CN101448519B - 胸腺素α1在免疫疾病治疗中的用途 - Google Patents
胸腺素α1在免疫疾病治疗中的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
描述了胸腺素α1在制备可用于预防或治疗哺乳动物受试者器官移植中的移植物抗宿主病或移植排斥反应的药物中的用途,其中用于移植的细胞、组织或器官选自:干细胞、造血干细胞、骨髓、心脏、肝、肾、肺、胰、小肠、角膜或皮肤。
Description
本发明涉及胸腺素α1在制备用于治疗移植物抗宿主病的药剂中的用途。
在骨髓移植或输血、或从供体到与供体无组织相容性的受体的器官移植中,供体的淋巴细胞迁移入受体。如果受体不能排斥供体的淋巴细胞,供体的淋巴细胞在受体体内占据并增殖,并攻击组织,诱导疾病。
对于患有白血病、晚期肾病、心脏病、肺病或肝衰竭的患者,治疗中最经常使用器官移植。例如,目前常规进行的是多种类型的同种异体移植物(从除患者自身或该移植物的宿主/受体以外的供体得到器官移植物),例如肾、心脏、肺、肝、骨髓、胰、角膜、小肠和皮肤(如表皮细胞膜片)。临床中也使用异种移植物(从非人动物得到器官移植物),如猪心脏瓣膜,以替换丧失功能的相应人器官。
为保证器官移植成功,希望从患者的同卵双生兄弟/姐妹或其直系家庭成员得到移植物。这是因为器官移植引起多种宿主免疫应答,其导致移植排斥和移植物抗宿主病(以下称为“GVHD”)。
免疫应答主要由T细胞通过识别同种异型抗原而触发,且移植排斥中的主要靶点是I类和II类主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)抗体的非自身等位基因形式。在急性排斥中,供体的抗原呈递细胞(如树突细胞和单核细胞)从同种异体移植物迁移到局部淋巴结,在那里,它们被受体CD4+TH细胞识别为异物,刺激TH细胞增殖。随着TH细胞增殖,产生效应细胞群(包括细胞毒性CD8+T细胞和CD4+T细胞),这些细胞迁移并侵润到移植物,并且调节移植排斥(Noelle et al.(1991)FASEB 5(13):2770)。
尽管急性排斥是依赖于T细胞的过程,但有广泛的效应机理参与移植排斥。多种淋巴细胞(包括CD4+T细胞、CD8+细胞毒性T细胞、抗体形成B细胞及其他促炎白细胞)通过释放细胞因子及细胞间相互作用被募集到抗同种异体移植物应答。抗原呈递移植细胞直接被细胞毒性CD8+T细胞消灭。活化的CD4+T细胞产生白细胞介素-2(以下称为“IL-2”),其对CD8+T细胞和B细胞的活化是必需的。另外,CD4+T细胞产生其他细胞因子,如IFN-γ和IL-4,它们也参对同种异体移植物的破坏。不仅如此,干扰素γ(以下称为“IFN-γ”)诱导移植组织中I类和II类MHC分子表达升高,所述移植组织更容易被同种异体反应效应细胞攻击。IFN-γ增强巨噬细胞活性,且作用于许多炎性细胞而引起迟发性过敏反应和炎症,导致对移植物的的非特异性损伤。这些反应似乎是早期急性排斥(可发生于移植后的头几周内)的主要原因。如果不治疗,急性排斥发展成快速、严重的过程,而在数日内破坏移植物。
另一方面,当来自供体的T淋巴细胞基于一组遗传标签(一般称之为人白细胞抗原(HLA))而识别差异时,其开始攻击新的机体(即患者的机体)。尽管大多数患者和供体针对HLA标签都尽可能匹配。但除非患者和供体是同卵双生兄弟/姐妹,否则供体和患者之间的很多次要标签是不同的。移植前,对供体和受体进行广泛的配型,以保证供体和受体在免疫学上非常接近。尽管进行了这样的配型,但还是有检测不到的免疫学差异,且可检测到供体移植物中的T淋巴细胞。结果,供体的T淋巴细胞开始攻击受体的机体,并引发GVHD。
有两种形式的GVHD:急性和慢性GVHD。急性GVHD通常发生在移植后的头三个月内。存在于供体骨髓中的T细胞在移植时攻击患者的皮肤、肝、胃和/或肠。急性GVHD的早期体征通常是出现在手、足和脸的皮疹。除了皮肤水疱,患有重度GVHD的患者还产生大量水性或血性腹泻,伴有痉挛,这是源于供体的T细胞攻击胃和肠。黄疸(皮肤和眼变黄)是涉及肝的GVHD病常见的适应症。牵连的器官越多,且症状越恶化,GVHD病越恶化。
尤其在骨髓移植的情况下,GVHD是接受移植的患者存活的另一个障碍。Storb(1984)“Pathophysiology and prevention ofgraft-versus-host disease.”In Advances in Immunobiology:Blood cell antigens and bone marrow transplantation,McCulloghand Sandier,editors,Alan,Inc.,N.Y.,p.337。一大部分患有GVHD的个体死于GVHD。Weiden et al.(1980)“Graft-versus-hostdisease in allogeneic marrow transplantation”,in Biology ofBone-Marrow Transplantation,Gale and Fox,editors,AcademicPress,N.Y.,p37。
胸腺素α1是医药领域熟知的化合物。
此化合物是存在于胸腺提取物中的酸性肽,其在多个体外及体内分析中显示出免疫调节特性(1972;Proc Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.69,1800-1803)。
胸腺素α1之前的应用是已知的。
WO2004087067涉及胸腺素α1在经骨髓移植的免疫减弱宿主中预防烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)感染的用途。
