CN101346521A - Formwork - Google Patents

Formwork Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101346521A
CN101346521A CNA2006800491897A CN200680049189A CN101346521A CN 101346521 A CN101346521 A CN 101346521A CN A2006800491897 A CNA2006800491897 A CN A2006800491897A CN 200680049189 A CN200680049189 A CN 200680049189A CN 101346521 A CN101346521 A CN 101346521A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
formwork element
moulding
concrete
slab
sidewall
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CNA2006800491897A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Other versions
CN101346521B (en
Inventor
坎贝尔·J·塞科姆
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BHP Steel JLA Pty Ltd
BlueScope Steel Ltd
Original Assignee
BHP Steel JLA Pty Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from AU2005906982A external-priority patent/AU2005906982A0/en
Application filed by BHP Steel JLA Pty Ltd filed Critical BHP Steel JLA Pty Ltd
Publication of CN101346521A publication Critical patent/CN101346521A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CN101346521B publication Critical patent/CN101346521B/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04GSCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G11/00Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs
    • E04G11/36Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs for floors, ceilings, or roofs of plane or curved surfaces end formpanels for floor shutterings
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/16Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
    • E04B5/32Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements
    • E04B5/36Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with form units as part of the floor
    • E04B5/38Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with form units as part of the floor with slab-shaped form units acting simultaneously as reinforcement; Form slabs with reinforcements extending laterally outside the element
    • E04B5/40Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with form units as part of the floor with slab-shaped form units acting simultaneously as reinforcement; Form slabs with reinforcements extending laterally outside the element with metal form-slabs
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04GSCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G11/00Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs
    • E04G11/36Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs for floors, ceilings, or roofs of plane or curved surfaces end formpanels for floor shutterings
    • E04G11/365Stop-end shutterings
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04GSCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G11/00Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs
    • E04G11/36Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs for floors, ceilings, or roofs of plane or curved surfaces end formpanels for floor shutterings
    • E04G11/40Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs for floors, ceilings, or roofs of plane or curved surfaces end formpanels for floor shutterings for coffered or ribbed ceilings
    • E04G11/46Forms, shutterings, or falsework for making walls, floors, ceilings, or roofs for floors, ceilings, or roofs of plane or curved surfaces end formpanels for floor shutterings for coffered or ribbed ceilings of hat-like or trough-like shape encasing a rib or the section between two ribs or encasing one rib and its adjacent flat floor or ceiling section
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04BGENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B5/00Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B5/16Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
    • E04B5/32Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements
    • E04B2005/322Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with permanent forms for the floor edges
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04BUILDING
    • E04CSTRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/046L- or T-shaped

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

An elongate formwork element for use in the construction of a concrete floor is disclosed. The formwork element includes a base wall (15) and a side wall (17) extending from one side edge of the base wall so that the element is generally L-shaped in transverse section.

