CN101434202B - 控制再生制动和摩擦制动的方法 - Google Patents

控制再生制动和摩擦制动的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101434202B
CN101434202B CN2008101778556A CN200810177855A CN101434202B CN 101434202 B CN101434202 B CN 101434202B CN 2008101778556 A CN2008101778556 A CN 2008101778556A CN 200810177855 A CN200810177855 A CN 200810177855A CN 101434202 B CN101434202 B CN 101434202B
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China
Prior art keywords
regenerative brake
torsional moment
motor torsional
brake motor
car speed
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CN2008101778556A
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CN101434202A (zh
Inventor
M·A·米纳钦
J·K·罗根
J·M·王
E·M·拉斯克
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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    • B60W30/18109Braking
    • B60W30/18127Regenerative braking
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Abstract

本发明涉及控制再生制动和摩擦制动的方法,其中车辆包括动力传动系统和摩擦制动系统。所述摩擦制动系统与驱动系之间进行牵引扭矩的传递。所述动力传动系统包括与驱动系之间进行牵引扭矩传递的扭矩机器和连接到扭矩机器的能量存储装置。一种控制再生制动系统和摩擦制动系统的方法,包括监测车辆的运行点,确定制动扭矩需求,根据车辆的运行点来确定再生制动马达扭矩比,其中再生制动马达扭矩比是随车辆的运行点非线性变化的,并且根据再生制动马达扭矩比和制动扭矩需求启动摩擦制动。

Description

控制再生制动和摩擦制动的方法
相关申请的交叉引用 
本申请要求在2007年11月3日提交的美国临时申请No.60/985,221的优先权,上述申请的全部内容在此作为参考引入。 
技术领域
本发明涉及车辆再生制动系统的控制。 
背景技术
该部分内容仅作为与本发明相关的背景技术信息,并不能够成现有技术。 
公知的动力传动系统结构包括扭矩生成装置,其包括内燃机和非燃扭矩机械,例如电机,所述装置优选通过变速箱将扭矩传输到输出机构。一个典型的动力传动系统包括双模式、组合-分离、电动-机械变速箱和输出机构,该变速箱利用一个输入机构接收来自初级动力源,优选为内燃机的牵引扭矩。该输出机构被可操作地连接到电动车辆的驱动系以将牵引扭矩传递到所述驱动系。用作电动机或发电机的电机输入到变速箱的扭矩与内燃机的扭矩输入是相互独立的。电机进一步可以通过车辆驱动系将车辆动能转化为电能,储存在电能存储装置中。控制系统监测来自车辆和驾驶者的各种输入信号,并操作控制动力传动系统,包括控制变速箱操作状态和换档、控制扭矩生成装置以及调整电能存储装置和电机之间的电能转换,以管理包括扭矩和转速在内的变速箱输出。 
发明内容
一个车辆系统包括一个动力传动系统和一个摩擦制动系统,所述摩擦制动系统与传动系统之间进行牵引扭矩的传递。所述动力传动系统包括一个与驱动系之间进行牵引扭矩传递的扭矩机器和一个连接到扭矩机器的能量存储装置。一种控制再生制动系统和摩擦制动系统的方法,包括监测车辆的运行点,确定制动扭矩需求,根据车辆的运行点来确定再生制动马达扭矩比,并根据再生制动马达扭矩比和制动扭矩需求启动摩擦制动,其中,再生制动马达扭矩比是随车辆的运行点非线性变化的。 
附图说明
结合以下附图,对本发明的一个或多个实施例进行描述。 
附图1为本发明动力传动系统实施例的原理图; 
附图2为本发明控制系统和动力传动系统实施例的原理图; 