给预先接种人非小细胞肺癌(“NSCLC”)细胞的裸鼠皮下施用胸腺素α1显著减小了肿瘤体积。
胸腺素α1也可降低患有甲基胆蒽(methycholanthrene)诱导的纤维肉瘤的小鼠的肺转移,并且在用胸腺素α1处理BALB/c小鼠中显著降低局部肉瘤生长及淋巴肉瘤细胞的肝和肺转移。
胸腺素α1用于制备预防或治疗GVHD的药物的用途在本领域中是未知的。
已使用多种免疫抑制剂用于保护患者免于GVHD。目前用于控制移植排斥的免疫抑制剂有:如环孢菌素A、硫唑嘌呤、皮质类固醇(包括泼尼松和甲基泼尼松龙)、环磷酰胺及FK506。环孢菌素A是最强效且最常用的免疫抑制剂,革新了器官移植手术领域。在治疗和/或预防器官移植排斥中也已经使用了其他免疫抑制剂,如FK506、雷帕霉素、霉酚酸、15-脱氧精胍菌素、mimoribine、米索前列醇、OKT3和抗IL-2受体抗体。Briggs,Immunology letters,29(1-2),89-94,1991;FASEB 3:3411,1989。尽管新免疫抑制药物的开发对患者的存活率产生了实质性的改善,但这些药物也伴有高发生的副作用,例如肾毒性和/或肝毒性。
例如,环孢菌素A在甚至以治疗剂量使用时都伴有毒性和副作用。尽管FK506抑制体外活化诱导的IL2转录及体内移植排斥的效力比环孢菌素高出约10-100倍,但它还是显示出副作用,如神经毒性和肾毒性。因此,仍需在治疗和预防GVHD的同时改善毒性。
已发现胸腺素α1是用于抑制或治疗哺乳动物受试者器官移植中移植物抗宿主病或移植排斥反应的有效制剂。
因此本发明的目的是胸腺素α1用于制备用于预防或治疗接受细胞、组织或器官的哺乳动物受试者(如人患者)器官移植后的移植物抗宿主病或移植排斥反应的药物中的用途。
本发明中所述细胞、组织或器官可选自:干细胞、造血干细胞、骨髓、心脏、肝、肾、肺、胰、小肠、角膜或皮肤。
可将本发明的胸腺素α1施用给于清髓性或非清髓性预处理方案中的受试者。
可将药学有效量的本发明的胸腺素α1任选与免疫抑制剂组合,在移植前和/或移植后的预定时间窗口内施用给患者,所述免疫抑制剂选自泼尼松、甲基泼尼松龙、环磷酰胺、环孢菌素A、FK506、沙立度胺、硫唑嘌呤、达珠单抗(Daclizumab)、英夫利西单抗(infliximab)、MEDI-205、abx-cb1或ATG。
以下实施例进一步示例说明本发明。
简介
胸腺素α1是天然存在的胸腺肽(Expert Opin.Biol.Ther.2004;4:559-573),其通过Toll样受体(TLRs,包括TLR9)信号转导促进人和小鼠DCs的成熟和细胞因子释放(Blood.2004;103:4232-4239)。胸腺素α1通过影响产生IL-12的DCs和产生IL-10的DCs的平衡起免疫调节剂的作用,其能够诱导抗烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)的保护性免疫(Blood.2004;103:4232-4239)。TLR9刺激还可通过包括自分泌I型IFN信号转导的机制引起IDO的活化(J.Immunol.2005;175:5601-5605;Eur.J.Immunol.2005;36:8-11),并可促进pDC调节的CD4+CD25+细胞产生(J.Immunol.2004;173:4433-4442),这类细胞是对真菌的IDO依赖性保护性免疫的必要成分(J.Immunol.2005;174:2910-2918;JImmunol.2006;176:1712-1723)。本发明评估了胸腺素α1在平衡通过DCs的免疫和耐受以及T reg细胞产生中的活性。用GM-CSF/IL-4(GM-DCs)或FLT3配体(FL-DCs),从骨髓(小鼠)或外周血(人)前体衍生出的DCs,已知其扩增具有或不具有胸腺素α1的常规DCs和pDCs(J.Immunol.2005;174:6592-6597)。分析了DCs的IDO表达及调节Th1/T reg引发体外和体内抗烟曲霉和同种异体抗原的能力。发现了由不同DC群的引发和耐受中的特化和互补性。但胸腺素α1在DC分化过程中通过TLR9和I型IFNR信号转导活化IDO依赖性致耐受性程序来改变炎症和耐受的平衡。
材料与方法
小鼠
8-10周龄的近交系BALB/c和C57BL6雌性小鼠得自CharlesRiver/Harlan育种实验室(Calco,Italy)。在Perugia大学(Perugia)的动物研究室中于特定的无病原体条件下繁育C57BL6背景的纯合的TLR9-/-或IFN-aβR-/-小鼠。涉及动物及其保护的步骤遵循国家法律和政策进行。
供体和患者
在有书面的知情同意的情况下,从健康供体和7位T细胞缺乏的单倍体相合HSCT的受体中得到人外周血单核细胞。如(Blood.2005;106:4397-4406)所述评价了供体的配型、植入和GVHD。给实验HSCT模型致死剂量照射(8Gy)的C57BL6小鼠输注来自BALB/c小鼠的去除T细胞的骨髓细胞(Blood.2003;102:3807-3814)。对于GVHD,将纯化的供体CD3+T脾细胞加入到移植物中(Science.2002;295:2097-2100)。每周根据GVHD标准将单个小鼠分为0-2的等级(见图3的图例),而不清楚实验组。
烟曲霉感染
烟曲霉菌株的培养条件和感染如Blood.2004;103:4232-4239所述。用2.5%的三溴乙醇(Sigma Chemical Co,St.Louis,MO)麻醉小鼠。通过壳多糖测定量肺中的真菌生长,结果表示为μg葡糖胺每对肺”,并如Blood.2004;103:4232-4239所述进行PAS染色。
