CN101287420A - 用于接触式激光外科手术的复型纤维器械 - Google Patents

用于接触式激光外科手术的复型纤维器械 Download PDF

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CN101287420A
CN101287420A CNA2006800348263A CN200680034826A CN101287420A CN 101287420 A CN101287420 A CN 101287420A CN A2006800348263 A CNA2006800348263 A CN A2006800348263A CN 200680034826 A CN200680034826 A CN 200680034826A CN 101287420 A CN101287420 A CN 101287420A
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R·皮尼
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Abstract

外科手术器械包括手柄(1),与该手柄关联的是形成波导并且端接手术端的尖端(5),该尖端用于作用于组织,激光辐射从该尖端发射,并且该尖端从光纤装置(4)接收所述激光辐射。该尖端被实现为收集来自多个在耦合面与所述尖端可耦合的光纤的激光辐射,并且向着所述手术端传送所述激光辐射。

Description

用于接触式激光外科手术的复型纤维器械
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于激光外科手术的外科手术器械,该类型的器械包括与形成手术端的尖端端接的手柄,从该尖端发射来自光纤的激光能量,以便在生物组织上执行切割、磨蚀或其它操作。
背景技术
众所周知,当前,在外科手术中使用激光器作为器械来进行不同类型的生物组织的切割、凝结、汽化、切除或光裂解。特别重要的用途是将激光辐射用于切除或根除人体不同区域中的肿瘤。与传统的外科手术器械相比,非常频繁使用激光提供了实质上的优点,如与采用传统的解剖刀进行切割相比,可以以精确的方式实施切割,并且通过凝结和止血动作的发展,与通过“电解剖刀”(双极探针)实现的切割相比,可以更好地控制和定位。在这些应用中,除了CO2激光器,一个最经常利用的激光是钕:具有连续放射性的YAG(缩写Nd:YAG,波长1064nm),其在组织中具有良好的透射性和扩散性,并且穿透深度可以达到几毫米,这取决于组织的类型。为了将该激光动作定位在较低穿透深度,以更好地控制切割和凝结动作,Nd:YAG典型地以“接触”模式操作,即采用端接通常是锥形的蓝宝石尖端的光纤手柄,其使辐射的发射集中在所述尖端上,因此仅当尖端与要切割的组织接触时进行动作。
作为这种技术的外科手术用途的实例,可以引用神经外科中脑脊膜瘤(代表15%的脑瘤和25%的脊柱瘤的瘤)的外科手术激光切除,其中已经证实“接触”式的Nd:YAG激光能够实现瘤的全部外科手术切除,与传统的非激光技术相比,具有显著的优点。所使用的激光功率在这些手术中不同,典型地在10和100瓦之间连续。
最近,提出二极管激光器可能替换Nd:YAG外科手术激光器,其典型地在800-960nm光谱区发射,与连续Nd:YAG激光器类似,具有与有机组织相互作用的类型(就穿透深度和热进展的方面来讲),而从技术观点看,也具有无可非议的优点,如:要小得多的尺寸,更大的光电转换(wall-plug)效率(发射的激光功率与从网络吸收的电功率之间的比率),其因此涉及较少能量消耗,以及简化的冷却系统,增加的电磁兼容性,这是在手术室中使用的至关重要的方面。另一方面,由于更高的功率需要更加复杂和昂贵的技术以克服限制其使用寿命的发射接头过热的问题,因而具有上述光谱区发射的二极管激光器仅对10瓦的功率范围具有有限的成本。
在美国专利Nos.4538609,4627435,5352221和5662646中描述了用于激光外科手术器械的手柄的例子。
特别地,美国专利No.4627435描述了一种带有尖端的手柄,其具有锥形或圆柱形,并且成楔形斜面。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种用于激光外科手术的外科手术器械,其可以激光二极管源克服上述功率方面的限制。
通过权利要求1的特征获得这些和其它目的以及优点,对本领域的技术人员来说,通过下文,这些和其它目的以及优点对本领域的技术人员来说是显而易见的。从属权利要求指示进一步可能的有利和优选的特征。
根据不同的方面,本发明还涉及一种如权利要求12所述的外科手术器械。在从属权利要求中进一步指示根据本发明的器械的进一步特征。
本发明的改进实施方式的目的是提供一种装置,其允许将不同波长的不同激光辐射传送到要处理的组织,同时引起不同的外科手术和/或治疗效果。
为此,多个激光源将能量注入在根据本发明的器械中端接的单个光纤,将该多个激光源设计成以不同的波长发射。