附图3为本发明控制系统和动力传动系统实施例的原理流程图; 
附图4为本发明中再生制动马达扭矩比相对于车辆速度的变化曲线图; 
附图5和6为本发明中扭矩和车辆速度相对于时间的变化曲线图。 
具体实施方式
下面,参照附图描述本发明,但不仅仅局限于附图所示。附图1和2表示出了一种示例型的混合动力传动系统。附图1示出的本发明中的混合动力传动系统,包括可操作地连接到发动机14的双模式、组合-分离、电动-机械混合变速箱10,以及由第一电机(‘MG-A’)56和第二电机(‘MG-B’)72组成的扭矩机器。发动机14和第一、第二电机56和72分别将生成动力并传送到变速箱10。由发动机14和第一、第二电机56和72产生的动力与传送到变速箱10的动力分别称为输入和马达扭矩,这里用TI、TA、TB分别表示,对应的速度用NI、NA、NB分别表示。 
该示例型的发动机14由多缸内燃机构成,可以是火花点火式发动机或压燃式发动机,其可选择地在多个工作状态通过输入轴12将扭矩传送到变速箱10。发动机14包括一个与变速箱10的输入轴12相耦合的曲轴(未示出)。一个转速传感器11监测输入轴12的转速。由于在发动机14和变速箱10之间的输入轴12上设置了扭矩消耗组件,如液压泵(未示出)和/或扭矩操纵装置(未示出),发动机14的输出转速和输出扭矩将不同于变速箱10的输入转速NI和输入扭矩TI。 
该示例型的变速箱10包括三个行星齿轮组24、26和28,以及四个可有选择性接合的扭矩传递装置,即离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75。此处的离合器可以是任何类型的摩擦式扭矩传递装置,如单个的盘式离合器或组合的离合器组件、带式离合器、制动器。液压控制回路42优选地由变速箱控制模块(以下称为“TCM”)17控制的,用来控制离合器的状态。离合器C2 62和C4 75优选为液压致动旋转摩擦离合器。离合器C1 70和C3 73优选包括可选择性地连接到传动箱68上实现“接地”的液压控制式固定装置。离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75都优选为液压式,并通过液压控制回路42选择性地接收压缩液体。
第一和第二电机56和72优选由三相交流电机以及对应的分相器80和82组成,所述每个三相交流电机包括一个定子(未示出)和一个转子(未示出)。每个电机的定子与传动箱68的外部连接以实现“接地”,并且还包括一个带电磁线圈的定子芯。第一电机56的转子支撑于一个通过第二行星齿轮组26连接在轴60上的毂衬齿轮上。第二电机72的转子固连于套筒轴66上。 
分相器80和82优选由可变磁阻装置组成,包括分相器定子(未示出)和分相器转子(未示出)。分相器80和82分别安装在第一、第二电机56和72的适当位置上。分相器80和82的定子分别与第一、第二电机56和72的定子连接。分相器80和82的转子分别与第一、第二电机56和72的转子连接。分相器80和82是可信号连接的,并与变速箱功率转换模块(以下称为“TPIM”)19相连,用来检测和监控分相器转子相对于分相器定子的旋转位置,由此监控第一、第二电机56和72的转子相对于定子的旋转位置。另外,分相器80和82的输出信号经过译码之后得到第一、第二电机56和72的转速,即,分别表示为NA和NB。 
变速箱10包括一个连接到车辆(未示出)驱动系90的输出机构64,例如一根轴,以将输出功率传递到车辆驱动系90来驱动车轮93,附图1示出了其中一个车轮。输出机构64的输出功率用输出转速NO和输出扭矩TO来表征。变速箱输出转速传感器84监测输出机构64的旋转方向和速度。每个车轮93上优选的都设置有传感器94,以监测车轮转速。传感器94的输出由附图2中所示的分布式控制模块中一个控制模块来监测,以确定车辆速度、制动控制中车轮的绝对和相对速度、牵引控制和车辆加速控制。 
发动机14的输入扭矩和第一、第二电机56和72的马达扭矩(分别为TI,TA和TB)均由燃油或储存在电能存储装置(以下称为“ESD”)74中的电能转化而来。ESD74与TPIM19通过直流传递导体27高压直流耦合。传递导体27包括触点开关38。在正常操作下当触电开关38闭合,ESD74和TPIM19之间通常会有电流流过。当触电开关38断开,ESD74和TPIM19之间的电流也随之中断。TPIM19通过传递导体29实现与第一电机56之间的电能转换,类似地,通过传递导体31实现与第二电机72之间的电能转换,以响应马达扭矩TA和TB的输入来满足第一、第二电机56和72的扭矩需要。根据ESD74的充放电状态来确定电流流入还是流出ESD74。
