CN101240949A - Cascade energy usable variable capacity family energy resource system - Google Patents
Cascade energy usable variable capacity family energy resource system Download PDFInfo
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- CN101240949A CN101240949A CNA2008100345603A CN200810034560A CN101240949A CN 101240949 A CN101240949 A CN 101240949A CN A2008100345603 A CNA2008100345603 A CN A2008100345603A CN 200810034560 A CN200810034560 A CN 200810034560A CN 101240949 A CN101240949 A CN 101240949A
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B29/00—Combined heating and refrigeration systems, e.g. operating alternately or simultaneously
- F25B29/003—Combined heating and refrigeration systems, e.g. operating alternately or simultaneously of the compression type system
Abstract
The present invention provides an adjustable volume family energy system utilized by step energy, the invention includes a compressor, a hot water heat exchanger, a four-way reversing valve, an outdoor wind cooling pipe coil, a first check valve, a second check valve, a first electronic expansion valve, a second electronic expansion valve, an air conditioning hot and cold heat exchanger, a gas-liquid separator, a water side electric three-way control way, a first solenoid valve, a second solenoid valve, a first water pump, a second water pump. These parts form a refrigerant loop, a domestic hot-cold water loop, realize refrigerating and hot water supplying, single refrigerating, single hot water supplying, single warm supplying, warm supplying and hot water supplying five modes. The control part of the refrigerant loop only has four-way reversing valve and electronic expansion valve in traditional air conditioning system, does not exist refrigerant potential safety hazard. The function of each system is mainly realized by switch and adjustment of the water side two solenoid valves and electric three-way control way, has a simple control, credible security.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of system of heat enginnering technical field, specifically is a kind of home energy source system of variable capacity of step energy utilization.
Background technology
Along with science and technology development, the progress of society, human in the process of the knowledge of natural environment, nature remodeling, just little by little begin to pay attention to strengthening the consciousness of conservation of nature, and be committed to practical action.And simultaneously, environmental protection is had higher requirement to science and technology again.In recent years, the depletion of the ozone layer that is on the rise, global warming make field of air conditioning constantly progressive to Refrigeration Techniques efficient, energy-saving and environmental protection.
In present family life, pot-type boiler and heat pump air conditioner are indispensable requisites.According to statistics, the accumulative total production of the various water heaters of China has surpassed air-conditioner, and in various water heaters, gas heater, electric heater and solar water heater are occupied an leading position.Wherein, gas heater use high-grade fuel produce 60 the degree about hot water, cause certain energy waste, and there is a serious potential safety hazard, report is arranged when using the poisoning that causes because of gas heater every year, and the combustion gas price constantly rises, and the competitiveness of gas heater reduces greatly; Electric heater safety, convenience, its market share grows with each passing day, yet in daily family uses, domestic, electric water heater directly is converted into heat energy with the high-grade electric energy, and service time is long, does not have the difference in season, power consumption is bigger, causes very big energy waste, and has the hidden danger of electric shock; Conventional solar water heater is overcast and rainy, particularly the plum rain season of the middle and lower reach of Yangtze River can not use, can only remedy the deficiency of solar energy by electrical heating, the wasting phenomenon that also has the energy, and problems such as solar water heater ubiquity initial cost is too high, water resource waste is serious, corrosion of piping and influence building are attractive in appearance.And simultaneously, because air-conditioner is a seasonal product, time used is shorter, and by idle, so its utilization rate is lower, these handling characteristics of air-conditioner and water heater make that the power consumption situation of whole family is more serious for a long time.
At present, air-conditioning and water heater are combined, make it to have cooling, heat supply and the function of hot water is provided, become and solve existing family power consumption serious problems, reduce an important aspect of tropical island effect.Such as setting up water tank in air-conditioner outdoor unit one side, this hot water heat exchanger is positioned at after the four-way change-over valve, the use of connecting with air conditioning chamber's exogenous wind cooling coil, use by a plurality of magnetic valves and expander in the refrigerant loop, finish the function of system's cooling, heat supply and hot water supply, but on the refrigerant line of system, increase a plurality of solenoid electric valves.