试剂
提供纯化的,无内毒素的无菌的冻干的乙酰化的多肽形式的胸腺素α1和乱序的肽(s胸腺素α1)(二者均得自SciClonePharmaceuticals,Inc.San Mateo,CA)(Blood.2004;103:4232-4239)。将冻干粉重新溶于无菌水中。
DC亚类的产生和培养
从来自健康供体或移植患者(HSCT后1个月的)的,在rGM-CSF(Schering-Plough,Milan,Italy)和rIL-4(Peprotech,Inalco,Milan,Italy)或FLT3-L(Immunex Corporation,Seattle,WA)的存在下于Iscove’s改良培养基中培养7-9天的纯化的CD14+单核细胞中得到的GM-DCs或FL-DCs(Blood.2004;103:4232-4239)。从移植患者中得到的细胞培养物中的DC回收降低20-30%。如Blood.2004;103:4232-4239所述,从7-9天骨髓细胞得到小鼠GM-DCs或FL-DCs。向培养物中加入20ng/mL的胸腺素α1和s胸腺素α1。通过磁活化细胞分选用CD11c MicroBeads和MidiMacs(Milteny Biotech)从脾(spDCs)中纯化DCs(超过99%的CD11c+由90-95%CD8-、5-10%CD8+和1-5%B220+细胞组成)。使用CD8或B220 MicroBeads(MiltenyBiotech)将DC群进一步分为CD8-、CD8+和B220+部分。如述用活的未受调理素作用的曲霉分生孢子或来自酿酒酵母(Sigma)的酵母多糖或CpG-ODN 2006在无血清Iscove培养基中冲击DCs 24小时。如Blood.2004;103:4232-4239所述进行吞噬作用。使用高分辨率显微彩色照相机AxioCam,使用AxioVision软件Rel.3.1(Carl Zeiss,Milan,Italy)获取照片。
流式细胞术
使用配备有CELLQuestTM软件的流式细胞荧光测量仪(BectonDickinson,Mountain View,CA),并使用Pharmingen的缀合mAbs分析DCs的抗原表达(Blood.2004;103:4232-4239)。
IDO表达和功能分析
如Nat.Immunol.2002;3:1097-1101,Generation,purificationand activity of T reg cells所述评价IDO的表达和功能活性。在流式细胞计数或ELISPOT分析前,将脾CD4+T细胞与用分生孢子冲击的DCs共培养5天。使用2μM的1-MT(Sigma-Aldrich)。用磁性细胞分选从肺和TLN中分离CD4+CD25+和CD4+CD25-细胞(在FACS分析中的纯度>90%)(J.Immunol.2006;176:1712-1723)。对于T reg细胞抑制,将5×104个TLN T reg细胞加入3×105个CD4+CD25-细胞(二者均来自移植小鼠)中,于H3-胸苷标记前用来自初次受试供体小鼠的3×104个自体曲霉分生孢子冲击spDCs或1.5×105个同种异体spDCs刺激5天。使纯化的腹膜CD11b+Gr-1+PMN(在FACS分析中的纯度>98%)(2×106个)在4×105个CD4+CD25+存在下与静息的分生孢子接触60分钟(以产生氧化剂)或24小时(以产生细胞因子)(J.Immunol.2006;176:1712-1723)。
细胞因子和ELISPOT分析
通过酶联免疫吸附分析(Endogen Human Elisa Kits,R&D Systemsand Euroclone,Milan,Italy)评估细胞因子含量。对用分生孢子冲击的DCs共培养物5天的纯化的脾CD4+T细胞用AID-EliSpot分析试剂盒(Amplimedical,Buttigliera Alta,Turin,Italy),以计算产生细胞因子的细胞数量(Blood.2003;102:3807-3814)。使用2μM的1-MT。
过继转移、真菌攻毒及对保护的评价
小鼠于HSCT的第二天开始每周接受两次腹膜内DCs注射,于最后一次DC施用后一周时感染。三天后,评价了用特定的Milteni Biotec分离试剂盒纯化的肺匀浆物、CD4+T细胞(在FACS分析中纯度>98%)、CD4+CD25-(>98%)或CD4+CD25+(>82%)的促炎及抗炎模式(肺匀浆中的TNF-a/IL-10)、经用曲霉冲击刺激的CD4+细胞的Th1(IFN-.)或Th2(IL-4)细胞因子产生(Blood.2003;102:3807-3814)、CD25+IL-10+TGF-β+T reg细胞的频率、淋巴细胞增殖和基因表达(通过RT-PCR)。在做H3-胸苷标记前,将TLN CD4+T淋巴细胞(105个细胞/孔)与105个细胞/孔经照射的同种异体脾细胞或用分生孢子或10μg/mL Con A冲击5天的自体spDCs平板接种,进行增殖。
曲霉特异性的人T细胞克隆的产生和淋巴细胞增殖
通过将外周血CD4+CD45RA+T细胞以有限稀释浓度加入到经照射(20Gy)的自身外周血饲养细胞,产生曲霉特异性的人CD4+T细胞克隆,并对其用分生孢子冲击的DCs或同种异体DCs刺激(Blood.2005;106:4397-4406)。通过H3-胸苷(Amersham Biosciences,LittleChalfont,UK)标记或2天后上清液中的细胞因子含量,评价生长中的克隆的对真菌冲击DCs的特异性、同种异体DCs、经照射的自体细胞(作为阴性对照)和0.5%植物血凝素(作为阳性对照)的特异性(Blood.2005;106:4397-4406)。