TPIM19包含一对逆变器(未示出)和相应的马达控制模块(未示出),以接收扭矩指令和控制逆变器状态,从而实现马达驱动或再生功能,来满足马达扭矩TA和TB的要求。逆变器由已知的互补三相功率电子装置构成,其中每个都包括多个绝缘栅型双极性晶体管(未示出),用来将ESD74中的直流电转换为交流电,以通过高频转换为第一、第二电机56和72提供动力。绝缘栅型双极性晶体管构成了一个开关电源,来接收控制指令。典型地,每个三相电机的每一相都对应于一对绝缘栅型双极性晶体管。控制绝缘栅型双极性晶体管的状态,以实现马达驱动机械功率的生成或电功率再生。三相逆变器通过直流传递导体27接收由三相交流电变换得到的直流电,或将输出的直流电变换成三相交流电。三相交流电通过传递导体29和31输入到第一、第二电机56和72或从中输出,以实现其电动机或发电机功能。 
附图2为分布式控制系统的原理方框图。以下的描述包括一个整车控制系统的子系统和附图1中所示的典型混合动力传动系统的协调控制系统。分布式控制系统合成相关的信息和输入,然后执行算法来控制各执行器,来达到控制燃油经济性、排放量、运行和操纵性能以及保护诸如ESD74的电池组和第一、第二电机56和72等硬件的目的。该分布式控制系统包括发动机控制模块(以下称为“ECM”)23、TCM17、电池组控制模块(以下称为“BPCM”)21和TPIM19。混合控制模块(以下称为“HCP”)5对ECM23、TCM17、BPCM21、TPIM19进行监控和协调。用户界面(“UI”)13可操作地与多个设备相连,这样,车辆驾驶者即可控制或指挥电气-机械混合动力传动系统的运行。上述多个设备包括油门踏板113(“AP”)、操作者制动踏板112(“BP”)、变速器档位选择器114(“PRNDL”)和车辆速度巡航控制器(未示出)。变速器档位选择器114具有多个不连续的可选择的操作位置,包括可选择输出机构64的旋转方向,使车辆前进或者后退。 
上述各控制模块与其它控制模块、传感器、执行机构之间通过局域网(以下称为“LAN”)总线6进行通信。LAN总线6允许各控制模块之间用控制参数和运行指令信号进行结构化通信。所采用的特定通信协议是特定申请。该LAN总线6和适当的通信协议在前述控制模块间提供鲁棒信息和多控制模块接口,其它控制模块实现包括例如防抱死制动、牵引控制和车辆稳定性等功能。可用多条通信总线来提高通信速度,并提供一定程度的信号冗余性和完整性。各独 立控制模块之间可采用直接连接通信,如串行外围接口(‘SPI’)总线(未示出)。 
HCP5对混合动力传动系统进行监控,以实现ECM23、TCM17、TPIM19和BPCM21的协调操作。根据来自用户界面13和包括ESD74在内的混合动力传动系统的各种输入,HCP5发出各种指令,包括:驾驶者扭矩需求、输出扭矩指令、发动机输入扭矩指令、变速箱10中多个采用扭矩传递离合器C170、C262、C373、C475的离合器扭矩指令和第一、第二电机56和72的马达扭矩指令TA和TB。TCM17可操作地连接到液压控制回路42中,用来监测各种压力传感设备(未示出),并为各种电磁线圈(未示出)提供控制信号以控制压力开关和液压控制回路42中的各种控制阀。 
ECM23可操作地连接到发动机14上,用于从多个传感器获取数据,并通过数条分线控制发动机14的执行机构。所述数条分线在图中可简化示为双向接口集成线35。ECM23从HCP5接收发动机输入扭矩指令,并根据监测到的发动机转速和负载发出发动机实际输入扭矩TI指令,并及时传送至与HCP5连通的变速箱10。ECM23从转速传感器11获取输入数据,以确定输入轴12的输入转速,即变速箱输入转速NI。ECM23从多个传感器(未示出)监测输入数据,来控制发动机运行的其它参数的状态,如歧管压力、冷却液温度、环境温度和大气压力等。发动机的负载可由例如歧管压力或者由监测到的油门踏板113的输入来确定。ECM23产生并传送指令信号以控制发动机执行机构,包括,例如燃油喷射器、点火模块和节流控制模块(均未示出)。 
TCM17可操作地连接到变速箱10上,并从各传感器(未示出)获取数据,以确定变速箱的运行参数。TCM17产生控制信号以控制变速箱10,包括控制液压控制回路42。从TCM17到HCP5的输入包括离合器即,C170、C262、C373和C4 75的预计离合器扭矩和输出机构64的输出转速NO。为实现控制目的,可利用其它的执行机构和传感器从TCM17提供额外的信息到HCP5。TCM17监测压力开关(未示出)的输入并有选择性地驱动压力控制电磁线圈(未示出)和转换液压控制回路42中的电磁线圈(未示出),以驱动各离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75来实现下文所述的各种变速箱工作档位状态。 
