输出和电机转矩确定方案340的信号流,参见图1和2的混合动力系统和图3的控制系统结构描述。输出和电机转矩确定方案340控制第一和第二电机56和72的电机转矩命令,以传递净输出转矩到变速箱10的输出元件64,其与传动系90反作用并满足驾驶员转矩请求,该净输出转矩受限于约束和定型(shaping)。在该实施例中,输出和电机转矩确定方案340优选包括算法代码和预定校验代码,其在6.25毫秒和12.5毫秒循环周期期间定期执行,以确定用于控制第一和第二电机56和72的优选的电机转矩命令(′TA′,′TB′)。 
输出和电机转矩确定方案340确定并使用多个输入以确定对输出转矩的约束,据此确定输出转矩命令(′To_cmd′)。用于第一和第二电机56和72的电机转矩命令(′TA′,′TB′)可以基于输出转矩命令来确定。输出和电机转矩确定方案340的输入包括驾驶员输入、动力系统的输入和约束、以及自主控制输入。 
驾驶员输入包括即时加速输出转矩请求以及即时制动输出转矩请求。 
自主控制输入包括转矩补偿(offset),以实现对传动系90(412)的主动阻尼、实现发动机脉动消除(408),以及基于该输入和离合器滑移速度实现闭环修正(410)。为实现对传动系90的主动阻尼(例如管理和实现传动系游隙(lash)调节)而用于第一和第二电机56和72的转矩补偿(′Ta AD′,′Tb AD′)可以被确定,并从主动阻尼算法(′AD′)中输出(412)。用于实现发动机脉动消除的转矩补偿(′Ta PC′,′Tb PC′)在发动机开状态(′ON′)和关状态(′OFF′)之间转换期间在发动机启动和停止期间确定,以消除未点火的气缸内的发动机转矩扰动,并从脉动消除算法(′PC′)中输出(408)。用于第一和第二电机56和72的实现闭环修正转矩的转矩补偿通过监测到达变速箱10的输入速度以及离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73、和C4 75的离合器滑移速度来确定。用于第一和第二电机56和72的闭环修正的转矩补偿(′Ta CL′,′Tb CL′)可以基于输入速度误差以及离合器滑移速度误差来确定,该输入速度误差也就是例如使用传感器11或者使用解算器80和82测定的输入速度(′Ni′)与输入速度曲线(′Ni_Prof)之间的差异,该离合器滑移速度误差也就是离合器滑移速度与目标离合器滑移速度(例如用于目标离合器C1 70的离合器滑移速度曲线)之间的差异。当在一个模式运行范围状态下运行时,用于第一和第二电机56和72的闭环修正电机转矩补偿(’Ta CL’,’Tb CL’)主要基于输入速度误差来确定。当在空档下运行时,闭环修正是基于输入速度误差和目标离合器(例如C1 70)的离合器滑移速度误差。闭环修正电机转矩补偿从闭环控制算法(′CL′)输出(410)。对于特定运行范围状态,基于第一和第二电机56和72的电机速度以及输出元件64的速度来确定未施用的离合器的离合器滑移速度。在预期要换档至一传动范围时,目标离合器滑移速度和离合器滑移速度曲线优选在变速箱运行范围状态转换期间中使用,以便在施用下一个离合器之前使离合器滑移速度同步,且使动力系统在怠速状态下工作。闭环电机转矩补偿和用以实现传动系90主动阻尼的电机转矩补 偿被输入低通滤波器以确定用于第一和第二电机56和72的滤波后的电机转矩修正(′TA LPF′和′TB LPF′)(405)。 
针对示例性的变速箱10,确定用于第一和第二电机56和72的闭环修正转矩补偿(’Ta CL’,’Tb CL’)的总体控制方程1如下: 
T I CL T O CL = [ A 1 ] TaCL TbCL - - - [ 1 ]
其中A1是含有系统特定标量值的2×2的矩阵。输入转矩的范围(也即最小和最大输入转矩约束)可以通过执行该控制方程来确定,该控制方程考虑了该净即时输出转矩和该即时加速转矩、输入和输出元件的加速度以及离合器反作用转矩。动力系统的输入和约束包括从电池功率限制算法(‘PBAT’)输出的最大和最小可用电池功率限制(‘PBATMin/Max’)、运行范围状态(‘混合范围状态’)、多个系统输入和约束(‘系统输入和约束’)(466)。该系统输入可以包括动力系统的特定标量参数和运行范围状态,并与输入元件12、输出元件64及离合器的速度和加速度相关。在本实施例中,其他系统输入与系统惯性,阻尼及电/机械功率转换效率相关。所述约束包括来自转矩机械(也就是第一和第二电机56和72)的最大和最小电机转矩输出和所施用的离合器上的最大和最小离合器反作用转矩。其他的系统输入包括输入转矩,离合器滑移速度以及其他相关的状态。