Description

Template
The present invention relates generally to the cast-in-place concrete beam that is used for builing industry.
The present invention be more particularly directed to concrete beam, though be not unique, this concrete beam forms the parts of cast-in-place concrete floor, and it is called " concrete floor " hereinafter, and for example floor, interlayer building and the floor that is used for tier building comprise the multistorey parking space.
The present invention be more particularly directed to comprise the concrete floor of concrete beam, though be not unique.
The present invention more especially also relates to the formwork element that is used to constitute concrete floor, though be not unique, especially for the formwork element of the concrete beam that constitutes concrete floor, also relates to the concrete floor that uses formwork element to make.
Aspect flooring structure, the term here " concrete floor " is interpreted as and comprises (a) one or more concrete beam, and (b) one or more from as outward extending concrete flat slab part on a beam of the part on floor or a plurality of beam.
Aspect flooring structure, the term here " concrete floor " is interpreted as further and comprises:
(a) pedestal on floor, it comprises into the template of a plurality of moulding slab forms, and these moulding slabs are as required with side by side and/or the relation of tandem array location; And other formwork element that forms pedestal as required; And
(b) layer concrete on pedestal.
Typically, aspect flooring structure, the term here " concrete floor " is interpreted as and comprises the reinforcement of imbedding in the layer of concrete.This reinforcement can be in the concrete of beam or in the beam and/or in a dull and stereotyped part or manifold concrete.
The moulding slab of concrete floor and other formwork element can help the mechanical performance of concrete floor.Particularly, moulding slab and other formwork element can be by mechanical bond and with the concrete compound action, therefore help to strengthen concrete floor.
Though as mentioned above, the invention provides a kind of structure, wherein moulding slab and other formwork element do not help the mechanical performance of concrete floor, and moulding slab and other formwork element only are used as the template of loss.
Typically, concrete floor forms on the spot by following:
(a) a plurality of moulding slabs and other formwork element are positioned on the permanent supporting construction, and form the continuous pedestal on floor;
(b) template of the lateral wall periphery of concrete floor is determined in the location;
(c) reinforcement that will be generally the flat type of steel mesh or steel bar or steel mesh and steel bar is placed on moulding slab and other formwork element or relative moulding slab and other template are placed; And
(d) at last on the assembly with the reinforcement of concrete pouring in slab and other formwork element and template periphery, and form a layer concrete.
According to multiple factor, moulding slab and other formwork element may need temporarily to be bearing between the permanent support members, and these factors comprise shape, the formation concrete floor of flat-plate molded slab and other formwork element required concrete weight, the span between the adjacent permanent support unit, deviation limit, concrete pouring order, span number, are fixed on device and structural load (except that water-bearing concreae) on the permanent supporting construction.
The term here " moulding slab " is interpreted as that the meaning is plate or the brake pressure plate that rolling forms, their common (though not being unique) comprise that at least one dish and side edge formations, this side edge formations make adjacent panels to be positioned at together with side by side relationship.
Comprise when the moulding slab under the situation of two or more dishes that (though not being unique) term " moulding slab " here is interpreted as the separately rib of adjacent disc that comprises one or more settings usually.
The invention provides a kind of elongated formwork element, this formwork element is especially suitable for use as the part of template of the concrete beam of concrete floor.
According to the present invention, a kind of elongated formwork element that is used for the concrete ground plated construction is provided, this formwork element comprises diapire and the sidewall that extends from a lateral edges of diapire, so the cross section of this element is for roughly L shaped.
Preferably, formwork element is suitable in use the moulding slab interlocking with horizontal arrangement, so sidewall extends upward from the lateral edges of moulding slab.
Formwork element is especially suitable for use as the part of template of the concrete beam of concrete floor.Beam forms is determined by following in this purposes:
(a) one or more moulding slabs, this moulding slab forms the pedestal of beam forms; And
(b) one or more formwork elements, this formwork element is positioned the opposite side of moulding slab or a plurality of slabs, and with moulding slab or a plurality of slab interlocking, and form the sidepiece of beam forms.
Formwork element also is suitable as the other parts of the template of concrete floor.
In a plurality of purposes, the sidewall of formwork element needs not be the load bearing element.Therefore, formwork element for example can be made by the small-sized steel.The term here " small-sized " steel is interpreted as that the meaning is the steel less than 1mm thickness.
Preferably, the sidewall of formwork element comprises reinforcing member.Reinforcing member reduced sidewall when water-bearing concreae is poured into a mould lateral shift (protrusion) and against this sidewall.Reinforcing member can also use the steel of the lighter specification lighter than the steel under other situation to make sidewall.