Find through literature search prior art, Chinese patent publication number CN101033866A, this patented invention heat pump combined with water heater system, adopt 2 air sources or water source heat exchanger, 3 water cooling heat exchangers by the connection in series-parallel between heat exchanger combination, are communicated with position and open and-shut mode in conjunction with the electric T-shaped valve of a plurality of refrigerant lines, magnetic valve etc., realize the system pipeline of different operating modes in summer in winter, realize heating in summer in winter, cooling and supply domestic hot-water's purpose.But weak point is to increase a plurality of solenoid electric valves on the refrigerant line of system, reliability is difficult to guarantee, and the system architecture complexity, control difficulty, economy and practicality shortcoming.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is at the deficiencies in the prior art, a kind of home energy source system of variable capacity of step energy utilization is provided, it is solved have in the cold and hot energy supply of present family that the hot water efficiency of supply is low, potential safety hazard is many, there are a large amount of condensation waste heats summer in air-conditioning, form urban heat land effect, and transition season long problem standby time.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions, the present invention includes compressor, hot water heat exchanger, four-way change-over valve, outdoor air-cooled coil pipe, first check valve, second check valve, first electric expansion valve, second electric expansion valve, air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger, gas-liquid separator, water side electric three passes control valve, first magnetic valve, second magnetic valve, first water pump, second water pump.These parts constitute refrigerant loop, domestic hot-water and chilled water circuit, specify as follows.
The connected mode of each parts of refrigerant loop: the outlet of compressor is connected with the refrigerant inlet of hot water heat exchanger, the hot water heat exchanger refrigerant outlet is connected with first link of four-way change-over valve, second link of four-way change-over valve is connected with the inlet of outdoor air-cooled coil pipe, the outlet of cold wind coil pipe is divided into two-way, one the tunnel is connected with first check valve inlet, and the outlet of first check valve is connected with the inlet of first electric expansion valve; Another road is connected with the inlet of second electric expansion valve, the outlet of second electric expansion valve is connected with the inlet of second check valve, the outlet of the outlet of first electric expansion valve of first pipeline and second check valve of second pipeline merges, be connected with the refrigerant inlet of air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger, the refrigerant outlet of air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger is connected with the 3rd link of four-way change-over valve, four-way change-over valve the 4th link is connected with the inlet of gas-liquid separator, and the outlet of gas-liquid separator is connected with the inlet of compressor.
The connected mode in domestic hot-water loop:
Domestic hot-water's import is connected with the inlet of first water pump, the outlet of first water pump is connected with the inlet of electric three passes control valve, be divided into two-way then, the outlet of electric three passes control valve of leading up to is connected with the water side entrance of hot water heat exchanger, another road merges by the water side outlet of another outlet of water side electric three passes control valve with the hot water heat exchanger of the first via, be connected with the inlet of first magnetic valve, the outlet of first magnetic valve is connected with domestic hot-water's outlet.
The connected mode of chilled water circuit:
The import of chilled water is connected with the inlet of second water pump, the outlet of second water pump is connected with the water side entrance of air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger, the water side outlet of air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger is connected with the inlet of second magnetic valve, and the outlet of second magnetic valve is connected with the outlet of chilled water.
The present invention adopts digital scroll compressor to implement in the scope of 10%-100% continuously and step-less adjustment, no electromagnetic interference problem, and have good oil return characteristic, Installation Flexibility is bigger.Be provided with gas-liquid separator in suction side and produce Wet Compression to prevent compressor.Hot water heat exchanger adopts sleeve type structure, efficiently with the cold-producing medium heat-shift, and heat exchanger is placed on before the four-way change-over valve, can guarantee no matter unit heats in the winter time, summer refrigeration still is the supply that transition season can be realized hot water, and do not influence the air conditioning function of unit, and this heat exchanger can absorb the sensible heat of high-temperature high-pressure refrigerant gas, obtains the higher hot water of temperature.