反转录(RT)-PCR
如J Immunol.2006;176:1712-1723所述完成RNA提取、cDNA合成和PCR、基因特异性引物序列、退火温度和扩增循环数。用GAPDH确认并标准化扩增效率。
统计分析
使用学生配对t检验以确定实验组中数值的显著性(将P<0.05定义为显著)。用Mann-Whitney U检验分析存活率的数据。体内组由6只动物组成。
实施例1
胸腺素α1扩增来自骨髓前体的pDCs,并活化色氨酸分解代谢为评价胸腺素α1如何影响小鼠DCs的表形和功能特性,在胸腺素α1或对照——乱序肽的存在下,于含有GM-CSF/IL4或FLT3L的培养基中培养骨髓细胞7-9天。成熟后,通过流式细胞术和光学显微镜分析细胞(图1A)。通过FACS分析得到的B220+CD11c+细胞的百分比及用光学显微镜的形态检查看出,相比FLT3L,仅用GM-CSF/IL4处理不产生高比例的pDCs。但通过B220+CD11c+DCs数量增多及常规的CD11b+CD11c+细胞回收稍微减少可以看出,胸腺素α1不影响细胞总产率,而大大增加GM-DCs中pDCs的出现率。
尽管已知胸腺素α1影响造血作用,仅用胸腺素α1时未观察到B220+CD11c+细胞扩增。经胸腺素α1处理的FL-DC或经对照肽处理的GM-DCs中,B220+CD11c+细胞未增加。在来自TLR9-/-或IFNαβR-/-小鼠的GM-DC中未观察到由胸腺素α1产生的pDCs扩增,表明胸腺素α1的影响依赖于TLR9和I型IFNR信号转导。
实施例2
胸腺素α1促进骨髓DCs诱导IL-12,并促进pDCs诱导IL-10
胸腺素α1诱导GM-DCs响应曲霉分生孢子释放IL-12和IL-10,且诱导FL-DCs响应曲霉分生孢子释放IL-10多于IL-12(图1B)。DCs响应真菌产生IL-10受IDO依赖性通路的调节(J Immunol.2005;174:2910-2918)。当前条件下,来自TLR9-/-或IFNαβR-/-小鼠的细胞中均不发生响应胸腺素α1的IL-10产生,通过向培养物中加入IDO抑制剂——1-甲基-DL-色氨酸(1-MT)也同样阻断IL-10的产生(图1B)。通过免疫印记分析和根据DC将色氨酸转化为犬尿氨酸的酶活性评价,证实了胸腺素α1在FL-DCs和GM-DCs内均诱导功能性IDO。而且,在来自TLR9-/-或IFNαβR-/-小鼠的DC中未观察到胸腺素α1诱导IDO蛋白和功能(图1C)。
实施例3
经胸腺素α1诱导的IDO+DCs体外活化T reg细胞
为将DCs表达IDO和产生IL-10通过可能的调节活性相关联,我们检测了经胸腺素α1诱导DCs,从而诱导体外脾CD4+T淋巴细胞响应曲霉分生孢子的抗原特异性Th1/T reg引发的相对能力。图2A显示胸腺素α1提高了GM-DCs对产生IFN-.-/IL-10的CD4+T细胞的启动,和FL-DCs对产生IL-10的细胞的启动。与IDO阻断类似,从胸腺素α1-GM-DCs耗尽B220+CD11c+消除了T reg细胞活化(数据未显示)。用1-MT阻断IDO阻止产生IL-10的CD4+T细胞的活化,但对产生IFN-.-的细胞无作用,提示IDO有原因地并选择性地与产生IL-10的T细胞的启动相关联。因为TLR9刺激活化IDO(J.Immunol.2005;175:5601-5605),并且也促进pDC调节的CD4+CD25+T reg细胞的产生(J.Immunol.2004;173:4433-4442),表达T reg活性的标签(如叉头转录因子Foxp3和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞抗原-4(CTLA-4))的CD4+CD25+T细胞的发生。细胞荧光分析显示,通过与DCs共培养可扩增CD4+CD25+T细胞(图2B)。但在经胸腺素α1-诱导的DCs存在下培养时,显著比例的CD4+CD25+T细胞由于胞内Foxp3和表面CTLA-4被染为阳性。IDO阻断使该效应无效。FL-DCs还诱导Foxp3+Treg细胞,尽管程度较低。根据图1C中的数据提示,FLT3L增强色氨酸分解代谢,1-MT似乎干扰与FL-DCs共培养的Foxp3+CTLA4+CD25+T细胞的扩增。因此,CD4+CD25+T reg细胞的体外发育似乎通过涉及DC色氨酸分解代谢的机制而发生,且受胸腺素α1的促进。
实施例4
经胸腺素α1调整的GM-DCs在HSCT中保护宿主免于曲霉病
经真菌冲击的DCs在实验性HSCT中发挥有效真菌疫苗的作用。因为调控HSCT24,25及抗真菌免疫中的炎症和耐受的平衡是绝对需要的(J.Immunol.2005;174:2910-2918)。
检测了经胸腺素α1处理的DCs是否会影响HSCT实验性配置中的体内启动和耐受。给移植的小鼠输注经真菌冲击的DCs,用曲霉分生孢子感染,并监视存活率、真菌生长和肺中的炎性病理。与脾DCs类似,FL-DCs(而非GM-DCs)以剂量依赖的方式赋予对感染的抗性,因为在转移5×105个(图3A)(而非5×104个)DCs后,小鼠在感染中存活,并控制了真菌生长。在用GM-DCs处理的小鼠中观察到矛盾的效果,即尽管小鼠有效控制了真菌生长,但它们未能在攻毒中存活。但通过转移经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs可起到的完全保护显示,胸腺素α1处理不能影响FL-DCs的接种潜力,却可显著提高GM-DCs的接种潜力(图3A)。FL-DCs包括等同于新鲜收获的脾CD8+、CD8-和B220+LyC6+pDCs的混合物的群体。为仔细分析不同亚类在DCs的接种潜力中的贡献,检测了单独的或组合的纯化自FL-DC或脾细胞群体的部分在诱导针对HSCT中的曲霉病的保护中的能力。结果显示,从广泛的真菌生长和传播判断,CD8-DCs和CD8+DCs都不能单独赋予对感染的抗性。但在这两个亚类的组合中观察到保护,并且所述保护类似于使用从脾或FL-DC培养物中纯化的pDCs时所观察到的保护(数据未显示)。因此,功能上不同活性的组合可能是产生FL-DCs和经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs在HSCT中的曲霉病的实验性配置下起体内保护作用的原因。
