CN101280994A - 低温冷凝及蒸发系统 - Google Patents

低温冷凝及蒸发系统 Download PDF

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CN101280994A
CN101280994A CNA200810091741XA CN200810091741A CN101280994A CN 101280994 A CN101280994 A CN 101280994A CN A200810091741X A CNA200810091741X A CN A200810091741XA CN 200810091741 A CN200810091741 A CN 200810091741A CN 101280994 A CN101280994 A CN 101280994A
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V·斯里尼瓦桑
M·J·洛克特
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Praxair Technology Inc
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J5/00Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants
    • F25J5/002Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants for continuously recuperating cold, i.e. in a so-called recuperative heat exchanger
    • F25J5/005Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants for continuously recuperating cold, i.e. in a so-called recuperative heat exchanger in a reboiler-condenser, e.g. within a column
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J5/00Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants
    • F25J5/002Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants for continuously recuperating cold, i.e. in a so-called recuperative heat exchanger
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04406Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air using a dual pressure main column system
    • F25J3/04412Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air using a dual pressure main column system in a classical double column flowsheet, i.e. with thermal coupling by a main reboiler-condenser in the bottom of low pressure respectively top of high pressure column
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/04Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream for air
    • F25J3/04763Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used
    • F25J3/04769Operation, control and regulation of the process; Instrumentation within the process
    • F25J3/04854Safety aspects of operation
    • F25J3/0486Safety aspects of operation of vaporisers for oxygen enriched liquids, e.g. purging of liquids
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2235/00Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams
    • F25J2235/50Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams the fluid being oxygen
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2245/00Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams
    • F25J2245/50Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams the recycled stream being oxygen
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2250/00Details related to the use of reboiler-condensers
    • F25J2250/04Down-flowing type boiler-condenser, i.e. with evaporation of a falling liquid film
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25JLIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2290/00Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00
    • F25J2290/32Details on header or distribution passages of heat exchangers, e.g. of reboiler-condenser or plate heat exchangers
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10STECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10S62/902Apparatus
    • Y10S62/903Heat exchange structure

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Abstract

一种系统,特别适用于低温环境,对应着向下流动的部分蒸发的液体,实现向下流动的并流蒸气冷凝,其中冷凝的蒸气在内表面上带沟槽的管内流动,而汽化的液体沿着带凹槽的管的外表面流动。