Outdoor air-cooled coil pipe of the present invention is made up of evaporation coil and supporting blower fan thereof, evaporation coil is the fin tube type structure, supporting blower fan adopts many speed shaft flow fan, can regulate the rotating speed of blower fan, thereby the heat exchange amount of conditioning chamber external heat exchanger, improve unit in the winter time with summer because the different big problems of heat exchange amount difference that cause of environment temperature, reduce the pressure ratio of compressor to a certain extent, improve the security and stability of system.Outdoor air-cooled coil pipe is done evaporimeter and condenser respectively with summer in the winter time, absorbs heat or cold from environment, by the air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger, heat or cold is passed to chilled water then, thereby realizes the demand of the air conditioning of family.
Control assembly of the present invention is by adopting electric expansion valve, four-way change-over valve, the common use and the adjusting of water side magnetic valve, can be according to user's needs, realize the double hot water supply of refrigeration, separate refrigeration, independent heat supply water, heating separately, five kinds of patterns of the double hot water supply of heating, and pass through digital scroll compressor, the use of parts such as many speed shaft flow fan and water side electric three passes control valve is regulated with coupling, the load proportion of supply of reasonable distribution hot water and air-conditioning supply, and be accustomed to rationally selecting for use with hot water by the reasonable analysis typical household, take into account the ratio of the sensible heat in the condensation of refrigerant process and latent heat in the system simultaneously, make condense thermal energy reasonable, cascade utilization efficiently, reach the reduction condensation temperature, improve energy utilization rate, the purpose that enhances system security, and the safe and reliable operation of the system of assurance, and can be according to environmental factor, definite Intelligent Control Strategy that adapts with it such as time-of-use tariffs factor.Control assembly only has four-way change-over valve and the electric expansion valve in the traditional air-conditioning system in the refrigerant loop of the present invention, does not have the cold-producing medium potential safety hazard.The realization of the every function of system mainly realizes having simple, the safe and reliable advantage of control by the switch of two magnetic valves of water side and electric three passes control valve with adjusting.
Compared with prior art, the present invention can combine heat pump air conditioner and water heater, utilize summer condensation waste heat to heat the domestic hot-water, improve efficiency of energy utilization, and can reduce the heat exhaust of summer air-conditioning, improve greatly because the urban heat land effect that air conditioner condensation heat brings is improved the integrated environment in city; Convert the Teat pump boiler operation transition season to, can increase the service time of heat pump greatly, improve efficiency of energy utilization, reach the purpose of energy savings; Winter, supply air conditioning hot and health hot water simultaneously, can realize the cascade utilization of energy, and adjustable ratio.This invention can be according to user's needs, realize refrigeration hold concurrently hot water supply, separate refrigeration, heat supply water, heating separately, heating five kinds of patterns of hot water supply of holding concurrently separately, and the safe and reliable operation of the system of assurance, and can regulate the load proportion of hot water supply and air-conditioning supply, satisfy the individual demand of family, and can be according to definite Intelligent Control Strategy that adapts with it such as environmental factor, time-of-use tariffs factor.This invention only needs external health hot water water pipe and chilled water water pipe; just can satisfy the air-conditioning of one family, the demand of all energy of hot water; the real a tractor serves several purposes of realizing has advantages such as reliable and stable, energy-efficient, Based Intelligent Control, installation are simple, protection environment.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a structural representation of the present invention.
Among Fig. 1,1 digital scroll compressor, 2 hot water heat exchangers, 3 four-way change-over valves, 4 outdoor air-cooled coil pipes, the flow fan of speed shaft more than 5,6 first check valves, 7 second check valves, 8 first electric expansion valves, 9 second electric expansion valves, 10 air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchangers, 11 gas-liquid separators, 12 water side electric three passes control valves, 13 first magnetic valves, 14 second magnetic valves, 15 first water pumps, 16 second water pumps, 17 domestic hot-waters inlet, 18 domestic hot-waters outlet, 19 chilled water inlets, 20 chilled water outlets.
The specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing embodiments of the invention are elaborated: present embodiment is being to implement under the prerequisite with the technical solution of the present invention, provided detailed embodiment and concrete operating process, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to following embodiment.
As shown in Figure 1, present embodiment comprises compressor 1, hot water heat exchanger 2, four-way change-over valve 3, outdoor air-cooled coil pipe 4, the first check valves 6, the second check valves 7, the first electric expansion valves 8, second electric expansion valve 9, air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger 10, gas-liquid separator 11, water side electric three passes control valve 12, the first magnetic valves 13, the second magnetic valves 14, first water pump, 15, the second water pumps 16, the domestic hot-water enters the mouth 17, the domestic hot-water exports 18, chilled water inlet 19, chilled water outlet 20.
The connected mode of each parts of refrigerant loop is as follows: the outlet of compressor 1 is connected with the refrigerant inlet of hot water heat exchanger 2, the refrigerant outlet of hot water heat exchanger 2 is connected with the first link 3a of four-way change-over valve 3, the second link 3b of four-way change-over valve 3 is connected with the inlet of outdoor air-cooled coil pipe 4, the outlet of cold wind coil pipe 4 is divided into two-way, one the tunnel is connected with first check valve 6 inlet, and the outlet of first check valve 6 is connected with the inlet of first electric expansion valve 8; Another road is connected with the inlet of second electric expansion valve 9, the outlet of second electric expansion valve 9 is connected with the inlet of second check valve 7, the outlet of second check valve 7 of the outlet of first electric expansion valve 8 of first pipeline and second pipeline merges, be connected with the refrigerant inlet of air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger 10, the refrigerant outlet of air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger 10 is connected with the 3rd link 3c of four-way change-over valve 3, four-way change-over valve the 4th link 3d is connected with the inlet of gas-liquid separator 11, and the outlet of gas-liquid separator 11 is connected with the inlet of compressor 1.
The connected mode in domestic hot-water loop is as follows:
Domestic hot-water's import 17 is connected with the inlet of first water pump 15, the outlet of first water pump 15 is connected with the inlet of water side electric three passes control valve 12, be divided into two-way then, the outlet of water side electric three passes control valve 12 of leading up to is connected with the water side entrance of hot water heat exchanger 2, another road merges by the water side outlet of water side electric three passes control valve 12 another outlets with the hot water heat exchanger 2 of the first via, be connected with the inlet of first magnetic valve 13, the outlet of first magnetic valve 13 exports 18 with the domestic hot-water and is connected.
The connected mode of chilled water circuit is as follows:
The import 19 of chilled water is connected with the inlet of second water pump 16, the outlet of second water pump 16 is connected with the water side entrance of air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger 10, the water side outlet of air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger 10 is connected with the inlet of second magnetic valve 14, and the outlet of second magnetic valve 14 is connected with the outlet of chilled water 20.
Described compressor 1 is that digital scroll compressor is implemented in the scope of 10%-100% continuously and step-less adjustment.
Described hot water heat exchanger 2 is a sleeve type structure, and hot water heat exchanger 2 is placed on before the four-way change-over valve 3.
Described outdoor air-cooled coil pipe 4 is made up of evaporation coil and supporting blower fan thereof, and evaporation coil is the fin tube type structure, and supporting blower fan adopts many speed shaft flow fan 5.
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing three kinds of mode of operations are described further:
1) the double hot water supplying mode of refrigeration
The closed circuit of cold-producing medium be the HTHP got rid of from digital scroll compressor 1 refrigerant vapour by hot water heat exchanger 2 with sensible heat and partly (or whole) latent heat pass to the domestic hot-water, behind four-way change-over valve 3 (3a communicates with 3b), by outdoor air-cooled coil pipe 4 unnecessary heat is discharged in the environment, be condensed into the liquid of HTHP, this liquid is by the gas-liquid mixture of electric expansion valve 8 throttlings becoming low-temp low-pressure, again by air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger 10, from chilled water, absorb heat and become superheated steam, chilled water provides cold to the room, superheated steam sucks compressor 1 and finishes a circulation by gas-liquid separator 11.
