CN101379355B - 通过低温蒸馏分离空气的设备组及其控制方法 - Google Patents

通过低温蒸馏分离空气的设备组及其控制方法 Download PDF

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CN101379355B
CN101379355B CN2007800040295A CN200780004029A CN101379355B CN 101379355 B CN101379355 B CN 101379355B CN 2007800040295 A CN2007800040295 A CN 2007800040295A CN 200780004029 A CN200780004029 A CN 200780004029A CN 101379355 B CN101379355 B CN 101379355B
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J-F·劳赫
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于控制通过低温蒸馏分离空气的设备组的方法，该设备组包括N个空气分离设备(1、2、3、4)，这里N＞1，其中具有基本相同成分的气体从所述N个设备传送到消耗单元(5)中，每个设备包括蒸馏塔系统(1B、2B、3B、4B)和空气净化单元(1A、2A、3A、4A)，在该空气净化单元中使用至少两个吸附器，每个吸附器在存在相移的情况下遵循相同的循环，在该循环中处于高循环压力下的吸附阶段和减压的再生阶段彼此相继，并在吸附器的再加压中结束，该方法包括这样的步骤，其中单元的吸附器并行安置，每个设备具有吸附循环时间，并且控制至少一些净化单元的运转以便一个设备的再加压步骤开始的时间不同于另一个设备的再加压开始的时间。

Description

通过低温蒸馏分离空气的设备组及其控制方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于控制通过低温蒸馏分离空气的设备组的方法，该设备组包括至少两个通过低温蒸馏分离空气的设备。 
背景技术
对于低温蒸馏，处理的气体必须是干燥的且必须被除去二氧化碳以防止冷箱中冰的形成。 
用于净化空气的最有效的一种系统是在头端净化单元中处理气体。该系统包括两个缸(罐)，一个进行吸附操作，另一个处于再生步骤中的一个步骤中。 
在某些场地，安装多个低温蒸馏单元以生产必需的气体量。 
通过头端净化，再生序列(regeneration sequence)的步骤中的一个在于在将已经再生的缸切换到吸附步骤之前对其进行再加压。 
对于120到300分钟的整个循环，加压步骤通常花费5到20分钟。这个时间段取决于再加压可用的附加空气流。 
通常情况下，空气流的2％到10％(相对于额定流量)用于对缸再加压。因此，在再加压期间，传送到分离设备的空气量相应地减少。在具有多个空气分离设备的场地，干燥序列的步骤彼此独立。 
在具有N(N＞＝2)个空气单元的场地，可能同时存在多达N个加压步骤。 
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是具有尽可能少的同时发生的加压步骤。 
根据本发明的一个目的，提供了一种用于控制通过低温蒸馏分离空气的设备组的方法，该设备组包括N个用于分离气体混合物、特别是空气的设备，这里N＞1，其中具有基本相同成分的气体从所述N个设备传送到消耗单元中，每个设备包括蒸馏塔系统和吸附单元，在该吸附单元中使用至少两个吸附器，每个吸附器在存在相移的情况下遵循相同的循环，在该循环中处于高循环压力下的吸附阶段和减压的再生阶段彼此相继，并在吸附器的再加压中结束，该方法包括这样的步骤，其中单元的吸附器并行安置，每个设备具有吸附循环时间，其特征在于，控制至少一些净化单元的运转以便一个设备的再加压步骤开始的时间不同于另一个设备的再加压开始的时间。 
根据其他可选的方面： 