因此,在使用根据本发明的复型纤维手柄时提供进一步的优点,其表现为:在对要处理的组织进行应用的同一位置,叠加不同波长的激光辐射,同时获得不同的治疗效果。例如,已知血色素在黄绿谱区域具有选择性的吸收,峰值在540和580nm周围(例如,参见S.Takamiand M.D.Graham,IEEE Trans.Biomed.Eng.,BME-26,656-664,1987)。因此,可以将附近红外线中的中功率激光的切割动作有利地组合在单个“接触式”手柄中,使用中低功率绿色激光的切割动作来选择性地进行切断的血管的止血。
实际上,根据本发明,通过截然不同的光纤收集不同激光装置的辐射,以便通过适当设计的耦合系统,将这些光纤连接到由适当材料如蓝宝石制成的尖端。特别地,适当设计这种尖端的尺寸和形状,以收集光纤的大部分激光辐射,并且将其传送到外科手术处理点。该尖端可以具有截锥形或其它形状。在截锥形的构造中,例如,该尖端可以设计成,将通过较大的基底(输入面)进入的相当大一部分(高达90%)的激光辐射朝向较小的基底(输出面)引导。从这里,将其通过较高的角度发散发射,以便在所述输出面附近选择性地定位外科手术动作,满足“接触式”模式的外科手术用途需要。有利地,该尖端是可以通过适当的连接器互换的。将光纤的最终部分、具有尖端的这些光纤的耦合系统以及所述尖端的连接器包含在适当设计的手柄中,即使在外科手术显微镜的情况下,该手柄也允许外科医生容易地进行手动操作。
附图说明
在下文中,根据参照附图仅通过非限制例提供的、对其实施方式的描述,本发明的用于外科手术的复型纤维接触式手柄的进一步特征和优点将变得更加显而易见,其中:
附图1表示根据本发明的装置的原理图;
附图2示意性地表示手柄可能的实施方式的全图;
附图3表示手柄的端部的可能实施方式的细节,其包括尖端、相对连接器和将光纤连接到尖端的系统;
附图4示意性地表示截锥形尖端的可能实施方式,其中追踪一些光束的光路,以便表示引导的聚焦效应;
附图5表示从前面附图4中表示的从尖端传送的功率的分布。
具体实施方式
参照附图1,其通过举例的方式表示具有三个光纤的手柄的实施方式,(1)指示复型纤维接触式手柄,(2)指示使用激光根除的脑脊膜瘤,(3)指示外科手术显微镜,(4)指示包含光纤的包壳,F1、F2和F3指示三个光纤,该光纤通过SMA标准型连接器连接到由L1、L2和L3指示的激光装置或激光源。例如,三个激光器可以分别由两个在810nm发射并且每个具有10瓦的最大功率的二极管激光器(如El.En.spa.Italy产生的Mod.SMARTY A-800激光器),以及一个在532nm连续发射并且具有5瓦的最大功率的二极管泵送和KDP双Nd:YAG激光器(例如由El.En.spa生产的SmartLite激光器)表示。
这种波长和激光功率的组合允许在外科手术上处理大多数脑脊膜瘤,并且同时实现通过热切除的激光切割动作和作用在血管上的选择性的止血动作。
参照附图2,其示意性地表示手柄的可能实施方式的全图,(5)指示尖端,通过附图4和5更好地描述其形状和操作特性,(6)指示尖端连接器,(7)指示手柄的臂,该臂例如由不锈钢管制成,(8)指示手柄的把手,该把手例如由塑料制成。可以观察到,这种类型的手柄的端部构造装配有长的、薄且轻微成角度的臂,在该臂的端部是尖端(5),在最小遮蔽视力场的情况下,这种构造允许在外科手术显微镜的控制下实际使用手柄。
附图3表示手柄端部的可能实施方式的细节,其中(5)指示尖端,(6)指示由具有部分通孔的帽组成的尖端连接器,在其无螺纹部分中约束尖端(5),其螺纹部分与套圈(9)的外螺纹啮合,尖端(5)相对于该套圈被夹紧,光纤的端部被容纳和约束在该套圈中,在该图的例子中,光纤的数量是三个,并且分别由F1、F2和F3表示在套圈横截面的投影中。
在尖端(5)需要由另一种不同形状替换或者需要被清洗,或者因为其在外科手术过程中受损的情况下,连接器(6)允许尖端(5)容易互换。
在附图4中表示尖端(5)的可能的实施方式:其由1.65mm直径、8mm长度的圆柱形段(5A),和截锥形段(5B)组成,该截锥形段(5B)表示用于“接触式”激光发射的终端,其长度为15mm,圆形输出面的直径为0.5mm。圆柱形段的1.65mm直径(光纤(F1;F2;F3)接合在该圆柱形段的端部处)能够在最小辐射损失的情况下,容易地与芯径为300微米或更小(包括光纤的所有包壳的总尺寸)的三个光纤耦合。
如本领域中众所周知的,具有光束追踪程序诸如Optis(Toulon,France)的程序Solstis,对尖端(5)的特定构造来说,该程序允许对用于引导聚焦的激光辐射的传播模式进行表征,并且能够获得由复型纤维的数量和类型确定的输出面上的较宽的角度发散,以便获得高效率。在附图4中表示了这种光束追踪的例子,在该附图中可以看到,为了简化附图,光束的数量被认为是四个,光束(R)通过尖端侧面的多次反射传播到输出面,并且从该输出面通过较宽的发散角度传送,如“接触式”外科手术用途所需的。
最后,就大量光束而言,可以通过上述相同的光束追踪程序计算由截锥形光导有效传输的辐射的百分比。例如,附图5表示参照附图4中指示的尖端的尺寸,尖端的输出面上的功率分布。特别地,附图5的右侧的图能够估计这种类型的尖端的传播损耗在10%之下。
然而,在不脱离如在附加的权利要求指定的本发明的保护范围的情况下,可以对形成本发明的目的的装置进行变形和/或修改。
应当理解,附图仅表示作为该发现的实际证明提供的例子,然而,在不脱离该发现所基于的概念的范围的情况下,其形式和排列可以改变。