包括输入加速度曲线(′Nidot_Prof′)和离合器滑移加速度曲线在内的输入连同系统输入、运行范围状态和用于第一和第二电机56和72的电机转矩修正(′Ta LPF′,′Tb LPF′)一起被输入进预优化算法(415)。输入加速度曲线是对即将到来的输入加速度的估计值,其优选包含用于即将到来的循环周期的目标输入加速度。离合器滑移加速度曲线是对一个或更多未施用的离合器的即将到来的离合器加速度的估计值,并优选包含用于即将到来的循环周期的目标离合器滑移加速度。最优输入(可包括用于电机转矩、离合器转矩和输出转矩的值)可以针对目前运行范围状态而计算出来并用于优化算法(440)。优选地,执行该优化算法(440)以确定最大和最小原始输出转矩约束(440),以及确定开环转矩命令在第一和第二电机56和72之间的优选分配(440′)。该最优输入、最大和最小电池功率限制、系统输入和目前运行范围状态经分析以确定优选或者最优输出转矩(′To Opt′)及最小和最大原始输出转矩约束(′To Min Raw′,′To Max Raw′),该最小和最大原始输出转矩约束可以被定型和滤波(420)。该优选输出 转矩(′To Opt′)构成为这样的输出转矩,即该输出转矩使得受限于净输出转矩(该净输出转矩小于即时加速输出转矩请求)范围的电池功率最小化。该优选输出转矩包含小于即时加速输出转矩请求的该净输出转矩,并产生受输出转矩约束限制的该最小电池功率。该即时加速输出转矩请求和即时制动输出转矩请求每一个都经过定型和滤波,并受最小和最大输出转矩约束(′To Min Filt′,′To Max Filt′)限制,以确定滤波后的最小和最大输出转矩请求约束(′To Min Req Filt′,′To Max Req Filt′)。受约束的加速输出转矩请求(′To Req Accel Cnstrnd′)和受约束的制动输出转矩请求(′To Req Brake Cnstrnd′)可以基于滤波后的最小和最大输出转矩请求约束确定(425)。受约束的加速输出转矩请求和受约束的制动输出转矩请求包括限定在最大和最小输出转矩约束之间的即时加速输出转矩请求和即时制动转矩请求。此外,变速箱10的再生制动容量(′Opt Regen Capacity′)包含变速箱10反作用传动系转矩的容量,可以基于包括转矩机械的最大和最小电机转矩输出及所施用的离合器的最大和最小反作用转矩的约束并考虑电池功率限制来确定。再生制动容量建立了用于即时制动输出转矩请求的最大值。再生制动容量基于受约束的加速输出转矩请求和优选输出转矩(‘To Opt’)之间的差异来确定,参见图7。受约束的加速输出转矩请求经定型和滤波,并与受约束、定型和滤波后的制动输出转矩请求结合以确定净输出转矩命令。净输出转矩命令和滤波后的最小及最大请求输出转矩相比以确定输出转矩命令(′To_cmd′)(430)。当净输出转矩命令在滤波后的最大和最小请求输出转矩之间时,输出转矩命令设置为净输出转矩命令。当净输出转矩命令超过滤波后的最大请求输出转矩时,输出转矩命令设置为滤波后的最大请求输出转矩。当净输出转矩命令低于滤波后的最小请求输出转矩时,输出转矩命令设置为滤波后的最小请求输出转矩。 
监测动力系的运行并与输出转矩命令相结合以确定满足反作用离合器转矩容量的开环转矩命令在第一和第二电机56和72之间优选分配(′Ta Opt′和′Tb Opt′),并提供与优选电池功率(′Pbat Opt′)相关的反馈(440′)。当采用优化算法(440)来确定开环转矩命令在第一和第二电机56和72之间的优选分配时(440’),输出转矩搜索范围优选地包括输出转矩命令(‘To_cmd’)。减去用于第一和第二电机56和72的电机转矩修正(′Ta LPF′和′Tb LPF′),以确定开环电机转矩命令(′Ta OL′和′Tb OL′)(460)。 
开环电机转矩命令与自主控制输入相结合,自主控制输入包括用以实现传动系90主动阻尼(412)、实现发动机脉动消除(408)、和基于输入和离合器滑移速度(410)实现闭环修正的转矩补偿以确定用于控制第一和第二电机56和72的电机转矩TA和TB(470)。上述约束、定型、滤波输出转矩请求以确定输出转矩命令(其被转换为用于第一和第二电机56和72的电机转矩命令)的步骤,优选是按照这些输入起作用并运用算法代码来计算转矩命令的前馈操作。 