-气体混合物在各个设备的塔系统上游的吸附单元中净化， 
-控制吸附单元的运转以便单元再加压步骤全部在不同的时间段发生， 
-控制吸附单元的运转以便至少一些吸附单元至少偶尔/有时以不同的循环时间运转， 
-在运转期间修正至少一个吸附单元的循环时间以便再加压步骤不同时发生， 
-气体混合物是空气，且设备中的至少两个将优选地加压的氧气和/或氮气供应到消耗单元， 
-控制吸附单元以便在一个设备的循环终点和另一个设备的循环终点之间间隔M/N的倍数秒，其中M是N个设备的平均循环时间， 
-至少一个吸附单元的循环时间在该循环仍然在进行中时被修正， 
-根据从至少一个吸附单元流出的气体的温度和/或根据从该吸附单元流出的气体的成分来修正该吸附单元的循环时间， 
-一个设备的再加压步骤在另一个设备的再加压开始之前或之后至少90分钟，优选至少75分钟，实际上至少50分钟，实际上至少 40分钟开始， 
-对于每个设备，吸附单元仅包括两个吸附器。 
根据本发明的另一目的，提供了一种通过低温蒸馏分离气体混合物、可选地为空气的设备组，该设备组包括N个用于分离气体混合物的设备，这里N＞1，每个设备供给消耗单元来自空气的具有基本相同成分的气体，且每个设备包括蒸馏塔系统和吸附单元，在该吸附单元中使用至少两个吸附器，每个吸附器在存在相移的情况下遵循相同的循环，在该循环中处于高循环压力下的吸附阶段和减压的再生阶段彼此相继，并在吸附器的再加压中结束，方法包括这样的步骤，其中吸附器并行安置，每个设备具有循环时间，其特征在于，所述设备包括用于控制至少一些净化单元的运转、以便一个设备的再加压步骤开始的时间不同于另一个设备的再加压开始的时间的装置。 
可选地，该设备组包括公共加热器(RC)，该公共加热器用于加热从所述N个设备中第一个设备的第一吸附单元上游的第一塔系统流出的再生气体，并用于加热从所述N个设备中第二个设备的第二吸附单元上游的第二塔系统流出的再生气体。 
附图说明
参考附图详细描述本发明，在附图中： 
图1示出在给定时刻没有本发明时同时加压的数量； 
图2示出在给定时刻具有本发明时同时加压的数量； 
图3和图4示出根据本发明的四空气分离设备组的循环时间的变化； 
图5示出进入和流出吸附缸的流的温度变化； 
图6示出根据本发明的四空气分离设备组。 
具体实施方式
图1中，y轴是同时加压的数量，x轴是时间，示出在具有四个供给相同客户的空气分离单元的场地上，可以同时存在2、3或4个加压，导致由 多个设备供给最终客户的产品在纯度和/或量上的降低。 
本发明适用于至少利用双塔(中压塔和低压塔)的所有空气分离方法，其中氧产品被称为泵送(产品)：即，从低压塔的底部提取的液氧在一个或多个热交换器中气化之前，以高于10bar的压力被泵送。 
本发明还适用于通过混合塔原理生产不纯的氧的设备。 
本发明在于确定每个空气分离单元的每个循环是必须被略微增加还是相反略微减少，以便确保最终不同空气分离单元的所有序列都不同步。 
在缸循环的正常终点，其他单元的循环的进展状态用于计算有关的缸的循环必须增加或减少的分钟数。 
例如，对于已经处于再加压步骤的缸，如果可能的话，使其他的单元的循环时间增加(在合理的界限内，例如10分钟)以等候其他系统的再加压的结束。 
如图3和图4中所示，操作者确定先导单元(在此为单元4)。当先导单元接近其循环终点(即在CycleTime-DeltaMax处)时，对所有的单元进行计算。 
DeltaMax是用于调整循环时间的循环的最大允许变化。 
每个单元处于一个循环步骤中(必须比先导单元短)。 
从而，我们有： 
-单元1在时刻O， 
-单元2在时刻P， 
-单元3在时刻Q， 
以及先导单元4在时刻R，这里R＝(CycleTime)-(DeltaMax) 
＝4M-(DeltaMax)， 
假设M＝(CycleTime)/4。 
现在可以计算未知量A、B、C和D，该未知量限制或增加单元1、2、3或4的循环以使得循环的两端之间有M分钟。 
该系统必须解决下列问题： 
4M-R+O+A-D＝M 
P-O+B-A＝M 
Q-P+C-B＝M 
R-Q+D-C＝M 
使得： 