Preferably, reinforcing member becomes the form of a plurality of ribs in the formwork element sidewall.
Preferably, rib is to the length direction horizontal expansion of formwork element.
Preferably, rib extends between the free end of diapire and sidewall at least basically.In the moulding slab interlocking of formwork element and horizontal arrangement, thereby make sidewall under the upwardly extending situation of the lateral edges of moulding slab, rib promptly extends upward between the upper end at the free end of diapire and sidewall at least basically.
Preferably, rib becomes the form of dark projection, this projection make sidewall can with the layer of concrete compound action.
Here the meaning of the term " deeply " that uses for projection is that the protruding degree of depth is at least 2mm, preferably 3mm at least.
Preferably, diapire is configured as and the interlocking of moulding slab.
Preferably, diapire is configured as under the situation of not using machanical fastener and the interlocking of moulding slab.
Comprise at the moulding slab under the situation of at least one rib, preferably diapire comprises resupinate antelabium, this antelabium is adapted to extend in the rib of moulding slab, and the length of diapire is chosen in use formwork element and can locatees, therefore diapire is in a side of the plate basal surface location against the moulding slab, and antelabium extends in the rib of entering plate and the rib of fish plate.
Preferably, the upper end of sidewall comprises the end construction of determining platform, and one or more moulding slabs can be positioned on this platform and be fixed on the platform, preferably pass through securing member.
By foregoing structure, can will be used for the template of elongate concrete beam and partly fit together from the outward extending concrete flat slab in the one or both sides of beam.
Particularly, can then this part be promoted in the desired location on the building polycrystalline substance so that being used for the template part of concrete floor assembles on the ground in advance by this structure.
Preferably, end construction comprises antelabium, and this antelabium is suitable for and the EDGE CONTACT that is generally sharp edges that is positioned at the end of the moulding slab on the end construction.Antelabium forms end cap, and this end cap prevents that concrete from flowing by the space (with therefore loss) of plate, for example rib of moulding slab.In addition, antelabium covers the sharp edges that may cause injuring assembling and/or mounting template workman.
According to the present invention, also provide the assembly of a plurality of moulding slabs and a plurality of above-mentioned formwork elements, the template of the base part of their formation beams and the plate part of concrete floor.
Said modules can be put together on the ground, is promoted to then in the desired location on the building polycrystalline substance.
Preferably, assembly comprises the formwork element that forms the beam forms sidepiece, this beam forms and the moulding slab interlocking that forms the beam forms pedestal.
Preferably, support platform has been determined in the upper end that forms the formwork element of beam forms sidepiece, this support platform supporting moulding slab, and this moulding slab forms the pedestal template of plate part.
Preferably assembly comprises guard rail.
When assembly promotes when in place, guard rail is the important safety part that makes up the people of concrete floor.
In addition, guard rail has been reinforced assembly, and when it helps to keep the integrality of assembly when ground is promoted to desired location.
According to the present invention, a kind of concrete floor also is provided, it comprises one or more concrete beam and concrete flat slab part, and this concrete flat slab part stretches out from the beam as the part on floor, and this concrete floor also comprises:
(a) pedestal, this pedestal comprises into the template of the kit form of a plurality of moulding slabs and a plurality of above-mentioned formwork elements; And
(b) layer concrete on pedestal.
Preferably, the moulding slab overarches in advance along the length of plate.
Preferably, the moulding slab overarches in advance along the length of plate, and therefore when pouring into a mould water-bearing concreae so that forming concrete floor, the dish of plate forms smooth horizontal surface.
Preferably, concrete floor also comprises the reinforcement of imbedding in the concrete, for example steel mesh.
This reinforcement can stretch or after-drawing in advance.
Reinforcement can weld or otherwise be connected on the side edge formations and/or rib of moulding slab, so that improve the resistance of the lateral shift under load.
To further introduce the present invention by the example reference accompanying drawing below, in the accompanying drawing:
Fig. 1 is the vertical sectional view of a part of passing the concrete floor of one embodiment of the invention; And
Fig. 2 is the phantom drawing of the formwork element of one embodiment of the invention, and this formwork element forms the part of the concrete floor shown in Fig. 1.
The part of the concrete floor shown in Fig. 1 comprises elongate concrete beam 3 (extending in the paper) and horizontal concrete flat slab part 5, and this concrete flat slab part 5 is stretched from each epitaxial lateral overgrowth of beam 3, as shown in FIG..
The part of the concrete floor shown in Fig. 1 is formed by following:
(a) the continuous pedestal of one-tenth template form, it comprises the assembly of a plurality of horizontal steel moulding slabs 7 and vertical steel formwork element 9;