如此设置的系统操作使得可以基于动力系统的目前操作和约束确定输出转矩约束。驾驶员转矩请求基于对制动踏板和加速踏板的驾驶员输入来确定。驾驶员转矩请求可以经约束、定型和滤波以确定输出转矩命令,包括确定优选再生制动容量。输出转矩命令可以基于约束和驾驶员转矩请求约束而确定。输出转矩命令通过命令转矩机械的操作来实现。该系统操作实现响应于驾驶员转矩请求并在系统约束内的动力系操作。该系统操作引起输出转矩根据驾驶员驾驶性需求(包括在再生制动操作期间的平稳运行)来定型。 
图5示意性的显示了包括监测电-机械混合动力系统(例如前面提及的动力系统)的目前运行状况的优化函数440的细节。第一和第二电机56和72的补偿电机转矩可以基于包括变速箱10的运行范围状态(‘ORS’)、输入转矩(‘TI’),以及其他基于系统惯性、系统阻尼和离合器滑移在内的输入来进行计算(510)。 
控制系统执行算法来确定针对输出转矩的线性转矩约束(520)。该线性转矩约束包括多个系统约束,当其中一个约束线性变化时,输出转矩也线性变化。该系统约束描述了混合动力变速箱10传递并通过第一和第二电机56和72转化电功率为机械转矩的容量。与线性转矩约束相关的输入包括电机转矩约束,该约束包括第一和第二电机56和72的最小和最大可用电机转矩(‘TAMin,‘TAMax’,‘TBMin’,‘TAMax’),第一施用的离合器及必要时第二施用的离合器的最小和最大离合器反作用转矩(‘TCLnMin’,‘TCLnMax’),即时或目前转矩、速度和电功率输入。最小或最大线性输出转矩(‘To Min Lin’,‘To Max Lin’)可以基于第一和第二电机56和72的最小和最大可用电机转矩和所施用的离合器的最小和最大离合器反作用转矩来确定。最小和最大线性输入转矩是满足电机转矩约束同时也满足所施用的离合器转矩约束的最小和最大输出转矩。最小和最大线性输入转矩(‘To Min Lin’,‘To Max Lin’)转化为最小和最大原始输出转矩 (′To Min Raw′,′To Max Raw′)。 
控制该系统执行算法以确定输出转矩的二次转矩约束(530)。该二次转矩约束包括多个系统约束,当其中一个约束线性变化时,输出转矩以二次函数变化。约束输入包括用于典型系统的可用电池功率(未显示)(530)。用于能量存储装置74的可用电池功率在数学上可以表示为变速箱输出转矩To的函数,如下面的公式2所示: 
PBAT(TO)=(a1 2+b1 2)(TO-TO *)2+PBAT *    [2]
其中a1和b1代表对该特定应用确定的标量值。通过求解方程2可以得到输出转矩,如下面的方程3:
T O ( P BAT ) = T O * ± P BAT - P BAT * a 1 2 + b 1 2 - - - [ 3 ]
对于可用电池功率的范围PBAT_MIN至PBAT_MAX,可以从方程3中确定四个不同的输出转矩,包括用于正方根情况下的最大和最小二次输出转矩约束,用于负方根情况下的最大和最小二次输出转矩约束(‘ToPBATMax’,‘ToPBATMin’),且代表基于电池功率的可用输出转矩的范围,并取决于是放电(即正方根情况),还是充电(也即负方根情况)。 
基于最优输出转矩(‘To*’)、最优电池功率(‘PBAT’)、最大和最小线性输出转矩、基于充电或放电状态选择的最小和最大二次输出转矩约束(‘ToPBATMax’,‘ToPBATMin’)、和输出转矩搜索范围可以确定优选输出转矩(‘To Opt’)。当在产生牵引转矩状态下运行以向前推进车辆时,输出转矩搜索范围优选包括即时加速输出转矩请求(‘To_req’)。当在再生制动状态下运行以使车辆减速时,输出转矩搜索范围优选包括在即时加速输出转矩请求与制动转矩请求之间的范围。确定优选输出转矩的过程可以包括选择含有输出转矩的搜索范围的最小转矩值以及最大输出转矩的临时输出转矩。优选输出转矩(‘To Opt’)选择作为:临时输出转矩的最大值、基于二次输出转矩约束和离合器转矩约束中的一个确定的最小输出转矩、和最小线性输出转矩(540)。优选输出转矩(‘To Opt’)基于包含即时加速输出转矩请求的输入来确定。优选输出转矩(‘To Opt’)转换为从优化函数440输出的优选输出转矩(‘To(j)’)。 