A＝R-O-3＊M+D 
B＝R-P-2＊M+D 
C＝R-Q-M+D 
D是任意的；此系统有无穷多解，但是我们知道A、B、C和D必须在-DeltaMax和+DeltaMax之间。 
假设D使得A+B+C+D＝0(当系统稳定时，解必须是A＝B＝C＝D＝0)。 
这给出D＝(-3＊R+O+P+Q+6＊M)/4。 
从而该系统的解是： 
D＝Maximum(-DeltaMax；Minimum(+DeltaMax；(-3＊R+O+P+Q+6＊M)/4)) 
C＝Maximum(-DeltaMax；Minimum(+DeltaMax；(-3＊Q+R+O+P+2＊M)/4)) 
B＝Maximum(-DeltaMax；Minimum(+DeltaMax；(-3＊P+Q+R+O-2＊M)/4)) 
A＝Maximum(-DeltaMax；Minimum(+DeltaMax；(-3＊O+P+Q+R-6＊M)/4)) 
上面描述的计算方法是简单的一种，明显地，可以设想其他更加复杂的方法。 
借助于本发明，最大能量需求对应于整体设计需求加上对应于单个加压的额外需求。这明显地有助于减小能量输入系统的尺寸并从而减小能力输入系统的成本。 
例如，在四个空气分离设备的情况下，对于5％的再加压空气需求和由水蒸汽膨胀产生的空气压缩能，用于这四个设备的最大蒸汽消耗量将是4＊Design+5％＊Design＝405Design，而不是现有技术中的4＊Design+ 4＊5％＊Design＝420Design。 
系统可用的最长时间取决于单元的荷载。因此，在高的荷载下，系统能够增加或减少循环时间5分钟(例如)。在减小的荷载下(序列更长)，系统能够增加或减少循环时间10分钟。 
在减小的荷载下，循环时间也可以被增加10分钟和减少20分钟(根据冷却步骤的进展，即，在冷却步骤中离开缸的废气温度足够低)。如图5中所示，缸出口温度在循环开始时降低，然后增加，直至在图中大约105分钟处达到温度峰值。一旦经过此峰值，例如如果废气的温度比正常的废气的温度低+10℃，或比环境温度低+10℃时，就可以缩短循环时间。 
循环中最大增加的界限可以通过增加超出给定阈值的离开缸的二氧化碳含量来设定。例如，如果含量增加到高于阈值1ppm的二氧化碳，则必须替换缸。 
通过此方法，用于系统的两个设备的两个再加压步骤开始之间的差大约为37分钟。 
此系统还用于对两个或多个单元使用相同的加热器。这是因为用于热气体的再生周期也是非同步的。 
由于所有空气压缩机中总的被压缩的流量变化小于现有技术，它的能量消耗变化也较小，从而提供附加的有利之处： 
·当通过水蒸汽膨胀获得压缩能时，蒸汽消耗变化较小(蒸汽网络中扰动较小，从而没有蒸汽歧管的压力降低的危险)。 
·当压缩机由电动机驱动时，很容易预测单元的电能消耗，从而优化成本(特别是当能量成本基于一固定部分和一可变部分时)。 
图6示出四空气分离设备组。设备1接收压缩空气1C。此空气在吸附单元1A中净化，其循环根据本发明而设定，且吸附单元产生用于再生的废气流1W，此流1R从蒸馏塔系统1B流出。净化的空气1E传送到塔系统1B并被分离以通过使泵送的液氧气化或通过任何其他已知的方法形成氧气流1GOX。 
各个设备2、3和4基本以与针对设备1的描述相同的方式运转，此处没有详细描述。设备1到4可以例如是“The Technology of CatalyticOxidations(催化氧化技术)”(Technip出版社，Arpentinier等著)中描述的泵设备，或者混合塔设备。氧气流1GOX、2GOX、3GOX和4GOX传送到消耗单元5，例如气化单元或部分氧化单元。 
公共加热器用于加热再生流1R、2R，因为这两个流的再加热不会同时发生。 
很容易理解，本发明可以在用于分离具有氢和/或一氧化碳和/或甲烷和/或氮作为其主要成分的混合物的设备组中使用。 

Claims (12)