Description

低温冷凝及蒸发系统
本申请为一项发明专利申请的分案申请,其母案的申请日为2002年5月20日、申请号为02120123.4、发明名称为“低温冷凝及蒸发系统”。
技术领域
本发明大体涉及通过间接换热进行的蒸气冷凝及液体蒸发,特别适合与低温空气分离系统一起使用。
背景技术
应用复合塔(double column)进行的低温空气分离系统的重要一点是对应于汽化的压力较低的塔底液体,压力较高的塔顶蒸气冷凝,向塔内提供回流液,并为压力较低的塔提供汽化量。这一换热过程通常是在管壳式换热器或钎焊铝换热器内进行的。由于塔底液体含氧,通常在换热器的管内对其进行处理,而在换热器的壳程处理压力较高的塔顶蒸气。
针对这一用途的换热器主要有两种类型。在热虹吸式结构中,液体氧在底部进入管内,在通过管子时被蒸发。在下流式结构中,液体氧在管内向下流动时被蒸发。虽然这两种结构均能确保换热器安全操作,而这一点是蒸发液体氧时着重考虑的,但这两种结构均有缺点。热虹吸式结构的缺点是由于汽化部分的入口处的液压头需要冷、热流体之间存在较大的温度差。下流式结构则需要特定的流量分布器,以在管子入口处有效分布液体,这大大增加了系统的成本及复杂性。
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种改进的冷凝及蒸发系统,在进行低温空气分离时,可以有效地利用该系统蒸发液体氧。
发明内容
在阅读了本说明书之后,对于本领域的技术人员来说,本发明所达到的上述及其它目的将变得很清楚,其中一方面是:
一种进行低温空气分离的方法,包括:
(A)在压力较高的塔内通过低温精馏分离进料空气,产生富氮蒸气和富氧流体,将来自压力较高的塔的富氧流体通入压力较低的塔,在压力较低的塔内通过低温精馏产生富氧液体;
(B)将富氮蒸气通入多根竖直延伸的管子中,所述的每根管子均具有带沟槽的内表面及带有多个凹槽的外表面;
(C)使富氮蒸气在管内向下通过,使富氧液体沿着管子的外表面向下通过,通过与部分蒸发的富氧液体间接换热,使富氮蒸气冷凝,产生富氧蒸气和剩余的富氧液体;
(D)对富氧蒸气及剩余的富氧液体中的至少一种的至少一部分进行回收,作为产物氧。
本发明的另一方面为:
一种用于蒸发和冷凝流体的方法,包括:
(A)提供一个带有多根竖直延伸的管子的冷凝器/汽化器,所述的每一根管子均有顶部入口和底部出口,内表面带有沟槽,外表面带有多个凹槽;
(B)将蒸气通入管子入口,并在管内向下通过,在管内冷凝蒸气,由管底出口采出所形成的冷凝液;
(C)使液体沿着管子的外表面向下通过,使向下流动的液体部分蒸发,产生蒸发了的液体和剩余的液体;
(D)收集剩余液体,并使剩余液体循环回到管子的外表面上,使其在上面向下流动。
本发明的另一方面是:
用于汽化和冷凝流体的装置,包括:
(A)多根纵向延伸的管子,所述的每根管子均具有入口和出口,并且具有带沟槽的内表面和带有多个凹槽的外表面;
(B)使蒸气通入管子入口的元件及由管子出口采出液体的元件;
(C)向管子外表面提供液体使之在上面向下流动的元件;
(D)由管子外表面收集液体、并使收集到的液体循环到管子外表面上的元件。
本说明书中所采用的术语“进料空气”指的是主要含有氧和氮的混合物,如环境空气。
本说明书中所采用的术语“带有沟槽的表面”指的是表面上带有纵向延伸的凸肋。在图4中给出了带沟槽的表面的一个例子。
本说明书中所采用的术语“塔”指的是蒸馏或精馏塔或区域,即接触塔或区域,其中液体和蒸气相逆流接触实现流体混合物的分离,例如使蒸气和液体相在一系列沿竖直方向间隔排列于塔内的塔盘或塔板和/或填料元件如规整或乱堆填料上接触。有关蒸馏塔的进一步讨论,可参见化学工程师手册(the Chemical Engineer’s Handbook),第五版,由R.H.Perry和C.H.Chilton编辑,McGraw-Hill图书公司,New York,第13卷,连续精馏过程。
所使用的术语“复合塔(double column)”指的是一个压力较高的塔,其上部与压力较低的塔的下部为换热关系。在Ruheman的“气体分离(The Separation of Gases)”Oxford大学出版社,1949,第VII章,工业空气分离中可以看到有关复合塔(double column)的进一步讨论。
蒸气和液体接触分离过程取决于组分的蒸气压差。高蒸气压(或易挥发或低沸点)组分会在蒸气相中浓缩,而低蒸气压(或难挥发或高沸点)组分会在液相中浓缩。蒸馏是一种分离过程,其中可以通过加热液体混合物,使易挥发组分在蒸气相中浓缩,而使难挥发组分在液相中浓缩。部分冷凝是一种分离过程,其中可以通过冷却蒸气混合物,使挥发性组分在蒸气相中浓缩,而使难挥发组分在液相中浓缩。精馏或连续蒸馏是一种分离过程,该分离过程通过逆流处理蒸气和液相,使连续的部分蒸发和冷凝组合在一起。蒸气和液相的逆流接触可以是绝热的或非绝热的,可以包括积分的(阶段性的)或微分的(连续的)相间接触。利用精馏原理分离混合物的分离过程设备通常可互换地称为精馏塔、蒸馏塔或分馏塔。低温精馏为一种精馏过程,该过程至少部分在150K或低于150K的温度下进行。
本说明书中所采用的术语“间接换热”指的是两种流体在相互间没有任何物理接触或混合的情况下进行换热。
附图说明
图1为本发明系统的一种优选实施方案的剖视图,在复合塔(double column)低温空气分离系统的压力较低的塔内操作。
图2和3给出了凹槽的两种例子,这些凹槽可以用作实施本发明的管子的强化了的汽化外表面的部件。