实施例5
GM-DCs的胸腺素α1调整产生免疫组分钝化的免疫毒性(immunecomponent blunting immunotoxicity)
组织病理学揭示局部炎性细胞募集和反应在经GM-DC处理的小鼠肺中高,但在输注经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs或输注FL-DCs的小鼠中低(图3B)。这些发现提示,重度炎性毒性可能与GM-DCs的转移有关,并被经胸腺素α1预调整的GM-DCs所缓解。为直接揭示DCs的免疫毒性的潜力,及其被胸腺素α1所缓和,将不同的DC群体输注到随移植接受不同数量供体T细胞的小鼠中。
未经感染的小鼠用于评价GVHD,而将感染后的小鼠用于评价对感染的易感性。尽管干细胞移植后GVHD的起始依赖于宿主APCs的直接抗原呈递(Science.1999;285:412-415;Nat Med.2004;10:510-517),也描述了由供体APCs的非直接抗原呈递(Nat Med。2004;10:987-992)。与之前的发现(Science.2002;295:2097-2100)一致,从分别输注5×105个或1×105个T细胞后10和30天内所观察到的GVHD体征来看,GVHD的严重性依赖于输注的T细胞数量。GM-DCs共施用大大加速由105个T细胞诱导的GVHD,但类似于FL-DCs,经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs完全防止所述效应(图3C)。在对感染的易感性方面,在单独或伴随GM-DCs输注供体T细胞后,存活率未改变。相反,类似于施用FL-DCs的小鼠,输注经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs的小鼠在感染中存活(图3D)。总之,这些结果提示,如同spDCs,FL-DCs在过继转移后的HSCT受体中完全有能力诱导抗真菌保护。相反,GM-DCs赋有免疫毒性,包括促进炎症和GVHD(受胸腺素α1体外起始的调控作用影响的宿主活性)。
实施例6
经胸腺素α1诱导的DCs启动抗真菌的Th1/T reg应答
为测定经胸腺素α1处理的DCs是否会体内诱导T reg细胞,评价了肺匀浆中TNF-a/IL-10的产生水平、TLN CD4+T细胞的IFN-./IL-4产生水平及TLN CD4+T细胞中编码IFN-.、Th2-特异性转录因子GATA-3和Foxp3的基因的表达水平。还评价了肺和TLN中CD4+CD25+T细胞的存在,因为在患有曲霉病的小鼠的肺和TLN中发现了功能性不同的T reg细胞群(J.Immunol.2006;176:1712-1723)。结果显示,不同组中TNF-a/IL-10的产生模式完全不同。在未处理或输注GM-DCs的小鼠中TNF-a高,IL-10低;在接受FL-DCs,且尤其是接受经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs的小鼠中则反之(图4A)。对CD4+T细胞实际产生的IFN-./IL-4的评价显示,在施用经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs或施用FL-DCs(无论其如何处理)的小鼠中,无论何种处理IFN-.的量更高,IL-4的量更低(图4A)。PCR分析显示,Ifng的mRNA表达始终存在;在未处理或经未与胸腺素α1接触的FL-DCs处理的小鼠中检测到Gata3的mRNA;在施用FL-DCs(无论是否与胸腺素α1接触)或施用经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs的小鼠中表达Foxp3的mRNA(图4B)。评价了糖皮质激素可诱导的TNF受体(GITR)的表达水平,并发现其广泛表达,在实验组间无显著差异。细胞荧光分析显示,输注任何类型的DC(无论未处理的或经胸腺素α1处理的)的小鼠的TLN和肺中,CD4+CD25+T细胞数量增加(图4C)。有趣的是,观察到某种不同的区域化,即经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs在肺中比在TLN中诱导了更多的Treg,经胸腺素α1处理的FL-DCs则反之。从施用经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs或FL-DCs的小鼠中回收的CD4+CD25+T细胞对于CD69活化标签不被染成阳性,如从施用未处理的GM-DCs的小鼠中回收的细胞中所观察到的一样(图4C)。与移植物的接受需要引流淋巴结的迁移和占据的观点一致,从施用FL-DCs或经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs的小鼠回收的CD25+T细胞也由CD62L标签染成阳性。TLN Treg细胞含有大量的产生IL-10的细胞或产生TGF-β的细胞(图4A),而肺T reg细胞含有的产生IL-10的细胞比产生TGF-β的细胞多。
