CN1013194B - 液体复合配方肥料的生产工艺 - Google Patents
液体复合配方肥料的生产工艺Info
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Abstract
一种适合于我国国情、采用作物叶面喷施、增加作物产量的液体复合配方肥料的生产工艺。该工艺是将不同比例的尿素和硝酸铵并加水进行加合反应，然后加入一定量的微量元素及腐植酸，将上述溶液再与磷酸二铵、硫酸钾或氯化钾及复合添加剂制成的过饱和溶液混合成悬浮液；经均质、乳化后制成专用高效液体复合肥。该工艺投资少，成本低，适合于工业化。
Description
本发明属于生产化肥技术领域，特别是一种采用叶面喷施的液体肥料。
目前，我国化肥工业发展较快，总产量占世界第三位，但距现代化农业生产需求，还有很大差距。（1）氮、磷、钾比例严重失调，如1984年我国化肥总产量按有效成份计为1482万吨，三肥比例为1∶0.21∶0.003，而世界发达国家则为1∶0.6∶0.5，发展中国家为1∶0.4∶0.25，而我国则严重缺磷钾肥。（2）由于我国氮肥中碳铵占60%，磷肥主要是普钙，所以我国化肥平均有效成份不足20%，仅为美国的一半。（3）许多地区缺磷、钾，偏施氮肥加大了作物发病率及污染，并造成氮肥的浪费。（4）复合肥产量仅占僵化肥总产量的千分之一，加上进口的也不过5%左右。（5）没有正规的二次加工厂，有些小化肥厂改建的颗粒复合肥厂，配比固定;有效成份低，一般不超过25%，工艺大多不合理，因此产品质量低。
国外常用的专用液体复合肥料有以下类型：（1）清液液体肥料;在液体中所有组分均为溶液状态，因此限于各种肥料的溶解度，故有效成份不能太高，同时对原料肥选择性限制比较严格，一般有效成份在20%左右。（2）悬浮液体肥料：是含有固体微粒成份的液体混合肥料，在悬浮液中加进一种胶状悬浮剂，使这些固体微粒成份悬在悬浮液中，悬浮剂可加强粘度，减慢悬浮物的沉淀速度。由于加了悬浮剂，可增加固体悬浮物，故有效成份较高，能达到30-40%。经专利文件检索：专利号为SU1174417公开了用
简单、节能的工艺从磷酸增加液体复合肥聚合物含量;专利号为SU1276660公开了用添加剂使包括尿素、氨水、硝酸盐加水制成的悬浮液液体肥料增加稳定性;专利号为SU-842083公开了用盐酸分解低品位磷矿石促使复合无机化肥转化为液体化肥;专利号为SU861345公开了聚磷酸铵溶解于氨水并加入杀虫剂的浓缩液体肥料;专利号为RO-77639公开了用二氧化碳中和加泥炭或褐煤的氨水配制复合有机无机肥料。上述已公开的专利均是针对某一具体单元肥料或是对已具有一定肥效的肥料而制成的液体复合肥料。
申请专利号为EP0190819 A2公开了悬浮肥料的生产工艺，其步骤1是制取氮、磷二种营养元素的混合物;步骤2是将氯化钾加入到步骤1所得混合物中制取含营养元素氮、磷、钾三种元素的混合物;步骤3是将悬浮剂与步骤2所得混合物混合制得悬浮液体肥料。从上述生产工艺可以看出，氮、磷、钾三种营养元素在配制过程中仅仅是单纯的混合，由于在常态下磷酸铵、氯化钾的溶解度较低，分别是57.5、34.7，因此在配制氮、磷、钾三种元素的液体肥料时，无法根据作物的需要而配制不同比例的液体复合肥料。
本发明的目的在于提供一种适合我国国情，采用作物叶面喷施，提高肥效，增加作物产量的液体复合配方肥料的生产工艺。该生产工艺特别适用于由于作物本身所需要的氮、磷、钾的含量而生产出该作物专用液体复合肥。
本发明的目的是这样实现的：该工艺过程是将尿素、硝酸铵按一定的配比，投入反应釜中加水、加热到40-60℃之间进行加