BPCM21与多个传感器(未示出)信号连接,用来监测ESD74的电流和电压参数,以便将ESD74中的电池参数指示信息传送给HCP5。电池的参数信息 优选地包括电池的充电状态、电池电压、电池温度和电池可用电量,可用电量范围从PBAT-MIN至PBAT-MAX。 
制动控制模块(以下称为“BrCM”)22可操作地与每个车轮93上的摩擦制动器(未示出)相连。BrCM22监测驾驶者对制动踏板112的输入,以产生控制信号来控制摩擦制动器,并将控制信号传送至HCP5来控制第一、第二电机56和72,以通过混合制动系统实现车辆的制动。混合制动包括在车轮93上产生摩擦制动扭矩和在输出机构64上产生输出扭矩,以根据驾驶者在制动踏板112上的输入通过驱动系90实现车辆的制动。BrCM22对摩擦制动器94发出指令以实现制动,同时对变速箱10发出指令以产生一个负输出扭矩,通过驱动系90来响应实时制动需求。优选地,只要产生的制动扭矩和负输出扭矩足够克服车辆车轮93(一个或多个)的动能,它们就可以使得车辆制动和停止。所述负输出扭矩作用于驱动系90,因而将扭矩传递到电动-机械变速箱10和发动机14。所述负输出扭矩可通过电动-机械变速箱10被传递至第一、第二电机56和72的一个或者两个,以产生可储存在ESD74中的电能。 
上述各控制模块ECM23、TCM17、TPIM19、BPCM21和BrCM22优选采用通用数字计算机,通常包括微处理器或中央处理单元、储存介质(包括只读存储器(ROM)、随机存取存储器(RAM)和电可编程只读存储器(EPROM))、高频时钟、模/数转换(A/D)和数/模转换(D/A)电路、输入/输出电路和设备(I/O)和相应的信号调节和缓冲电路。每个控制模块都有一套控制算法,包括储存在存储介质中并被执行以实现每台计算机各自功能的常驻程序指令和校准。各控制模块间的通信优选采用LAN总线6和SPI总线。控制算法以预设的循环周期运行,使得每个算法在每个循环周期中至少运行一次。储存在非易失性存储器中的算法被中央处理单元之一执行,以监测各传感设备的输入,并用预置校准来执行控制和诊断程序,从而控制各执行机构的运行。循环周期以规则间隔执行,例如在混合动力传动系统运行中每间隔3.125、6.25、12.5、25和100毫秒执行一次。作为可替换的方式,算法可响应事件的发生而运行。 
示例型的混合动力传动系统可选择多种工作档位状态中的一种状态进行操作。如下面的表1所示,各工作档位状态可用发动机状态来描述,包括发动机启动状态(ON)和发动机停机状态(OFF);变速箱状态包括一系列固定档位和无级变速操作模式。
                   表1 
Figure G2008101778556D00071
表中描述的变速箱的各种工作档位状态表明,每一种工作档位状态都对应于一些特定的离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75接合。为使第三行星齿轮组28的外部齿轮元件“接地”,离合器C1 70接合,此时为第一无级变速操作模式,即EVT模式1或者M1。发动机的状态可以是启动状态(M1_Eng_On),也可以是停机状态(M1_Eng_Off)。为将轴60连接到第三行星齿轮组28的支架上,离合器62接合,此时为第二无级变速操作模式,即EVT模式2或者M2。同样,发动机的状态可以是启动状态(M1_Eng_On),也可以是停机状态(M1_Eng_Off)。为方便描述,当发动机的输入转速等于零转/分钟(RPM),即发动机的主轴不转时,定义为发动机停机。当变速箱10的输入速度与输出速度的比,即NI/NO,为固定值时,定义为固定传动比操作。当离合器C1 70和C4 75接合时,为第一固定传动比操作(G1);当离合器C1 70和C2 62接合时,为第二固定传动比操作(G2);当离合器C2 62和C4 75接合时,为第三固定传动比操作(G3);当离合器C2 62和C3 73接合时,为第四固定传动比操作(G4)。行星齿轮组24、26和28中的齿数比越小,固定齿轮传动比越大,输入输出速度的固定比也就越大。第一、第二电机56和72的转速,即NA和NB,取决于由离合器限定的机构的内部旋转,而且正比于输入轴12的输入速度。 