优选输出转矩(‘To Opt’)受包括未滤波的最小和最大输出转矩(‘To Min Raw’,‘To Max Raw’)在内的输出转矩约束的限制,且基于允许输出转矩的范 围(其是可以变化的)来确定,并可能包括即时加速输出转矩请求。优选输出转矩可能包括与最小电池放电功率对应的输出转矩或者一个与最大电池充电功率对应的输出转矩。优选输出转矩基于动力系统传递和通过第一和第二电机56和72将电功率转化为机械转矩的容量、即时或目前转矩、速度和反作用离合器转矩约束以及电功率输入。包含未滤波的最小和最大输出转矩(‘To Min Raw’,‘To Max Raw’)在内的输出转矩约束和优选输出转矩(‘To Opt’)可以通过执行和求解空挡、模式、固定传动比运行范围状态下的优化函数来确定。该优化函数440包括多个线性方程,这些线性方程以可执行的算法实施,并在系统的正在进行的操作中来进行求解以便确定用来最小化电池功率消耗和满足驾驶员转矩请求的优选输出转矩范围。每个线性方程都考虑输入转矩(‘Ti’),系统惯性和线性阻尼。优选地,针对空挡、模式、固定传动比运行范围状态中的每一个都有特定线性方程。 
输出转矩约束包含目前输入转矩下的优选输出转矩范围,其在受所施用的转矩传递离合器的反作用离合器转矩限制的电机转矩约束和可用电池功率的范围之内。输出转矩命令被约束在最大和最小输出转矩容量之内。在固定传动比和模式操作中,优选输出转矩可以包括使ESD74充电最大化的输出转矩。空挡运行时,可以计算优选输出转矩。固定传动比运行时,优选输出转矩可以包括当满足反作用离合器转矩约束时在第一和第二电机56和72之间的优选转矩分配。 
优选电机转矩和电池功率(‘TAOpt’,’TBOpt’)可以基于优选输出转矩来确定,并用来控制动力系统的运行。优选电机转矩包括用来使来自ESD74的功率流最小化和得到优选输出转矩的电机转矩。基于确定的来自ESD74的最小功率流(优选电池功率(‘PBATOpt’))来控制第一和第二电机56和72的输出转矩。基于发动机输入转矩和分别用于第一和第二电机56和72(‘TAOpt’,’TBOpt’)的电机转矩命令来控制转矩输出,其使来自ESD的功率流最小化以达到优选输出转矩。与电机相关的电池功率(分别为‘PAOpt”和‘PBOpt’)可以基于转矩命令来确定(560)。 
所述电机转矩命令可以用来控制第一和第二电机56和72传输输出转矩到输出元件64,从而到达传动系90,以在车轮93处产生牵引转矩,以便响应于对加速踏板113的驾驶员输入推进车辆。优选地,推进车辆将导致车辆的 加速,只要所述输出转矩足够大以克服车辆的外部负载(例如道路坡度、空气动力负载及其他负载)即可。 
附图6示出了用于管理分布式控制系统中的信号流以通过车轮93中的一个或多个控制输出转矩(包括牵引制动)的控制系统结构,参照上面描述的混合动力系对其进行描述。该BrCM22监测输入给制动踏板112的操作者制动请求,并且确定总制动转矩请求。BrCM22根据总制动转矩请求和再生制动轴转矩容量(”Regen capacity”)和任何当前施加的再生制动转矩(‘估计再生制动实现转矩’)产生再生制动轴转矩请求。该再生制动轴转矩请求优选地包括上面参见图3所描述的即时制动输出转矩请求,基于传动系90的主传动比缩放且滤波。根据驾驶员制动请求和再生制动转矩(该再生制动转矩由第一和第二电机56和72的运行通过变速箱10进行反作用并由HCP5估算)的差异,BrCM 22产生控制信号(‘摩擦制动器控制’)以控制每个车轮93中的可致动摩擦制动器。BrCM 22作为主控器用来控制摩擦制动器和变速箱10以满足驾驶员的制动请求。 
HCP 5确定受最大制动输出转矩限制的再生制动轴转矩容量,其是变速箱10的将来自传动系90的转矩通过可选择使用的离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75反作用至第一和第二电机56和72的能力的基于转矩的衡量,该最大制动输出转矩基于所述主传动比缩放且被滤波和被速率限制。所述再生制动轴转矩容量优选地包括参照图4中描述的变速箱10的所述再生制动容量(‘Opt Regen Capacity’)。HCP 5估算由传动系90和变速箱10的输出元件64反作用的该当前施加的再生制动转矩,并且将再生制动轴转矩容量和再生制动转矩传输给BrCM 22。HCP 5通过电机转矩控制方案340确定来自动力系的优选输出转矩(‘To_cmd’),并且利用参考图3和4所描述的控制结构,根据再生制动轴转矩请求产生用于控制第一和第二电机56和72的电机转矩命令(‘TA’,‘TB’)。 