图4的透视图给出了可以用于实施本发明的管子的内表面上的沟槽的一个例子。
图5为可用于实施本发明的管子的一种实施方案的剖面视图,显示了带有沟槽的内表面及强化了的汽化外表面。
图6为可用于实施本发明的液体分布器的优选实施方案的剖面图。
图中的数字对于共有的元件来说是相同的。
具体实施方式
本发明特别适合用作复合塔(double column)低温空气分离装置的主冷凝器/再沸器,并且将针对这一用途详细描述本发明。
将进料空气加入到复合塔(double column)低温空气分离装置的压力较高的塔(附图中未画出)中,其中进料空气经低温精馏分离成富氮蒸气和富氧液体,富氮蒸气的氮浓度通常为至少99.9摩尔百分数,而富氧液体的氧浓度通常在30-40摩尔百分数的范围内。作为液体和/或蒸气,将富氧流体由压力较高的塔通入到压力较低的塔中,而压力较低的塔在比压力较高的塔低的压力下操作。通入压力较低的塔的流体经低温精馏分离,产生富氮蒸气和富氧液体。
下面参照图1,来自压力较高的塔的富氮蒸气20由入口管道21进入冷凝器/汽化器22的入口室3,冷凝器/汽化器22设在压力较低的塔8下部低于分离内构件如塔盘或填料的位置。冷凝器/汽化器22有多个纵向延伸的管子1,这些管子通常焊接到顶部管板2和底部管板23上,并且另外由挡板6支撑。当处于操作状态时,如图1所示,纵向延伸的管子沿竖直方向延伸。这些管子可以具有任何有效的截面构造,尽管通常优选的管子为环形截面。
每根管子均具有内表面和外表面。每根管子的内表面均带有沟槽,即具有多个沿管子长度方向,优选沿整个管长延伸的沟槽,以强化冷凝热的传递。图4给出了管子的沟槽及带有沟槽的内表面的一个例子,其中显示了沟槽40。富氮蒸气由入口室3流入管子入口,这些管子优选处于同一平面上,当管子竖直延伸时,该平面为同一水平面或同一高度。富氮蒸气在管子内部向下流动,在穿过管长之后被冷凝,优选被全部冷凝。所形成的冷凝液即富氮液体由管子的底部出口采出,进入出口室4。在管子顶部为入口的情况下,优选使管子出口处于同一平面上。富氮液体24经管子25流出冷凝器/汽化器22,进入压力较高的塔的上部,同时作为回流液体进入压力较低的塔8的上部,进行低温精馏。如果需要的话,可以将部分富氮液体作为产物氮回收。
每根管子的外表面具有强化了的汽化表面,该表面的特征在于具有多个凹槽或凹坑。图2和图3给出了这种凹槽41的两个例子的剖面图。带有凹槽的强化了的汽化表面通过在凹槽内截留蒸气来操作,以便在低管壁过热的情况下引起汽化,管壁过热定义为管壁表面和所要蒸发的流体的饱和温度之间温度差。图5给出了可用于实施本发明的管子的一种实施方案的剖面图,其中显示了管壁26,带沟槽的内表面27,以及强化了的汽化外表面28。
下面仍然参照图1,将氧浓度通常至少为99摩尔百分数的富氧液体28由塔8的分离段经入口喷嘴5通入到流量分布器7中。使用流量分布器7保证富氧液体在不同管子间以及每根管子的周边均匀分布。富氧液体沿着管子外表面向下流动,与前述向下流动的冷凝富氮蒸气并流间接换热。随着富氧液体沿着管子强化了的汽化外表面流下,部分向下流动的富氧液体汽化或蒸发,如图1中的箭头V所示,而剩余液体,如图1中的箭头L所示,被收集在塔8的贮槽内,如液体槽29所示。
由管子外表面汽化的富氧蒸气作为低温精馏的上流蒸气向上通过塔8。如果需要的话,可以将部分富氧蒸气作为气态氧产物回收,如管线30所示。如果需要的话,可以将部分剩余的富氧液体29作为液体氧产物回收,如管线31所示。图1所示的本发明的实施方案为优选实施方案,其中部分剩余的富氧液体29循环回到管子中,以确保管子的外表面保持湿润,从而避免汽化到干燥状态,而这种干燥状态是无效的,并且当液体中含有液态氧时,也是危险的。对于循环流,富氧液体29经管线32由塔8采出,由液体循环泵9泵送达到更高的压力,形成加压物流33。如果需要的话,可以将物流33的一部分34作为压力较高的液体氧产物回收。然后物流33通过阀35,进入流量分布器7,如前文所述进行处理。如果需要的话,可以在低于流量分布器7的位置使用一个或多个中间流量分布器,用于接收部分循环的富氧液体,将其分布到管子上向下流动。
通常在实施本发明时,管子的内径范围为16-25mm。尽管在实施本发明时,可以围绕管束使用壳,如传统的管壳式换热器,但本发明的一个重要优点在于取消了管束对壳的需要。即可以将裸管束设置在塔内,其中富氧液体在管子外表面上汽化,蒸气直接逸出,在塔内上升。这样也取消了对膨胀波纹管(bellows)的需要,膨胀波纹管很贵,并且需要承受在管束和壳之间的不均匀膨胀。如果需要的话,可以将富氮蒸气由压力较低的塔的上部作为气态氮产物回收。
图6更为详细地描述了用于实施本发明的流量分布器的一个优选实施方案。下面参照图6,优选的流量分布器37具有围绕管子1的容纳富氧液体28的槽11。分布器孔设有向上延伸的唇12,该唇状结构围绕管子形成短的套管。传统的流量分布器没有这种唇状结构,而是在流量分布器的槽和管子外表面之间有简单的间隙。在这一优选实施方案中,富氧液体流过唇12和管子1之间的间隙13。图6给出的设计方案的主要优点是它能使脏物或固体杂质14集中在分布挡板上,而不会堵塞间隙13。
尽管已经参照一些优选实施方案详细描述了本发明,但本领域的技术人员会意识到在权利要求书的精神实质及范围内,本发明还有其它实施方案。例如,本发明可以用于涉及在管外部汽化和管内部冷凝的任何应用中。也可以将本发明用于其它低温流体如氩或其它常用流体如烃。