为响应由用户界面13通过油门踏板113和制动踏板112捕获到的驾驶者动 作,HCP5以及一个或多个其它控制模块产生扭矩指令来控制由发动机14和第一、第二电机56和72构成的扭矩生成装置,以满足外部输出机构64的操作者扭矩需求,并将其传至驱动系90。基于来自用户界面13和包括ESD74在内的混合动力传动系统的输入信号,HCP5给出驾驶者的扭矩需求、从变速箱10到驱动系90的输出扭矩、发动机14的输入扭矩、变速箱10中扭矩传递离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73、C4 75的离合器扭矩以及第一、第二电机56和72的马达扭矩。下面将分别加以描述。 
车辆最终的加速度还受到其它因素的影响,例如道路负载、道路坡度、车辆重量等。变速箱10的工作档位状态是根据混合动力传动系统的各种运行参数来确定的。这包括前述的由油门踏板113和制动踏板112传送到用户界面13的驾驶者扭矩需求。可根据控制指令产生的混合动力传动系统扭矩指令来判定工作档位状态,以电能产生模式或扭矩产生模式驱动第一、第二电机56和72。可通过最佳算法或者例行程序来确定工作档位状态,以根据驾驶者对功率、电池充电状态以及发动机14和第一、第二电机56和72的能量效率的需求来确定最佳的系统效率。控制系统根据执行最佳程序的结果来管理来自发动机14和第一、第二电机56和72的扭矩输入,并由此得到最佳的系统效率,从而提高了燃油经济性和电池充电性能。此外,可根据元件或系统中的故障来决定操作。HCP5监测扭矩生成装置,并根据输出机构64的期望输出扭矩来确定变速箱10的输出功率,以满足驾驶者的扭矩需求。通过上面的描述可以清楚地知道,为实现彼此之间的能流,ESD74和第一、第二电机56和72是可操作地电耦合的。此外,发动机14、第一、第二电机56和72以及电动-机械变速箱10是可操作地机械耦合的,以在彼此之间传递能量,从而将能流传送至输出机构64。 
附图3示出了一种在分布式控制系统中管理信号流的控制系统结构。参照前面描述的混合动力传动系统可以知道,所述分布式控制系统是通过一个或多个车轮93来控制再生制动系统和摩擦制动系统的。该控制再生制动系统和摩擦制动系统的方法是在具有第一、第二电机56和73以及带有制动摩擦器的摩擦制动系统的典型的双模式混合动力传动系统中加以描述的,但是其也可用于利用扭矩机器和摩擦制动器来实现车辆再生制动的其它车辆中。此处描述的可用该方法来控制其再生制动系统和摩擦制动系统的典型车辆可以是各种混合动力传动系统,包括电动-机械混合动力传动系统、嵌入式电动/混合动力传动系统、 只用扭矩机器来提供动力的动力传动系统,以及非电动的动力传动系统,即液压-机械混合系统。 
BrCM22根据驾驶者在制动踏板112上的输入(Inputs to Brake Pedal)来确定驾驶者期望的总制动扭矩(Driver Intended Total Brake Torque)。驾驶者期望的总制动扭矩优选为即时制动输出扭矩。所述BrCM22通过车速传感器94的输出来监测车辆速度(Vehicle Speed),并根据总制动扭矩需求和再生制动车轴扭矩容量(Regenerative Braking Axle Torque Capacity)来给出再生制动车轴扭矩需求(Regenerative Braking Axle Torque Request),生成摩擦制动控制信号(FrictionBraking Control)来实现每个车轮93的实际摩擦制动。BrCM22就像一个主裁者一样,控制摩擦制动器和变速箱10,以满足驾驶者期望的总制动扭矩。 
HCP5从BrCM22中接收到再生制动车轴扭矩需求和驾驶者期望的总制动扭矩。HCP5进一步还获取输入数据以确定系统规定参数(Inputs for DeterminingConstrsints)。系统规定参数是用来确定最大的再生制动马达扭矩容量的。所述再生制动马达扭矩容量使用来衡量变速箱10传递从驱动系90经可选择性接合的离合器C1 70、C2 62、C3 73和C4 75传送到第一、第二电机56和72的扭矩的能力的尺度。HCP5根据再生制动车轴扭矩需求确定出动力传动系统的首选输出扭矩,并生成马达扭矩指令TA和TB(Motor Torque Commands)来控制第一、第二电机56和72。(HCP5根据再生制动车轴扭矩需求确定出动力传动系统的首选输出扭矩,并生成马达扭矩指令TA和TB(Motor Torque Commands)来控制第一、第二电机56和72。) 
HCP5可以根据驾驶者期望的制动扭矩需求和再生制动车轴扭矩需求确定出一个首选的输出扭矩。如果根据首选的马达扭矩,以马达扭矩TA和TB驱动第一、第二电机56和72,达到了系统规定的参数,HCP5可根据所述首选的马达扭矩来产生马达扭矩指令(Motor Torque Command)。如果根据首选的马达扭矩,以马达扭矩TA和TB驱动第一、第二电机56和72,并没有达到系统规定的参数,HCP5就根据上述系统规定参数来设置马达扭矩指令(Motor TorqueCommand),以控制第一、第二电机56和72的马达扭矩。HCP5根据系统规定参数得出再生制动车轴扭矩容量,并将其传送至BrCM22。 