In this pattern, the aperture of regulating water side electric three passes control valve 12 reaches the yield of regulating condensation heat as required to change hot water flow.In addition, the cold and hot energy export ratio that the employing of digital scroll compressor 1, electric expansion valve 9 and many speed shaft flow fan 5 also can regulating system satisfies the individual sexual demand of family.
2) independent heat supply aqueous mode
The closed circuit of cold-producing medium be the HTHP of discharging from digital scroll compressor 1 refrigerant vapour by hot water heat exchanger 2 with sensible heat and all latent heat pass to the domestic hot-water, be condensed into the liquid of HTHP, through four-way change-over valve 3 (3a communicates with 3c), (the air conditioning water water pump is not opened to arrive air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger 10, substantially there is not heat exchange), this liquid is by the gas-liquid mixture of electric expansion valve 9 throttlings becoming low-temp low-pressure, from environment, absorb heat by outdoor air-cooled coil pipe 4 again and become superheated steam, by gas-liquid separator 11, suck compressor 1 and finish a circulation at last.
In this pattern, the aperture that can pass through to regulate water side electric three passes control valve 12 realizes regulating as required the target of hot water temperature and hot water total amount to change hot water flow.In addition, the employing of digital scroll compressor 1, electric expansion valve 9 and many speed shaft flow fan 5 also can be regulated the heat that absorbs from environment, satisfies the hot water heat output of system, realizes the demand of varying environment temperature, guarantees the unit safety reliability service.
3) the double hot water supplying mode of heating
The closed circuit of cold-producing medium is that the refrigerant vapour of the HTHP got rid of from digital scroll compressor 1 passes to the domestic hot-water by hot water heat exchanger 2 with sensible heat and part latent heat, behind four-way change-over valve 3 (3a communicates with 3c), heat is delivered in " chilled water " by air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger 10, " chilled water " provides heat to the room, steam is condensed into the liquid of HTHP, this liquid is by the gas-liquid mixture of electric expansion valve 9 throttlings becoming low-temp low-pressure, again by outdoor air-cooled coil pipe 4, from environment, absorb heat and become superheated steam, by gas-liquid separator 11, suck compressor 1 and finish a circulation at last.
In this pattern, the break-make by magnetic valve and the aperture of regulating water side electric three passes control valve 12 realize hot water load and air conditioning and heating reasonable distribution to change hot water flow, regulate ratio as required.In addition, the employing of digital scroll compressor 1, electric expansion valve 9 and many speed shaft flow fan 5 also can be regulated the heat that absorbs from environment, satisfy the health hot water heat and the output of air-conditioning heat of system, realize the individual demand of family, guarantee the unit safety reliability service.
By the combination of five kinds of mode of operations, this invention can be satisfied family's all demands for cold and hot energy, really accomplishes a tractor serves several purposes, and is reliable, Based Intelligent Control.