总之,这些结果提示,在体内过继转移后,GM-DCs与胸腺素α1接触可将炎性/Th1应答转换成保护性Th1/T reg应答。但是,所发现的被诱导的T reg细胞返回不同的区域与不同T reg细胞群体间的可能的表型及功能差异相关。这与所发现的功能上不同的T reg细胞群体(在接触曲霉的小鼠的肺和TLN中被协同活化)之间发生作用分工是一致的(J.Immunol.2006;176:1712-1723)。备选地,在淋巴结中由同种识别引发的一级活化和启动之后,活化的T reg细胞可变成效应T reg细胞,其可运输到受感染组织,在那里,它们控制局部炎症应答。
实施例7
抗真菌T reg细胞抑制同种异体反应性和炎症
为评价CD25+T reg细胞的抑制活性,评价了来自施用不同DC亚类的小鼠的TLN细胞响应同种异体脾细胞、曲霉分生孢子或丝裂原的增殖性。结果显示,在仅接受T细胞或接受T细胞连同GM-DCs的小鼠中观察到同种异体,而非曲霉特异性增殖。相反,在接受FL-DCs或经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs的小鼠中同种异体反应性降低,但病原体-特异性反应性恢复,尽管供体对照相比其程度较低(图5A)。因为在经DC处理的小鼠中对丝裂原的响应相当,这些结果提示,Treg细胞直接影响同种异体和病原体-特异性Th1反应性。为弄清这个问题,评价来自TLN的纯化的CD4+CD25+T细胞的阻断相应CD4+CD25-T细胞的曲霉特异性或同种异体抗原特异性增殖及相应CD4+CD25-T细胞的IFN.产生的能力。尽管CD4+CD25+T细胞低程度应答同种异体抗原和曲霉,但存在来自接受FL-DCs或经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs的小鼠的CD4+CD25+T细胞时,同种异体反应性和抗原特异性应答均降低(图5B)。因为肺T reg细胞在肺曲霉病中赋有有效的抗炎活性(J.Immunol.2006;176:1712-1723),也检测了肺CD4+CD25+T细胞对嗜中性粒细胞的抗真菌效应子活性(如产生TNF-a和氧化剂)的抑制活性,因为这些功能对于T reg细胞的抑制活性强烈敏感(J.Immunol.2006;176:1712-1723)。这两个功能被肺Treg细胞,且尤其是被经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs诱导的T reg显著抑制(图5B)。
实施例8
胸腺素α1促进人DCs的运动性和Th1/T reg抗真菌启动
为评价胸腺素α1是否影响人DCs的Th1/T reg启动潜力,在胸腺素α1存在下,从健康供体的外周CD14+细胞衍生出GM-或FL-DCs。因为在鼠DC培养物中,胸腺素α1在促进CD123+pDCs的运动性的同时降低经GM-CSF/IL-4处理的培养物中CD1a+DCs的运动性。
未在FLT3-L培养物中观察到该效应(图6A)。胸腺素α1显著改变GM-DCs或FL-DCs就对吞噬作用来说对微生物的感知(GM-DCs的吞噬作用从30%到56%,FL-DCs的吞噬作用从32%到58%)。但有趣的是,胸腺素α1还促进衍生自移植手术后一个月的患者的GM-DCs和FL-DCs的吞噬作用(图6B)。胸腺素α1的功能活性是,将产生IL-12的炎性GM-DCs转变成致耐受性pDCs(类似于FL-DCs),从而产生增加水平的IL-10(图6C)并体外启动产生IL-10的CD4+T细胞(图6D)。因为已知I型产生IFNs的pDCs参与耐受的诱导和维持及胸腺素α1的致耐受作用,所以也比较了响应曲霉分生孢子或酵母多糖(是对GM-DCs的阳性对照)或CpG ODN(是FL-DCs的阴性对照)的IFN-a的产生。IFN-a主要由FL-DCs或经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs产生(图6C)。最后检测了胸腺素α1处理是否会改变DCs活化真菌特异性或同种异体抗原特异性T细胞反应性的能力。图6E显示,胸腺素α1既未改变DCs诱导的抗原特异性T细胞应答也未改变任何类型的DC的同种异体刺激能力。事实上,来自移植患者的DCs中完全没有真菌特异性T细胞反应性的诱导。这些数据从而表明,胸腺素α1可通过控制炎性DCs,在造血干细胞移植(hematopoietic transplantation)中,符合无同种异体反应性中的成功抗真菌Th1/T reg细胞启动的要求。
如上述实施例中所报道的,所得结果显示胸腺素α1扩增GM-DCs中的pDC部分,其胜任IDO功能,并且显示需要IDO+pDCs且其足以在实验性HSCT中调节抗微生物免疫和同种异体抗原耐受。
这证实胸腺素α1作为天然激素发挥作用,参与对生理和副生理(paraphysiology)状态下外周耐受的诱导和维持。
本发明包括用于给在治疗的患者分配或用于在分配中使用的治疗包,用于预防或治疗患者器官移植中的移植物抗宿主病或移植排斥反应,包括一个或多个单元剂量,每个单元剂量包含一定量的胸腺素α1,且任选包含一定量的免疫抑制剂。
本发明包括制品,其包括包装材料和胸腺素α1,及任选的含于所述包装材料内的免疫抑制剂,其中所述胸腺素α1在预防或治疗器官移植中的移植物抗宿主病或移植排斥反应中治疗有效,且其中所述包装材料包括指示胸腺素α1可用于预防或治疗器官移植中的移植物抗宿主病或移植排斥反应的简要说明。
根据本发明,将胸腺素α1与任选的免疫抑制剂以分开的形式施用,或以包含活性成分和任选的药学上可接受的稀释剂或赋形剂的单位剂量的形式实施。