从制动踏板112到BrCM 22再到HCP 5的传输信号的时间顺序是有意设置的,因为对制动踏板的大多数当前可用的操作者输入在发生制动时能用于控制制动。HCP 5通过再生制动进行动能回收,以产生可存储的电能并改进运行效率。 
上述参照实施例描述的控制系统包括发动机14和转矩机械(包括联接至电-机械变速箱10的第一和第二电机56和72)。可替换的,该控制系统可以与具有转矩机械和能量存储系统的其它变速箱系统一起使用,这些其它变速箱系 统能可控制地通过传动系反作用转矩,以产生牵引制动,优选是那些系统,其利用通过传动系的反作用转矩来产生可供以后使用的可存储能量,例如,以电能、液压能或可存储的机械能的形式的能量。 
运行时,对所述加速踏板113的驾驶员转矩请求输入被监控,ESD74的最小可用功率输出值能够被确定。通过输出元件64反作用到所述传动系90的优选输出转矩是基于能量存储装置的最小可用输出功率来确定的。能够确定所述再生制动转矩容量,包含从通过所述输出元件反作用到所述传动系的优选输出转矩和对加速踏板的驾驶员转矩请求输入之间的转矩范围。优选地基于对加速踏板的驾驶员输入可以确定即时加速输出转矩请求。对制动踏板的驾驶员输入也被监控,基于在驾驶员制动请求期间对制动踏板的驾驶员输入可以确定即时制动输出转矩请求,从而基于包含驾驶员制动器在内的驾驶员转矩请求来命令动力系统的操作。 
所述变速箱10的操作可以包含命令从固定传动比(例如G1、G2、G3和G4)之一进行换档。所述换档操作优选包括喀什变换成以连续可变操作范围状态之一操作,例如M1和M2。所述动力系的操作在连续可变操作范围状态中被控制,包括基于所述再生制动转矩容量控制变速箱10的反作用输出转矩。 
因此,电机14的操作可以通过所述战术操作330来进行管理,输出和电机确定模块340可以管理所述第一和第二电机56和72的电机转矩。该操作包括基于所述能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出和用于选择性施用的转矩传递离合器的离合器反作用转矩而确定通过输出元件64反作用到所述传动系90上的优选输出转矩。该操作在所述转矩约束使得参考上述方程1和2确定的最优输出转矩(‘To*’)和最优电池功率(‘PBAT *’)落入到最小和最大线性输出转矩(‘To Min Lin’,‘To Max Lin’)内时是重要的。在这种情况下,所述优选输出转矩和优选电池功率是最优输出转矩(‘To*’),最优电池电量(‘PBAT *’)。另外,可达到的输出转矩范围基于所述可用电池功率、根据是否在放电(例如正根的情况)还是充电(例如负根的情况)、以及线性转矩约束。 
图7描绘了电池功率(‘PBAT’),绘制了作为典型的动力系统的输出转矩(‘To’)的函数曲线。显示了最小和最大可用电池功率(‘PBAT_MIN’和‘PBAT_MAX’)。所述优选输出转矩(‘To Opt’),参照上文中图4、5的描述,包括比即时加速输出转矩请求更小的输出转矩,且产生受输出转矩约束限制的最小电池功率。在 一个实施例中,所述最小可用电池功率包含ESD74的最大充电电池功率。这样,如描绘的,所述优选输出转矩基于所述动力系自所述传动系90传递所述牵引转矩输入到变速箱10,通过一个或多个转矩传递离合器传送所述牵引转矩以旋转第一和第二电机56和57中的一个的容量,所述电机可以被控制以反作用所述牵引转矩并将其转换为可存储在ESD74中的电功率。如图4和5所述描述的那样,所述优选输出转矩被即时或目前转矩、速度、反作用离合转矩约束和电功率输入限制。可以同样绘出所述驾驶员转矩请求,包括即时加速输出转矩请求约束(‘To Req Accel CnstRNd’)。所述优选再生制动容量(‘Opt Regen Capacity’)(例如,用于变速箱10反作用牵引转矩的目前转矩容量)包含介于优选输出转矩和即时加速输出转矩请求之间的输出转矩范围。所述优选再生制动容量(‘Opt Regen Capacity’)是允许输出转矩操作范围。这样,所述输出转矩被限制在优选再生制动容量内,所述输出和电机确定模块340控制第一和第二电机56和72的操作,以获取输出转矩,包括在操作范围状态之间的转换。 