合反应，制成氮溶液。在氮溶液中再加入微量元素、腐植酸，将磷酸二铵、硫酸钾或氯化钾投入到另一反应釜中加水搅拌，再加入复合添加剂，制成含微粒的过饱和溶液，再将上述反应釜中的氮溶液打入该反应釜中制成悬浮液，将悬浮液半成品放入胶体磨接料斗内，用胶体磨，循环研磨2-3次，再经均质机使悬浮微粒达直径≤10微米，乳化制成符合配比要求的专用高效液体复合肥料。上述微量元素是指铁、锌、锰、铜、硼、钼;复合添加剂是指三聚磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠和钙基膨润土，其重量百分比为20∶20∶30∶30或25∶25∶25∶25。
反应机理：尿素、硝酸铵在反应釜中发生加合反应：
C0（NH2）2+NH4NO3＝C0（NH2）2·NH4NO3制成尿素、硝酸铵的无压含氮液，在含氮液中加入微量元素和腐植酸后，微量元素与尿素形成四元环络合物。
从而加大了微量元素的溶解度。除此之外，微量元素还能同腐植酸进行络合，生成络合物。
本发明所采用的液体复合配方肥料生产工艺具有如下优点：
1、因节省了原料肥予干燥及成品干燥，能源需用量少。
2、液体肥料在制造和运输过程中，没有粉尘和烟雾。
3、不存在吸湿性和结块等物理性能问题。
4、液体肥料在灌溉中直接使用，特别适用于叶面施肥喷灌和滴灌。
5、生产液体肥料比固体肥料对设备要求更简单，可省去原料
肥破碎、造粒、干燥工序，因此投资少，成本低。
6、本工艺的提出，将是促进我国化肥工业二次加工体系的建立及农作物后期追肥使用叶面喷液体复合配方肥的重大技术改革，将对我国提高化肥利用率，以及农作物大幅度增收起到重大作用。
图1为本发明的工艺流程示意图。
下面将通过实施例对本发明的生产工艺做进一步描述。
实施例1：
参考流程示意图，以生产1吨氮、磷、钾三肥配比为12∶6∶14的苹果专用肥为例。先将143kg尿素、91kg硝酸铵（其尿素与硝酸铵的氮量比为2∶1），投入到反应釜中加入一定量的水后加热，当反应釜温度在40-60℃时进行加合反应，制成氮溶液。在氮溶液中加入一定量的铁、锌、锰、铜、硼、钼等微量元素（加入2500克硫酸亚铁，900克七水硫酸锌，750克硫酸锰，500克五水硫酸铜，500克硼酸，10克钼酸铵），再加入制成总重量3%的腐植酸30千克，然后搅拌放置1小时左右，将130kg磷酸二铵、250kg氯化钾（磷∶钾比为1∶2.5）投入到另一反应釜中加入一定量的水常温下搅拌，再加入1000克占制成总重量0.1%的复合添加剂（其中：200克三聚磷酸钠、200克焦磷酸钠、300克六偏磷酸钠及300克钙基膨润土）制成含微粒的过饱和溶液。再将前一反应釜中的氨溶液打入到该反应釜中经搅拌制成（半成品）悬浮液。将半成品悬浮液放入胶体磨接料斗内，用胶体磨循环研磨3次，再经均质机使该悬浮液微粒直径≤10微米，从而制成苹果专用肥。在苹果树最需肥阶段，一般要追肥3-4次，第一次在萌芽前，第二次在落花后，第三次在果实膨大期，第四次主要对晚熟品种追肥，但各种树令施肥量不同，
如幼树一般氮、磷、钾之配比为1∶2∶1，而成令树则为1∶0.5∶1。根据科学施肥技术的发展，苹果在花芽分化期是氮肥最佳肥效期，可采用叶面喷施高氮液体复合肥3-4次，每隔7-10天一次，按稀释300-500倍喷施，可代替土壤追肥，能增产增收。
实施例2：
参考流程示意图，以生产1吨氮、磷、钾三肥配比为12∶7∶13的西瓜专用肥为例。先将134kg尿素、91kg硝酸铵（其尿素与硝酸铵的氮量比为2∶1），投入到反应釜中加入一定量的水后加热，当反应釜温度在40-60℃时进行加合反应，制成氮溶液。在氮溶液中加入一定量的铁、锌、锰、铜、硼、钼等微量元素（加入2500克硫酸亚铁，900克七水硫酸锌，750克硫酸锰，500克五水硫酸铜，500克硼酸，10克钼酸铵），再加入制成总重量3%的腐植酸30千克，然后搅拌放置1小时左右，将152kg磷酸二铵、371kg硫酸钾（磷∶钾比为1∶2.7）投入到另一反应釜中加入一定量的水常温下搅拌，再加入1200克占制成总重量0.12%的复合添加剂（其中：300克三聚磷酸钠、300克焦磷酸钠、300克六偏磷酸钠及300克钙基膨润土）制成含微粒的过饱和溶液，再将前一反应釜中的氨溶液打入到该反应釜中经搅拌制成（半成品）悬浮液。将半成品悬浮液放入胶体磨接料斗内，用胶体磨循环研磨3次，再经均质机使该悬浮液微粒直径≤10微米，从而制成西瓜专用肥。西瓜全生育期对氮、磷、钾的吸收量中以钾为最多，氮次之，磷最少，三肥配比为1∶0.3∶1.23。在发芽和幼苗期吸收量很小，随着植株的生长逐渐增大，果实生长期吸收量最多，三肥吸收量占总吸收量的70