(b) layer concrete 11 on pedestal; And
(c) imbed the reinforcement of steel mesh 13 forms in the layer of concrete 11.
Pedestal is supported by a plurality of permanent support members (not shown).For example, the form that permanent support members can Cheng Zhu.
Moulding slab 7 can be the structure of any appropriate.
And, do not need to use identical moulding slab 7 to form the pedestal of beam 3 and the pedestal of each plate part 5.
Fig. 1 has represented that the pedestal of beam 3 comprises two moulding slabs 7, and these two moulding slabs 7 are with overlapping relationship and registration.Each moulding slab 7 comprises three dishes 31, and each coils 31 by parallel open ribs 33 and side edge formations 35 separately.
Fig. 1 has represented formwork element 9, and this formwork element 9 forms the opposite side of beam 3.
Each formwork element 9 is that the small-sized steel of 0.75mm is made by thickness, and comprises diapire 15 and extend upward the unsupported supporting side wall 17 of (as shown in fig. 1) from a lateral edges of this diapire 15, so the cross section of element 9 is for roughly L shaped.
Each formwork element 9 forms it can be under the situation of not using machanical fastener and adjacent level moulding slab 7 interlockings of the pedestal of beam 3, so the lateral edges of sidewall 17 slave plates 7 of element 9 extends upward and remain on this position.The interlocking of formwork element 9 and moulding slab 7 is very favourable, because it with component-assembled together, this has simplified the structure of concrete flat slab, and can make parts and concrete compound action.
The sidewall 17 of each formwork element 9 comprises into the reinforcing member of the form of the dark parallel rib 21 of a series of 3mm, and this rib is vertical extent between the upper end of diapire 15 and sidewall 17 at least substantially.Rib 21 is dark ribs, therefore make sidewall 17 can with the layer of concrete compound action.In addition, rib 21 makes that it can be with making sidewall 17 than the steel of the lighter specification of steel under other situation.
The diapire 15 of each formwork element 9 be configured as can with 7 interlockings of moulding slab.
Particularly, the diapire 15 of each formwork element 9 comprises resupinate antelabium 37, and this antelabium 37 is adapted to extend in the immediate rib 33 and makes rib 33 engage formwork element 9.In addition, the length L (see figure 2) of the diapire 15 of each formwork element 9 is chosen as and makes and to extend into rib 35 against the basal surface of moulding slab 7 and antelabium 37 and neutralize when engaging with it when formwork element 9 is positioned to diapire 15, the sidewall 17 of element 9 is against the outer ledge structure of plate 7, so formwork element 9 and moulding slab 7 are interlocked.
The sidewall 17 of each formwork element 9 is included in the end construction of its upper end.This end construction 39 has been determined platform, and the one or more moulding slabs 7 that are used for the pedestal of ground plate portion 5 are positioned on this platform and by securing member 41 and are fixed on platform.
The last end structure 39 of the sidewall 17 of each formwork element 9 comprises antelabium 43, and this antelabium 43 contacts with the end edge of the moulding slab 7 of pedestal on end construction 39, plate part 5, and this edge is generally sharp edges.Antelabium 43 is used for reducing injury at the construction process of concrete flat slab as breaking piece.And for security lip 43 has little fillet in the upper end, so there is not sharp edges in it.In addition, the function of antelabium 43 is as end cap, is used for the rib of moulding slab 7 of the pedestal of plate part 5, and it prevents that water-bearing concreae from passing through rib and flow out from beam.Specifically, rib has been determined the opening below moulding slab 7, and water-bearing concreae can outwards and downwards flow out from beam 3 by this opening.
Construction site can be made and be delivered to moulding slab 7 and formwork element 9 at an easy rate, and are suitable for fitting together on the ground on the spot, are promoted in the desired location of building polycrystalline substance by crane then.
One or more guard rail (not shown) can be positioned on the assembly, be used for having promoted back in place as safety measure at assembly subsequently, and conduct improve the device of the rigidity of assembly.
Can carry out many modification to the invention described above embodiment without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
For example, although the embodiment that introduces indicates moulding slab 7 and formwork element 9 to fit together on the ground at building position so that form template, be promoted in the desired location on the building polycrystalline substance by crane then, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and extend to such structure, wherein moulding slab 7 and formwork element 9 can be promoted on the building from ground respectively and fit together so that form template at building.
Further for example, although the template embodiment shown in the figure comprises moulding slab 7, this moulding slab 7 has three dishes 31 that separate by parallel open ribs 33 and side edge formations 35, and the present invention is not limited to the moulding slab of this structure.
Further for example, although 9 embodiment of the formwork element shown in the figure are that the small-sized steel of 0.75mm is made by thickness, the present invention is not limited thereto, and extend to the formwork element of being made by any suitable material of any suitable thicknesses, and be not limited to the small-sized steel of described 0.75mm thickness.

