CN101238301A - 涡轮机 - Google Patents

涡轮机 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101238301A
CN101238301A CNA2006800286784A CN200680028678A CN101238301A CN 101238301 A CN101238301 A CN 101238301A CN A2006800286784 A CNA2006800286784 A CN A2006800286784A CN 200680028678 A CN200680028678 A CN 200680028678A CN 101238301 A CN101238301 A CN 101238301A
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bearing
axle bush
cartridge housing
middle axle
bearing shaft
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罗兰·布卢门塔尔
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Leybold GmbH
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Oerlikon Leybold Vacuum GmbH
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/30Parts of ball or roller bearings
    • F16C33/46Cages for rollers or needles
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C17/00Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C17/12Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load
    • F16C17/18Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement characterised by features not related to the direction of the load with floating brasses or brushing, rotatable at a reduced speed
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D25/00Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
    • F01D25/16Arrangement of bearings; Supporting or mounting bearings in casings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D19/00Axial-flow pumps
    • F04D19/02Multi-stage pumps
    • F04D19/04Multi-stage pumps specially adapted to the production of a high vacuum, e.g. molecular pumps
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04DNON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
    • F04D19/00Axial-flow pumps
    • F04D19/02Multi-stage pumps
    • F04D19/04Multi-stage pumps specially adapted to the production of a high vacuum, e.g. molecular pumps
    • F04D19/048Multi-stage pumps specially adapted to the production of a high vacuum, e.g. molecular pumps comprising magnetic bearings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C27/00Elastic or yielding bearings or bearing supports, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C27/02Sliding-contact bearings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C32/00Bearings not otherwise provided for
    • F16C32/04Bearings not otherwise provided for using magnetic or electric supporting means
    • F16C32/0406Magnetic bearings
    • F16C32/044Active magnetic bearings
    • F16C32/0442Active magnetic bearings with devices affected by abnormal, undesired or non-standard conditions such as shock-load, power outage, start-up or touchdown
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C39/00Relieving load on bearings
    • F16C39/02Relieving load on bearings using mechanical means
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C39/00Relieving load on bearings
    • F16C39/04Relieving load on bearings using hydraulic or pneumatic means
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00Components
    • F05D2240/50Bearings
    • F05D2240/51Magnetic
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00Components
    • F05D2240/50Bearings
    • F05D2240/52Axial thrust bearings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2360/00Engines or pumps
    • F16C2360/44Centrifugal pumps
    • F16C2360/45Turbo-molecular pumps

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Magnetic Bearings And Hydrostatic Bearings (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Non-Positive Displacement Air Blowers (AREA)
  • Sliding-Contact Bearings (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种高速涡轮机,其包括用于支承转子的磁力轴承(22、23)以及安全轴承。该安全轴承构造成滑动轴承(26、27),并包括位于定子侧的轴承壳(28)、位于转子侧的轴承轴(20)以及位于轴承壳(28)与轴承轴(20)之间的中间轴衬(30)。所述中间轴衬(30)与轴承轴(20)以及轴承壳(28)隔开环状间隙(33、34)。中间轴衬(30)可相对于轴承壳(28)以及轴承轴(20)旋转。由于这种设计,滑动轴承(26)提供了两对滑动表面,所有产生的动态力分布在两对滑动表面上从而显著地减小了磨损,因而允许在磁力支承的高速涡轮机中使用滑动轴承作为安全轴承。