附图4示出了用再生制动马达扭矩比曲线图表示的再生制动马达扭矩比(Regenerative Braking Ratio),其是由BrCM22根据由车辆速度(Speed(KPH)) 构成的车辆运行点确定,并利用曲线拟合得到的。 
BrCM22运行曲线拟合函数,根据总制动扭矩需求和再生制动容量计算得出再生制动需求量。考虑到再生制动的增加和相关能量的回收,利用曲线拟合函数来修正再生制动容量,以充分减小容量偏差,从而得到此时的再生制动需求。所述曲线拟合函数为正向曲线拟合操作,以根据再生制动容量来计算再生制动需求。如前所述,所述曲线拟合操作是用来最大化再生制动输出和最小化超调量或欠调量的。BrCM22在再生制动系统运行过程中的任何时刻,都可利用所述曲线拟合函数来修正再生制动容量,以产生再生制动需求(RegenRequest)。 
用来确定再生制动马达扭矩比的曲线拟合函数可由一个通用的三次或多次可微方程推导而得,例如 
P ( v ) = 1 - e - ( v - α η ) β
其中,α为位置参数; 
β为形状参数; 
η为比例参数。 
优选的可微方程用来在行进车辆的再生制动容量范围内,计算得到系统扭矩,也就是再生制动需求,并根据再生制动容量的变化率可能引起的超调或欠调量,将再生制动系统的能量输出最大化。优选的可微方程应当对位移、速度和加速度可微,以确定和处理驱动系的突变,即加速度随时间的变化。 
用来确定再生制动马达扭矩比的曲线拟合函数可由下面的式1-3来表示,包括,根据再生制动容量,用三项威布尔方程计算得到最大的再生制动需求。所述拟合操作可以实现减小偏差和最大化全部再生制动容量之间的平衡,所述偏差是导致超调或者欠调的再生制动需求与再生制动容量之间的偏差。除威布尔方程外,本领域普通技术人员还可利用其它的可微方程实现上述功能。 
如下,可用一种威布尔方程来推导出再生制动马达扭矩比,用y来表示。 
y = ( 1 - 1 e - T 1 ( x - ta 1 ) T 2 ) * ( scale y 1 - scale y 0 ) + tx 0 - - - [ 1 ]
在式1中,T1可由比例参数η、形状参数β和位置参数α推导得出: 
T 1 = 1 η β
T2为形状参数,即T2=β。
ta1为位置参数α。在本实施例中,ta1=tx1,下同。 
因此,T1和T2是可根据位置、形状和比例参数的值从式1中推导出来的威布尔方程项,即: 
T 1 = ln ( ty 1 ) - ln ( ty 2 ) ( tx 2 - tx 1 ) T 2 - - - [ 2 ]
和 
T 2 = ln ( ln ( ty 1 ) - ln ( ty 2 ) ln ( ty 1 ) - ln ( ty 3 ) ) ln ( tx 2 - tx 1 ) - ln ( tx 3 - tx 1 ) - - - [ 3 ]
其中 
y为再生制动马达扭矩比; 
x为车辆速度; 
tx0为车辆速度的偏移量; 
tx1为再生制动马达扭矩比曲线终点的车辆速度; 
tx2为再生制动马达扭矩比曲线中点的车辆速度; 
tx3为再生制动马达扭矩比曲线起点的车辆速度; 
ty1为再生制动马达扭矩比曲线的斜坡段; 
ty2为一个表征再生制动马达扭矩比曲线形状的比值; 
ty3为再生制动马达扭矩比曲线的分辨率; 
scaley1为再生制动马达扭矩比曲线的中再生制动马达扭矩比的最小值; 
scaley2为再生制动马达扭矩比曲线的中再生制动马达扭矩比的最大值。 
尽管在一示例性实施例中,变量x的值等于车辆速度,但在其它实施例中,变量x的值可以是与车辆减速相关的其它输出,如输出转速或输出功率。根据所述的其它输出可以得到再生制动马达扭矩比。 
当车辆低速行驶和利用混合制动减速时,BrCM22确定出摩擦制动扭矩和再生制动扭矩,并通过驱动系90和变速箱10传递,以通过再生制动马达扭矩比来满足驾驶者期望的总制动需求。因此,BrCM22用再生制动马达扭矩比来代表摩擦制动系统和第一、第二电机56和72之间的制动,以满足驾驶者期望的总制动扭矩。再生制动马达扭矩比是再生制动扭矩与总的混合制动马达扭矩(即,再生制动马达扭矩加上摩擦制动马达扭矩)的比。 