Claims (10)

1.一种进行低温空气分离的方法,包括:
(A)在压力较高的塔内通过低温精馏分离进料空气,产生富氮蒸气和富氧流体,将来自压力较高的塔的富氧流体通入压力较低的塔,在压力较低的塔内通过低温精馏产生富氧液体;
(B)将富氮蒸气通入多根竖直延伸的管子中,所述的每根管子均具有带沟槽的内表面及带有多个凹槽的外表面;
(C)使富氮蒸气在管内向下通过,使富氧液体沿着管子的外表面向下通过,通过与部分蒸发的富氧液体间接换热,使富氮蒸气冷凝,产生富氧蒸气和剩余的富氧液体;
(D)对富氧蒸气及剩余的富氧液体中的至少一种的至少一部分进行回收,作为产物氧。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中至少部分剩余的富氧液体被循环,以增加沿着管子外表面向下的流量。
3.一种用于汽化和冷凝流体的方法,包括:
(A)提供带有多根竖直延伸的管子的冷凝器/汽化器,所述的每一根管子均有顶部入口和底部出口,内表面带有沟槽,外表面带有多个凹槽;
(B)将蒸气通入管子入口,并在管内向下通过,在管内冷凝蒸气,由管底出口采出所形成的冷凝液;
(C)使液体沿着管子的外表面向下通过,使向下流动的液体部分蒸发,产生蒸发了的液体和剩余的液体;
(D)收集剩余液体,并使剩余液体循环回到管子的外表面上,使其在上面向下流动。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中通入管子的蒸气和沿着管子外表面通过的液体中至少一种包括氮。
5.权利要求3的方法,其中通入管子的蒸气和沿着管子外表面通过的液体中至少一种包括氧。
6.用于汽化和冷凝流体的装置,包括:
(A)多根纵向延伸的管子,所述的每根管子均具有入口和出口,并且具有带沟槽的内表面和带有多个凹槽的外表面;
(B)使蒸气通入管子入口的元件及由管子出口采出液体的元件;
(C)向管子外表面提供液体使之在上面向下流动的元件;
(D)由管子外表面收集液体、并使收集到的液体循环到管子外表面上的元件。
7.权利要求6的装置,其中向管子外表面提供液体的元件包括至少一个流量分布器,该流量分布器有槽,管子由槽通过,并且在槽和每根管子的外表面之间有间隙。
8.权利要求7的装置,还包括靠近每根管子由流量分布器的槽延伸的唇。
9.权利要求6的装置,其中用于向管子外表面循环收集到的液体的元件包括液体泵。
10.权利要求6的装置,其中管子的入口处于同一平面上。
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