Claims (14)

1.一种用于激光外科手术的外科手术器械,包括手柄,与所述手柄相关联的是形成波导并且与手术端端接的尖端,所述尖端设计成作用于组织,激光辐射从所述尖端发射,并且所述尖端从光纤装置接收所述激光辐射,其特征在于,所述尖端设计成收集来自多个在耦合面与所述尖端可耦合的光纤的激光辐射,并且朝向所述手术端传送所述激光辐射。
2.如权利要求1所述的器械,其特征在于,所述手术端具有锥形形状。
3.如权利要求2所述的器械,其特征在于,所述手术端具有截锥形状。
4.如前述权利要求中一个或多个所述的器械,其特征在于,所述尖端具有横截面基本上恒定的输入部分,位于用于与所述光纤耦合的所述面和所述手术端之间。
5.如前述权利要求中一个或多个所述的器械,其特征在于,所述尖端具有基本上圆柱形的输入部分。
6.如前述权利要求中一个或多个所述的器械,其特征在于,该器械包括连接器,所述尖端固定在所述连接器内部,所述连接器具有用于与终端耦合的设备,多个光纤的第一端插入该设备中,所述光纤的第二端接收相应的激光辐射源的激光辐射。
7.如权利要求6所述的器械,其特征在于,所述耦合装置是螺旋装置。
8.如权利要求7所述的器械,其特征在于,所述连接器包括至少部分带螺纹的通孔,所述尖端固定在所述通孔内,所述尖端从与位于所述连接器和所述终端之间的耦合侧相反的一侧从所述连接器突出。
9.如权利要求8所述的器械,其特征在于,所述终端构成所述光纤穿过的管状元件的最终部分,并且与所述手柄的把手成一体。
10.如前述权利要求中的一个或多个所述的器械,其特征在于,所述尖端由蓝宝石制成。
11.如前述权利要求中一个或多个所述的器械,其特征在于,所述尖端的所述手术端配置成发射非常发散的激光束,所述激光束通过将所述手术端接触在组织上而作用于所述组织。
12.一种外科手术装置,包括多个激光源和如前述权利要求中一项或多项所述的外科手术器械;与所述激光源相关联的多个光纤将所述激光源连接到所述器械的尖端。
13.如权利要求12所述的装置,其特征在于,所述激光源发射至少两个不同的波长,所述不同波长的发射被组合在所述器械的尖端。
14.如权利要求13所述的装置,其特征在于,第一波长被选择,以获得组织的切割效果,第二波长被选择,以获得由所述第一波长切断的血管的止血效果。
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