可以理解,在本发明范围之内的变型是允许的。参考优选实施例及其变型对本发明进行了描述。在阅读和理解了本说明书后,他人可以做出更多的变型和改变。本发明意图是要包括落入本发明范围内的所有这样的变型和改变。 

Claims (19)

1.一种操作混合动力系统的方法,该混合动力系统包括:可操作地在输入元件和转矩机械与输出元件之间传递功率的变速箱,该输出元件联接到传动系,所述传动系联接到包括可致动摩擦制动器的车轮,该转矩机械可操作地反作用于从车轮通过传动系传递给变速箱的输出元件的转矩,该转矩机械连接至能量存储装置,该方法包括:
监测对加速踏板的驾驶员转矩请求输入;
确定能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出;
基于能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出确定通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩;
确定再生制动转矩容量,其包含在通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩与对加速踏板的驾驶员转矩请求输入之间的转矩范围;和
基于再生制动转矩容量控制该混合动力系统的操作。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括:
基于对加速踏板的驾驶员输入来确定即时加速输出转矩请求;和
基于通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩和即时加速输出转矩请求来确定再生制动转矩容量。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于:能量存储装置的最小功率输出包括在动力系统工作点给能量存储装置充电的最大充电功率。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括:基于能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出和对混合动力变速箱的转矩约束来确定通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于:能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出包括最大充电功率。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括:
在驾驶员制动请求期间,监测对制动踏板的驾驶员输入,并基于对制动踏板的驾驶员输入来确定即时制动输出转矩请求;和
基于所述即时制动输出转矩请求和优选再生制动容量,控制该功率产生装置的转矩输出。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括:选择性地施用变速箱的转矩传递离合器,以便以固定传动比和连续可变操作范围状态中的一个在转矩机械和输出元件之间传递功率。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,还包括:
命令从固定传动比操作范围状态中换档,包括运行在连续可变操作范围状态中;和
基于所述再生制动转矩容量,在所述连续可变操作范围状态下控制所述变速箱的输出转矩。
9.根据权利要求7所述的方法,还包括:基于能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出和用于选择性地施用的转矩传递离合器的离合器反作用转矩,确定通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩。
10.一种操作混合动力系统的方法,该混合动力系统包括:可操作地在输入元件和多个转矩机械与输出元件之间传递功率的变速箱,输出元件联接到传动系,所述传动系联接到包括可致动摩擦制动器的车轮,所述转矩机械之一可操作地反作用于从车轮通过传动系传递给变速箱的输出元件的转矩,该转矩机械连接至能量存储装置,该方法包括:
监测对加速踏板的驾驶员转矩请求输入;