在附图4中示出的示例型的实施例中,再生制动马达扭矩比随着车辆速度 从高速到低速的递减而递减。再生制动马达扭矩比曲线包括再生制动马达扭矩比随车辆速度的递减而指数递减的再生制动过渡区(Regenerative BrakingTransition Region)、再生制动马达扭矩比随车辆速度的递减而大致匀速递减的中间区(Intermediate Region)和再生制动马达扭矩比随车辆速度的递减对数递减的摩擦制动过渡区(Friction Braking Transition Region)。 
一个优选的再生制动马达扭矩比可以带来期望的制动性能,如良好的机械感觉、理想的低噪音、低振动、不刺耳、低的能量存储、小的能量生成扰动以及高的能量效率。因为由“s”曲线构成,所以当车辆低速行驶和利用混合制动减速时,再生制动马达扭矩比曲线可以实现上述性能和效率之间的均衡。 
再生制动过渡区包括当在纯再生制动(即,利用第一、第二电机56和72产生的牵引扭矩来制动,而不利用摩擦制动系统来实现车辆的减速)和混合制动之间过渡时,能实现期望的较小的扭矩振荡的再生制动马达扭矩比。进一步,摩擦制动过渡区还包括在相对较慢的车辆速度(如2-4千米/小时)时,通过再生制动系统实现能量回收的再生制动马达扭矩比。 
摩擦制动过渡区包括当在纯摩擦制动(即,只利用摩擦制动而不利用第一、第二电机56和72)和混合制动(即,除利用第一、第二电机56和72外,还利用摩擦制动来实现车辆的减速)之间过渡时,能实现期望的较小的扭矩振荡的再生制动马达扭矩比。进一步,再生制动过渡区还包括高的再生制动马达扭矩比级别,例如,对应于车辆速度大于20kph(14mph)时的大于0.75的再生制动马达扭矩比,因此当在再生制动过渡区内的车辆速度值制动时,通过再生制动系统能实现较高水平的能量回收。 
附图5示出了当再生制动车轴扭矩容量小于驾驶者期望的总制动扭矩(Regenerative Braking Axle Torque Ccapacity<Driver Intended Total BrakingTorque)时,HCP5和BrCM22的输入输出信号随时间的变化曲线。附图6示出了当再生制动车轴扭矩容量大于驾驶者期望的总制动扭矩(Regenerative BrakingAxle Torque Ccapacity>Driver Intended Total Braking Torque)时,HCP5和BrCM22的输入输出信号的变化曲线。BrCM22将再生制动车轴扭矩容量(Regenerative Braking Axle Torque Ccapacity)和驾驶者期望的总制动扭矩(DriverIntended Total Braking Torque)中较小的一个确定为再生制动车轴扭矩需求(Regenerative Braking Axle Torque Request)。再生制动实际扭矩的估计值是在算 法中利用再生制动马达扭矩需求计算得到的,以用来解释驱动系部件的运行过程中的信号延迟和标准差。BrCM22给出摩擦制动控制信号,使得摩擦制动扭矩和再生制动马达扭矩的估计值满足驾驶者的扭矩需求(Driver Intended TotalBraking Torque)。 
本申请已经描述了一些优选实施例及其改进。通过阅读和理解该说明书,还可以想到其它的改进和变化形式。因此,本发明并不限制为作为实施本发明的具体实施例,而是包括落入所附权利要求范围内的所有实施例。

Claims (20)

1.一种控制车辆再生制动系统和摩擦制动系统的方法,所述车辆包括动力传动系统和摩擦制动系统,所述摩擦制动系统与驱动系之间进行牵引扭矩的传递,所述动力传动系统包括扭矩机器和连接到所述扭矩机器的能量存储装置,所述扭矩机器与驱动系之间进行牵引扭矩传递,所述方法包括:
检测车辆运行点;
确定制动扭矩需求;
根据车辆运行点来确定再生制动马达扭矩比,其中,再生制动马达扭矩比是随车辆的运行点非线性变化的;以及
根据再生制动马达扭矩比和制动扭矩需求启动摩擦制动。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述车辆运行点包括车辆速度、车辆功率和车辆扭矩中的至少一个。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,根据车辆运行点确定再生制动马达扭矩比,使得车辆运行点和再生制动马达扭矩比联系起来的曲线包括再生制动马达扭矩比随车辆运行点递减而指数递减的第一区、再生制动马达扭矩比随车辆运行点递减大致匀速递减的第二区以及再生制动马达扭矩比随车辆运行点递减而对数递减的第三区。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,根据车辆运行点确定再生制动马达扭矩比,使得车辆运行点和再生制动马达扭矩比联系起来的曲线包括再生制动马达扭矩比随车辆运行点递减而指数递减的区。