-80%。定植前将有机肥与部分氮肥作基肥施入土壤中。西瓜苗期根分面积小，吸肥能力弱，叶面喷施可补不足。座果前后进行叶面喷施两天后即可吸收利用，不会引起徒长，又利于座果。中后期茎叶繁茂，喷施不易伤根，特别是后期根部老化，吸收能力弱，而叶表面积大，喷施效果明显，可以保持壮发、延长寿命，增进品质，在中后期每亩7-10天喷施一次，用液体复合配方肥苗期加水稀释500倍，后期加水稀释300倍进行叶面喷施。在喷施时要注意浓度及均匀度，要在晴天傍晚无风天喷施，特别是叶子背面气孔多要喷施到。为提高效果，喷叶背面要加“沾着剂”中性肥皂或洗衣粉，浓度为0.1-0.2%，或专用沾着剂。
Claims (3)
1、一种液体复合配方肥料的生产工艺，其特征在于：
(1)、将尿素与硝酸铵按氮量2∶1配比投入反应釜中，加水并加热到40-60℃进行加合反应，制成氮溶液，在该氮溶液中再加入以液体复合配方肥料总重量计为3%的腐植酸，以及微量元素；
(2)、将磷酸二铵与氯化钾或硫酸钾按磷∶钾为1∶2.5或1∶2.7配比投入到另一反应釜中，加水搅拌，再加入以液体复合配方肥料总重量计为0.1%或0.12%的由三聚磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠和钙基膨润土组成的复合添加剂，制成含微粒的过饱和溶液，再将上述氮溶液打入该反应釜中制成悬浮液；
(3)、将上述悬浮液放入胶体磨接料斗内，用胶体磨循环研磨2-3次，再经均质机使悬浮微粒达直径≤10微米，乳化制成氮、磷、钾三肥配比分别为12∶6∶14或12∶7∶13的专用高效液体复合配方肥料。
2、根据权利要求1所述的液体复合配方肥料的生产工艺，其特征在于：微量元素是铁、锌、锰、铜、硼、钼。
3、根据权利要求1所述的液体复合配方肥料的生产工艺，其特征在于三聚磷酸钠、焦磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠及钙基膨润土的重量百分比为20∶20∶30∶30或25∶25∶25∶25。
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| US8110017B2 (en) * | 2008-03-11 | 2012-02-07 | Lawrence Brooke Engineering, Llc. | Fertilizer suspension and method of preparation |
| CN102627509B (zh) * | 2012-04-28 | 2014-08-20 | 天津丰润园精细化工科技有限公司 | 一种鱼塘用缓释有机肥及其制备方法 |
| CN102718579A (zh) * | 2012-07-18 | 2012-10-10 | 寇建国 | 复合微生物液态滴灌肥及其制备方法 |
| CN103351215B (zh) * | 2013-06-07 | 2015-07-29 | 安徽金阳环保肥业有限公司 | 一种西瓜基肥专用肥及其制备方法 |
| CN104496645A (zh) * | 2014-11-30 | 2015-04-08 | 刘长华 | 一种西瓜膨果期专用肥料 |
| CN105399472A (zh) * | 2015-11-30 | 2016-03-16 | 鲁西化工集团股份有限公司 | 一种联产液体肥的方法及系统 |
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