Claims (4)
1, a kind of home energy source system of variable capacity of step energy utilization, comprise compressor, hot water heat exchanger, four-way change-over valve, outdoor air-cooled coil pipe, first check valve, second check valve, first electric expansion valve, second electric expansion valve, air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger, gas-liquid separator, water side electric three passes control valve, first magnetic valve, second magnetic valve, first water pump, second water pump, it is characterized in that:
The outlet of compressor is connected with the refrigerant inlet of hot water heat exchanger, the hot water heat exchanger refrigerant outlet is connected with first link of four-way change-over valve, second link of four-way change-over valve is connected with the inlet of outdoor air-cooled coil pipe, the outlet of cold wind coil pipe is divided into two-way, one the tunnel is connected with first check valve inlet, and the outlet of first check valve is connected with the inlet of first electric expansion valve; Another road is connected with the inlet of second electric expansion valve, the outlet of second electric expansion valve is connected with the inlet of second check valve, the outlet of the outlet of first electric expansion valve of first pipeline and second check valve of second pipeline merges, be connected with the refrigerant inlet of air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger, the refrigerant outlet of air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger is connected with the 3rd link of four-way change-over valve, four-way change-over valve the 4th link is connected with the inlet of gas-liquid separator, the outlet of gas-liquid separator is connected with the inlet of compressor, and this part constitutes refrigerant loop;
Domestic hot-water's import is connected with the inlet of first water pump, the outlet of first water pump is connected with the inlet of water side electric three passes control valve, be divided into two-way then, the outlet of water side electric three passes control valve of leading up to is connected with the water side entrance of hot water heat exchanger, another road merges by the water side outlet of another outlet of water side electric three passes control valve with the hot water heat exchanger of the first via, be connected with the inlet of first magnetic valve, the outlet of first magnetic valve is connected with domestic hot-water's outlet, and this part constitutes the domestic hot-water loop;
The import of chilled water is connected with the inlet of second water pump, the outlet of second water pump is connected with the water side entrance of air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger, the water side outlet of air conditioner cold-heat water-to-water heat exchanger is connected with the inlet of second magnetic valve, the outlet of second magnetic valve is connected with the outlet of chilled water, and this part constitutes chilled water circuit.
2, the home energy source system of the variable capacity of step energy utilization according to claim 1 is characterized in that, described compressor is that digital scroll compressor is implemented in the scope of 10%-100% continuously and step-less adjustment.
3, the home energy source system of the variable capacity of step energy utilization according to claim 1 is characterized in that described hot water heat exchanger is a sleeve type structure, and is placed on before the four-way change-over valve.
4, the home energy source system of the variable capacity of step energy utilization according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, described outdoor air-cooled coil pipe is made up of evaporation coil and supporting blower fan thereof, and evaporation coil is the fin tube type structure, and supporting blower fan is many speed shaft flow fan.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN2008100345603A CN101240949B (en) | 2008-03-13 | 2008-03-13 | Cascade energy usable variable capacity family energy resource system |
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| CN2008100345603A CN101240949B (en) | 2008-03-13 | 2008-03-13 | Cascade energy usable variable capacity family energy resource system |
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| CN101240949B CN101240949B (en) | 2010-06-02 |
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| CN2008100345603A Expired - Fee Related CN101240949B (en) | 2008-03-13 | 2008-03-13 | Cascade energy usable variable capacity family energy resource system |
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Cited By (20)
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| CN102725596A (en) * | 2009-12-28 | 2012-10-10 | 大金工业株式会社 | Heat pump system |
| WO2013010329A1 (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2013-01-24 | 广东同益电器有限公司 | Hot water air conditioning system |
| CN103423809A (en) * | 2013-07-29 | 2013-12-04 | 包头天和人环科技发展有限责任公司 | Multiple-heat-source hot water system |
| ES2459272A1 (en) * | 2012-11-05 | 2014-05-08 | Compañía Industrial De Aplicaciones Térmicas, S.A. | Refrigeration circuit for an air-conditioning machine. |
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| CN102725596A (en) * | 2009-12-28 | 2012-10-10 | 大金工业株式会社 | Heat pump system |
| CN102725596B (en) * | 2009-12-28 | 2014-11-26 | 大金工业株式会社 | Heat pump system |
| WO2013010329A1 (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2013-01-24 | 广东同益电器有限公司 | Hot water air conditioning system |
| ES2459272A1 (en) * | 2012-11-05 | 2014-05-08 | Compañía Industrial De Aplicaciones Térmicas, S.A. | Refrigeration circuit for an air-conditioning machine. |
| US9234686B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2016-01-12 | Energy Recovery Systems Inc. | User control interface for heat transfer system |
| US9016074B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2015-04-28 | Energy Recovery Systems Inc. | Energy exchange system and method |
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| CN103423809A (en) * | 2013-07-29 | 2013-12-04 | 包头天和人环科技发展有限责任公司 | Multiple-heat-source hot water system |
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