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,将车辆运行点和再生制动马达扭矩比联系起来的曲线包括从纯摩擦制动到混合的摩擦制动和再生制动过渡的再生制动过渡区。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,根据车辆运行点确定再生制动马达扭矩比,使得车辆运行点和再生制动马达扭矩比联系起来的曲线包括再生制动马达扭矩比随车辆运行点递减而对数递减的区。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,将车辆运行点和再生制动马达扭矩比联系起来的曲线包括从纯再生制动到混合的摩擦制动和再生制动过渡的摩擦制动过渡区。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,根据车辆运行点确定再生制动马达扭矩比,使得车辆速度和再生制动马达扭矩比联系起来的曲线包括再生制动马达扭矩比随车辆速度大致匀速递减的区。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括根据摩擦制动扭矩和驾驶者扭矩需求确定再生制动马达扭矩。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括根据摩擦制动扭矩和系统规定参数确定再生制动马达扭矩。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括:
提供第一阈值车辆速度;以及
当车辆速度小于所述第一阈值车辆速度时,确定再生制动马达扭矩比小于1。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括:
提供第二阈值车辆速度;以及
当车辆速度小于所述第二阈值车辆速度时,确定再生制动马达扭矩为0。
13.一种控制车辆再生制动系统和摩擦制动系统的方法,所述摩擦制动系统为车辆的驱动系提供制动扭矩,所述方法包括:
监测车辆速度;
确定制动扭矩需求;
根据车辆速度来确定再生制动马达扭矩比,使得再生制动马达扭矩比随车辆速度非线性变化;以及
根据再生制动马达扭矩比确定传送至摩擦制动系统的摩擦制动扭矩指令。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括:
根据再生制动马达扭矩比确定再生制动马达扭矩指令。
15.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,根据车辆速度确定再生制动马达扭矩比,使得车辆速度和再生制动马达扭矩比联系起来的曲线包括再生制动马达扭矩比随车辆速度递增而指数递增的区。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于,将车辆速度和再生制动马达扭矩比联系起来的曲线包括从纯摩擦制动到混合的摩擦制动和再生制动过渡的再生制动过渡区。
17.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,根据车辆速度确定再生制动马达扭矩比,使得车辆速度和再生制动马达扭矩比联系起来的曲线包括再生制动马达扭矩比随车辆速度递增而对数递增的区。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法,其特征在于,将车辆速度和再生制动马达扭矩比联系起来的曲线包括从纯再生制动到混合的摩擦制动和再生制动过渡的摩擦制动过渡区。
19.如权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于,根据车辆速度确定再生制动马达扭矩比,使得车辆速度和再生制动马达扭矩比联系起来的曲线包括再生制动马达扭矩比随车辆速度而大致匀速递增的区。
20.一种用来控制混合电动车辆中再生制动系统和摩擦制动系统的方法,所述车辆包括动力传动系统、摩擦制动系统和变速箱装置;所述摩擦制动系统可选择地与驱动系之间进行牵引扭矩的传递,所述动力传动系统包括发动机、电机和可电连接到所述电机上的能量存储装置;所述变速箱装置用来在输出机构、发动机和电机之间传递扭矩;所述方法包括:
监测车辆速度;
确定制动扭矩需求;
根据车辆速度来确定再生制动马达扭矩比,使得再生制动马达扭矩比随车辆速度非线性变化;以及
根据再生制动马达扭矩比确定传送至摩擦制动系统的摩擦制动扭矩指令。
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