根据本发明,当胸腺素α1与所述免疫抑制剂分开施用时(即2次不同施用),可依次(即同时)或根据上述简要说明中建议的时间表依次施用所述活性成分。
根据本发明的用途,术语“治疗”具有其通常的含义,包括:预防、阻止、减轻、抑制、改善、停止、遏制、延缓或反转GVHD的进展、活化或降低其严重性。
根据本发明的用途,术语“有效量”指化合物可达到目标结果的量。例如,为治疗GVHD施用的胸腺素α1及任选的免疫抑制剂的有效量是指:预防、阻止、减轻、改善、停止、遏制、延缓或反转所述GVHD的进展或降低其严重性所需的量,用于施用的每日剂量取决于主治医师根据受试者体重、年龄及患者的总体病况的判断。
本发明还包括使用药学制剂的方法,所述药学制剂含有作为活性成分的胸腺素α1,和任选的免疫抑制剂,伴有药学载体。本领域技术人员熟悉所述制剂及其生产,见如REMINGTON’S PHARMACEUTICALSCIENCES,(16th ed.1980)。
可将所述制剂制成活性成分的单元剂型。术语“单元剂型”指适于用作人受试者的单次剂量的物理离散的单元,每个单元含有预定量的胸腺素α1,和任选的免疫抑制剂(经计算产生所需药学效应),伴有合适的药学赋形剂。
可以以与药学上可接受的载体或赋形剂结合的药学组合物的形式施用胸腺素α1和任选的免疫抑制剂,由所选载体和/赋形剂中化合物的可溶性和化学性质确定载体和/赋形剂的比例和性质,所选的施用途径及标准药学实践决定所述比例和性质。
根据药学领域熟知的方法制备药学组合物,见如REMINGTON’SPHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES,(16th ed.1980)。
所述载体或赋形剂可以是固体、半固体或液体材料,其可用作所述活性成分的载体或介质。本领于熟知合适的载体或赋形剂。药学组合物可适合于口服、吸入、肠外或局部使用,且可以以片剂、胶囊、气雾剂、吸入剂、栓剂、溶液、分散剂、脂质体等形式施用至患者。
附图说明
图1
胸腺素α1扩增来自骨髓前体的pDCs,并活化色氨酸分解代谢
(A)DCs上的CD11c、CD11b和B220的表面表达,所述DCs衍生自C57BL6、TLR9-/-或IFN-a β R-/-小鼠的骨髓并且在胸腺素α1(+)或乱序肽()的存在下与GM-CSF/IL-4(GM-DCs)或FLT3L(FL-DCs)培养。显示了双阳性细胞的百分比。
(B)在含有未受调理素作用的曲霉分生孢子(5×105/mL)的无血清的培养基(1×106个细胞/mL)中培养24小时的GM-DCs或FL-DCs的细胞因子产生(ELISA)。添加2μM的IDO抑制剂1-MT。数据是3次独立实验的累计结果。对IL-12p70的分析的检出限(pg/mL)是<16,对IL-10的分析的检出限是<12。
(C)如(A)衍生出的DCs中IDO功能和表达的提高。评价细胞的IDO蛋白表达(通过免疫印记法)和犬尿氨酸生成。阳性和阴性对照分别由表达IDO蛋白的MC24转染子和模拟转染的MC22细胞组成(图中未显示)。
数据是3次实验中有代表性的一次实验中的3个平行样品的平均±SE。
图2
经胸腺素α1诱导的ID0+DCs体外活化T reg细胞
(A)被经曲霉冲击的经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs或FL-DCs活化的产生IFN-.-/IL-10的脾CD4+T细胞的频率。所选培养物中存在1-MT。用AID-EliSpot读数系统(Amplimedical)读取平板。值是3-5次实验中样品的平均±SE/106个细胞,用细胞的2倍连续稀释液的重复实验计算。(*)P<0.05,接触分生孢子的细胞相比未接触的细胞;(**)P<0.05,接触胸腺素的细胞相比未接触的细胞。
(B)仅培养CD4+细胞(-)或如(A)所述培养的CD4+细胞的表形分析。数值代表双阳性细胞的百分比。
图3
经胸腺素α1处理的DCs在实验性HSCT中保护免于曲霉病
经致死剂量照射的C57BL6小鼠在气管内注射2×108/80μl曲霉分生孢子盐水2周前,接受来自BALB/c小鼠的2×106个去除T细胞的同种异体骨髓细胞。移植后1天和7天,小鼠通过腹膜内注射接受培养于胸腺素α1中的曲霉冲击的GM-或FL-DCs。
以MST(平均存活时间,以“日”计)和感染后3天或死亡时肺中的真菌生长(μg/器官中葡糖胺含量,“短线”表示标准误差)评价对感染的抵抗(A)。图中也显示了在供体T细胞存在下的炎性肺病理(B)、GVHD反应性的出现(C)及对感染的易感性(D)。(B)未处理(未处理)或接受不同类型DCs 3天前,从感染曲霉分生孢子的小鼠肺中制备高碘酸希夫染色切片。在未处理或经GM-DCs处理的小鼠肺中观察到支气管壁损伤和坏死的严重体征及少见的炎性细胞募集,这与接受经胸腺素α1处理的GM-DCs或FL-DCs的小鼠相反,这些小鼠肺的特征在于极少的炎性细胞治愈浸润(healing infiltrates),没有支气管壁损伤和炎症反应的迹象。放大倍数×200。(*)P<0.05,接受DCs的小鼠相比未处理的小鼠。(C)具有移植物,接受不同数量的单独供体T细胞或供体T细胞连同不同DC类型的代表性的小鼠的病理评分。通过综合5种临床参数(体重减轻、姿势(身体弯成弓状)、活力、毛纹和皮肤完整性)的变化的评分系统评价了全身GVHD的程度(最大指数=10)。(*)P<0.05,接受T细胞+胸腺素α1-GM-DCs的小鼠相比接受T细胞+未处理GM-DCs的小鼠。(D)如(C)所述处理的小鼠在感染中的存活率。
图4
经胸腺素α1诱导的DCs体内启动抗真菌Th1/T reg响应
如图2所示处理的小鼠感染后3天的炎性/Th/T reg响应模式。