1.一种用于控制通过低温蒸馏分离空气的设备组的方法，该设备组包括N个空气分离设备(1、2、3、4)，这里N＞1，其中具有基本相同成分的气体从所述N个空气分离设备传送到消耗单元(5)中，每个空气分离设备包括用于蒸馏气体混合物的塔系统(1B、2B、3B、4B)，和用于吸附气体混合物的吸附单元(1A、2A、3A、4A)，在该吸附单元中使用至少两个吸附器，每个吸附器在存在相移的情况下遵循相同的循环，在该循环中处于高循环压力下的吸附阶段和减压的再生阶段彼此相继，并在吸附器的再加压中结束，该方法包括这样的步骤，其中吸附单元的吸附器并行安置，每个空气分离设备具有吸附循环时间，其特征在于，控制至少一些吸附单元的运转以便一个空气分离设备的再加压步骤开始的时间不同于另一个空气分离设备的再加压开始的时间，以及控制吸附单元(1A、2A、3A、4A)的运转以便至少一些吸附单元至少偶尔以不同的循环时间运转。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述气体混合物是空气。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，控制吸附单元(1A、2A、3A、4A)的运转以便空气分离设备的再加压步骤全部在不同的时间段发生。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，在运转期间修正至少一个吸附单元(1A、2A、3A、4A)的循环时间以便再加压步骤不同时发生。
5.根据前述权利要求中的任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述气体混合物是空气，且所述空气分离设备中的至少两个将氧气和/或氮气供应到消耗单元。
6.根据权利要求1-4中的任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，控制吸附单元(1A、2A、3A、4A)以便在一个空气分离设备的循环终点和另一个空气分离设备的循环终点之间间隔M/N的倍数秒，其中M是所述N个空气分离设备的平均循环时间。
7.根据权利要求1-4中的任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，至少一个吸附单元(1A、2A、3A、4A)的循环时间在该循环仍然在进行中时被修正。
8.根据权利要求1-4中的任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，根据从至少一个吸附单元(1A、2A、3A、4A)流出的气体(1W)的温度和/或根据从该吸附单元流出的气体(1W)的成分来修正该吸附单元的循环时间。
9.根据权利要求1-4中的任何一项所述的方法，其特征在于，一个空气分离设备的再加压步骤在另一个空气分离设备的再加压开始之前或之后至少90分钟开始。
10.一种通过低温蒸馏分离空气的设备组，该设备组包括N个用于分离气体混合物的设备(1、2、3、4)，这里N＞1，每个设备供给消耗单元(5)具有基本相同成分的气体，且每个设备包括蒸馏塔系统(1B、2B、3B、4B)和用于净化气体混合物的吸附单元(1A、2A、3A、4A)，在该吸附单元中使用至少两个吸附器，每个吸附器在存在相移的情况下遵循相同的循环，在该循环中处于高循环压力下的吸附阶段和减压的再生阶段彼此相继，并在吸附器的再加压中结束，方法包括这样的步骤，其中吸附器并行安置，每个设备具有循环时间，其特征在于，所述设备包括用于控制至少一些吸附单元的运转以便一个设备的再加压步骤开始的时间不同于另一个设备的再加压开始的时间的装置。
11.根据权利要求10所述的设备组，其特征在于，所述气体混合物是空气。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的设备组，包括公共加热器(RC)，该公共加热器用于加热从所述N个设备中的第一个设备的第一吸附单元上游的第一蒸馏塔系统(1B)流出的再生气体(1R)，并用于加热从所述N个设备中的第二个设备的第二吸附单元上游的第二蒸馏塔系统(2B)流出的再生气体(2R)。
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