确定能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出;
基于能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出来确定通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩;
确定再生制动转矩容量,其包含在通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩与对加速踏板的驾驶员转矩请求输入之间的转矩范围;和
基于再生制动转矩容量控制混合动力系统的操作。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,还包括:选择性地施用变速箱的转矩传递离合器,以便以固定传动比和连续可变操作范围状态中一个在转矩机械和输出元件之间传递功率。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,还包括:
命令从固定传动比操作范围状态中的一个换档,包括以连续可变操作范围状态运行;和
基于所述再生制动转矩容量,在所述连续可变操作范围状态下控制所述变速箱的输出转矩。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,还包括:
命令从所述固定传动比操作范围状态换档,包括以连续可变操作范围状态运行;和
基于所述再生制动转矩容量,在所述连续可变操作范围状态下控制所述变速箱的输出转矩。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,还包括:基于能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出和用于选择性地施用的转矩传递离合器的离合器反作用转矩,确定通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法,还包括:基于通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩,确定电机转矩命令,用来控制所述转矩机械。
16.一种操作混合动力系统的方法,该系统包括:可操作地在输入元件和多个转矩机械与输出元件之间传递功率的变速箱,所述输出元件联接到传动系,所述传动系联接到车轮,所述变速箱可操作地通过可选择地制动转矩传送离合器而在输入元件和所述转矩机械与输出元件之间以固定传动比和连续可变操作范围状态中的一个传送功率,所述转矩机械连接到能量存储装置,所述转矩机械之一可操作地反作用于从车轮通过传动系传递给变速箱的输出元件的转矩;该方法包括:
监测对加速踏板的驾驶员转矩请求输入;
确定能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出;
基于能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出,确定通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩;
确定再生制动转矩容量,其包含在通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩与对加速踏板的驾驶员转矩请求输入之间的转矩范围;和
基于再生制动转矩容量来控制混合动力系统的操作。
17.根据权利要求16所述的方法,还包括:
命令从固定传动比中的一个换档,包括以连续可变操作范围状态运行;和
基于所述再生制动转矩容量,在所述连续可变操作范围状态下控制所述变速箱的输出转矩。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,还包括:基于能量存储装置的最小可用功率输出和用于选择性地施用的转矩传递离合器的离合器反作用转矩,确定通过输出元件反作用到传动系的优选输出转矩。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,还包括:基于通过所述输出元件反作用到所述传动系的优选输出转矩,确定用来控制所述转矩机械的电机转矩命令。
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