(A)通过对肺匀浆的特异ELISA评价了TNR-a/IL-10水平,并评价了与经曲霉冲击DCs共培养的TLNCD4+T细胞中的IFN-./IL-4的产生。“短线”表示标准误差。通过ELISPOT分析对产生IL-10或TGF-β的TLN CD4+CD25+T细胞进行计数。结果表示为每2×105个细胞中产生细胞因子的细胞的平均数(±SE)。*P<0.05,经DC处理的小鼠相比未处理的小鼠。(**)P<0.05,经胸腺素α1处理的DCs相比未处理的DCs。
(B)从新鲜纯化的来自处理或未处理(未处理)小鼠TLN的CD4+T细胞中提取总RNA。通过RT-PCR测定每个细胞群体中不同mRNA的表达。将持家基因Gapdh的mRNA表达用作内部对照。所示数据是3次实验中有代表性的结果。
(C)从输注或未输注(未处理)不同类型DCs的小鼠的肺或TLN中分离的细胞的表型分析,(-)表示未感染,未处理的小鼠。使CD4+T细胞依次与PE缀合的抗-CD25(PC61)和FITC缀合的抗-CD69(HI.2F3克隆)mAbs反应。数值代表阳性细胞占所分析的总细胞的百分比。用无关的Ab对照染色细胞,以获得背景荧光值。直方图是4次独立实验中有代表性的一次的。
图5
经胸腺素α1诱导的T reg细胞抑制同种异体反应性
(A)用经照射的同种异体脾细胞、经分生孢子或伴刀豆球蛋白A刺激的自体脾DCs刺激来自移植小鼠TLN的小鼠CD4+T淋巴细胞。通过5天的MLR分析评价T细胞增殖,并通过于最后8小时内掺入H3胸苷对其进行测量。(*)P<0.05,移植小鼠相比供体小鼠。(**)P<0.05,经T细胞和/或DC处理的小鼠相比未处理小鼠。(***)P<0.05,经胸腺素α1处理的DCs相比未处理的DCs。(B和C)由来自受体小鼠的纯化的CD4+CD25-T细胞,在来自接受FL-DCs(a)或胸腺素α1-GM-DCs(b)的受体小鼠的TLN CD4+CD25+T细胞的存在下,针对经曲霉分生孢子冲击的自体脾DCs(B)或同种异体(BALB/c)脾DCs(C)的增殖活性和IFN-.产生。所示数据是3次独立实验中的一次有代表性的结果。(*)P<0.05,曲霉或同种异体抗原特异性反应细胞相比未刺激的细胞。(**)P<0.05,经胸腺素α1处理的DCs相比未处理的DCs。在来自经FL-DC处理(a)或经胸腺素α1-GM-DCs处理的小鼠(b)的肺CD4+CD25+T细胞的存在下,使腹膜嗜中性粒细胞(PMN)与静息的分生孢子接触60分钟(为产生氧化剂,以“nmol O2-/106个细胞”表示)或24小时(为产生细胞因子,通过ELISA检测,以pg/mL计)。(*)P<0.05,接触分生孢子的PMN相比未接触的PMN。(**)P<0.05,未接触的PMN相比接触Treg的PMN。(***)P<0.05,CD25+a)T reg相比CD25+b)T reg。
图6
胸腺素α1促进人DCs的运动性和Th1/T reg抗真菌启动
(A)在胸腺素α1的存在下,从具有GM-CSF/IL-4(GM-DCs)或FLT3L(FL-DCs)的不同供体的外周CD14+细胞衍生出的DCs上CD11c、CD1a和CD123的表面表达。表示了阳性细胞的百分比。
(B)与胸腺素α1接触(+)或未接触(-)的来自7个T细胞缺乏的单倍体相合HSCT受体的GM-DCs或FL-DCs对分生孢子的吞噬作用。数据是平均±SE,表示为“内化(internalization)%”(图中的数值)。(*)P<0.05,经胸腺素α1处理的细胞相比未处理细胞。
(C)来自健康供体的,在具有未受调理素作用的曲霉分生孢子(5×105/mL)或10μg/mL酵母多糖或2μg/mLCpG-B ODN 2006的无血清培养基(1×106细胞/mL)中培养24小时的经胸腺素α1处理的DCs的细胞因子产生(通过ELISA检测,以pg/mL计)。数据是3次独立实验的累计结果,且表示为平均±SD。对IL-12p70的分析的检出限(pg/mL)是<3,对IL-10的分析的检出限是<5,及对IFN-a的分析的检出限是<3。
(D)来自健康供体的外周血曲霉特异性CD4+T细胞克隆响应A中所述经曲霉冲击的DCs的细胞因子产生。“短线”表示标准误差。对IL-4和IFN-.的分析的检出限(pg/mL)是<0.5。*P<0.05,经分生孢子刺激的细胞相比未经刺激细胞。(**)P<0.05,接触胸腺素α1的细胞相比未接触细胞。
(E)曲霉特异性或同种异体反应性T细胞克隆分别响应来自健康供体或移植患者的不同类型的经真菌冲击或未经冲击的DCs的频率。用DCs刺激2天后评价了生长中克隆的特异性。(*)P<0.05,GM-DCs相比外周血细胞(-)。(**)P<0.05,HSCT-DCs相比所有其他DCs。nd,未进行测试。
Claims (5)
1.胸腺素α1在制备用于预防或治疗哺乳动物受试者或人类患者造血干细胞移植中的移植物抗宿主病的药物中的用途。
2.权利要求1的用途,其中所述患者于清髓性预处理方案中。
3.权利要求1的用途,其中所述患者于非清髓性预处理方案中。
4.权利要求1的用途,其中将药学有效量的胸腺素α1在移植前和/或移植后的预定时间窗口内施用给患者。
5.权利要求1的用途,其中将胸腺素α1与选自下列的免疫抑制剂组合实施:泼尼松、甲基泼尼松龙、环磷酰胺、环孢菌素A、FK506、沙立度胺、硫唑嘌呤、达珠单抗、英夫利西单抗、MEDI-205、abx-cb1或ATG。
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CA2648889C (en) | 2016-02-23 |
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