Claims (18)

1. elongated formwork element that is used for the concrete ground plated construction, this formwork element comprises diapire and the sidewall that extends from a lateral edges of diapire, therefore the cross section of this element is for roughly L shaped, formwork element is suitable in use the moulding slab interlocking with horizontal arrangement, so sidewall extends upward from the lateral edges of moulding slab.
2. formwork element according to claim 1, wherein, the sidewall of described formwork element comprises reinforcing member.
3. formwork element according to claim 2, wherein, described reinforcing member becomes the form of a plurality of ribs in the formwork element sidewall.
4. formwork element according to claim 3, wherein, described rib is to the length direction horizontal expansion of formwork element.
5. according to claim 3 or 4 described formwork elements, wherein, described rib extends a segment distance at least basically between the free end of diapire and sidewall.
6. according to each described formwork element in the claim 3 to 5, wherein, described rib becomes the form of the dark projection of 2mm at least, this projection make sidewall can with the layer of concrete compound action.
7. according to the described formwork element of aforementioned each claim, wherein, described diapire is configured as and the interlocking of moulding slab.
8. according to the described formwork element of aforementioned each claim, wherein, under the described situation that comprises at least one rib at the moulding slab, diapire comprises resupinate antelabium, this antelabium is adapted to extend in the rib of moulding slab, and the length of diapire is chosen in use formwork element and can locatees, so diapire is in a side of the plate basal surface location against the moulding slab, and antelabium extends in the rib of entering plate and the rib of fish plate.
9. according to the described formwork element of aforementioned each claim, wherein, the upper end of described sidewall comprises the end construction of determining platform, and one or more moulding slabs can be positioned on the platform and be fixed on the platform, preferably pass through securing member.
10. formwork element according to claim 8, wherein, described end construction comprises antelabium, this antelabium is suitable for contacting the edge that is generally sharp edges of the end of the moulding slab that is positioned on the end construction.
11. the assembly of a plurality of moulding slabs and the described formwork element of a plurality of each claims as described above, it forms a part of pedestal and the plate part of the beam of concrete floor.
12. assembly according to claim 10, wherein, the moulding slab interlocking of the pedestal of the formwork element of described formation beam forms sidepiece and formation beam forms.
13. according to claim 10 or 11 described assemblies, wherein, the support platform of supporting moulding slab is determined in the upper end of the formwork element of the sidepiece of described formation beam forms, the moulding slab forms the pedestal template of plate part.
14. according to each described assembly in the claim 10 to 12, comprising guard rail.
15. a concrete floor, it comprises one or more concrete beam and from as outward extending concrete flat slab part on the beam of the part on floor, this concrete floor further comprises:
(a) pedestal, it comprises into the template of a plurality of moulding slabs and a plurality of kit forms by each described formwork element in the claim 1 to 10; And
(b) layer concrete on pedestal.
16. concrete floor according to claim 14, wherein, described moulding slab overarches in advance along the length of plate.
17. concrete floor according to claim 14, wherein, described moulding slab overarches in advance along the length of plate, therefore when the cast water-bearing concreae so that during the formation concrete floor, the dish of plate forms smooth horizontal surface.
18. according to each described concrete floor in the claim 14 to 16, wherein, described concrete floor further comprises the reinforcement of imbedding in the concrete, for example steel mesh.
CN2006800491897A 2005-12-12 2006-12-11 Formwork Active CN101346521B (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2005906982A AU2005906982A0 (en) 2005-12-12 Formwork
AU2005906982 2005-12-12
PCT/AU2006/001916 WO2007068063A1 (en) 2005-12-12 2006-12-11 Formwork

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Publication Number Publication Date
CN101346521A true CN101346521A (en) 2009-01-14
CN101346521B CN101346521B (en) 2012-08-29

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CN (1) CN101346521B (en)
WO (1) WO2007068063A1 (en)

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WO2007068063A1 (en) 2007-06-21
US20090100776A1 (en) 2009-04-23

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