Description

涡轮机
技术领域
本发明涉及一种涡轮机,其包括磁力轴承以及与该磁力轴承相关的安全轴承。
背景技术
诸如涡轮分子泵和涡轮鼓风机的涡轮泵以例如高达每分钟80,000转的非常高的速度进行旋转。因此,转子优选地支承在磁力轴承中,磁力轴承尤其适用于高速。如果磁力轴承失效,需提供所谓的机械式安全轴承用以防止泵转子接触泵定子并因而损坏泵定子。
使用滚柱轴承作为涡轮分子泵的安全轴承,滚柱轴承由于其结构原理而受到比滑动轴承更低的磨损。然而,滚柱轴承的缺点在于其相对比较昂贵,并且可能占涡轮分子泵及涡轮鼓风机的总成本的高达10%的量。
发明内容
考虑到上述方面,本发明的目的是提供一种磁力支承方式的涡轮机,其具有低成本的安全轴承。
根据本发明,该目的是由权利要求1的特征实现的。
在本发明的涡轮机中,安全轴承并不构造成滚柱轴承,而是构造成滑动轴承。中间轴衬设置在滑动轴承的位于定子侧的轴承壳与滑动轴承的位于转子侧的轴承轴之间,并且该中间轴衬分别与轴承壳以及轴承轴隔开环状间隙。中间轴衬可相对于轴承壳以及轴承轴旋转。
从前的技术问题以及偏见反对使用滑动轴承作为磁力支承的快速旋转涡轮机的安全轴承。在运转的情况下,安全轴承必须减少相当大量的动能。此外,在运转的初始,轴承轴可能相对于定子侧的轴承壳具有非常高的速度,即在100m/sec或更高的数量级。同时,涡轮机的泵转子具有相对较高的惯性矩,从而会导致100km或更长的止动距离。第二个问题来自于产生在安全轴承区域中的高径向力,该径向力可在单位为kN的两位数范围中。结合上述两个因素而产生了将安全轴承构造成滑动轴承的需要,然而具有传统结构的滑动轴承是无法满足的。
如权利要求1所限定的滑动轴承形式的安全轴承实质上分成两个部分轴承,即由轴承轴与中间轴衬的内侧所形成的部分轴承,以及由中间轴衬的外侧与轴承壳所形成的第二部分轴承。中间轴衬与轴承壳之间的外环状间隙尽可能地小,但对于中间轴衬在任何情形下能够保持相对于轴承壳旋转来说,外环状间隙是足够大的。
在运转的情况下,中间轴衬首先由轴承轴加速。同时,轴承轴衬由定子侧的轴承壳减速。最后,中间轴衬和轴承轴的转速达到平衡。在理想的情形中,中间轴衬与轴承壳之间的速度差同中间轴衬与轴承轴之间的速度差几乎相等。由于中间轴衬的可旋转性,制动操作分布在两对滑动表面上,使得由此产生的磨损至少减半。此外,整个滑动轴承的制动力被降低,使得热量生成以及热量积聚的风险均可降低。滑动表面对中的表面设计成使得制动力和制动时间近似于滚柱轴承的制动力和制动时间。因此,热量生成也是近似的,并且小到不会产生过热现象。
滑动轴承中的中间轴衬将每对滑动表面的制动距离降低到大约一半,这样更进一步地降低了热量生成并轻微地抑制了轴承轴的轴向冲击。所有这些效果允许使用滑动轴承取代昂贵的滚柱轴承作为快速旋转气体输送涡轮机的磁力轴承的安全轴承。
制造以上述方式构造的滑动轴承比制造相应的滚柱轴承更加经济。由于成本中的大量份额是安全轴承带来的,因此也能够显著地降低相应的涡轮机的总价格。
根据优选实施例,弹性元件设置在中间轴衬与轴承壳之间,所述弹性元件保持中间轴衬与轴承壳隔开。弹性元件将中间轴衬固定在轴承壳内的限定位置中。另外,当轴承轴撞击中间轴衬时,弹性元件会抑制来自轴承轴的冲击。此外,弹性元件还可以具有阻尼特性。
在运转的情况下,从轴承轴传递至中间轴衬的径向力很高。此外,轴承轴与中间轴衬之间或者中间轴衬与轴承壳之间的接触表面不是大面积的,由于轴承轴相对于中间轴衬的可能的倾斜定位以及中间轴衬相对于轴承壳的可能的倾斜定位,使所述接触表面最多成线性或甚至仅成点状。因此,产生很高的表面负载。通过在轴承壳与中间轴衬之间设置弹性元件,轴承轴的径向冲击运动被吸收,从而显著地降低所产生的表面负载。这还降低了滑动轴承的总体磨损。
根据优选实施例,轴承壳与中间轴衬之间的外间隙的间隙高度基本上小于轴承轴与中间轴衬之间的内间隙的间隙高度。内间隙具有与传统安全轴承的轴承间隙相同的功能,因而也具有相同的间隙高度。内间隙代表磁力轴承的运转范围。
附加的外间隙允许在中间轴衬与轴承壳之间有相对的旋转运动。这不需要特别大的间隙。外间隙的间隙高度越小,中间轴衬相对于轴承壳的倾斜就越小。这样再次确保了轴承壳与中间轴衬之间以及在中间轴衬与轴承轴之间实现尽可能小的冲击角。此外,在上述外间隙具有小间隙高度的情况下,还能够使泵转子与泵定子之间的间隙尺寸保持较小。
优选地,中间轴衬形成一体并由金属制成。以此方式,能够提供一种与传统结构的昂贵的陶瓷滑动轴承相比更为经济的滑动安全轴承。
附图说明
下面参照附图详细说明本发明的实施例。
附图中:
图1示出设计为涡轮分子泵的涡轮机,其具有两个磁力轴承和安全轴承,以及
图2是图1所示涡轮机的安全轴承的放大图。
具体实施方式
图1和2图示出设计为涡轮分子泵的快速旋转涡轮机10,并且其包括转子12及定子14。转子12基本上包括带有泵转子18的轴16,在轴的支承区域中的轴部形成轴承轴20。轴承轴20形成两个磁力轴承22、23的转子侧部分以及形成滑动轴承26、27的转子侧部分,滑动轴承26、27沿轴向设置在两个磁力轴承22、23之间并用作两个磁力轴承22、23的安全轴承。
每个滑动轴承26、27由轴承轴20、定子侧轴承壳28以及圆筒形的中间轴衬30形成,圆筒形的中间轴衬30沿径向设置在轴承壳28与轴承轴20之间。轴承壳28、中间轴衬30以及轴承轴20由金属制成。中间轴衬30通过与轴承壳28成固定关系的金属弹性元件32支承。
中间轴衬30以相对于轴承壳28和轴承轴20能够旋转的方式被支承。在中间轴衬30与轴承轴20之间具有圆筒形的间隙33,该间隙33具有大约0.2mm的间隙高度,用作磁力轴承正常运转期间轴承轴20所需的容隙。位于中间轴衬30与轴承壳28之间的外间隙34具有大约0.02mm的较小的径向间隙高度。外间隙34仅需大到恰好确保在所有热状况下中间轴衬30相对于轴承壳28均具有旋转性。
与传统的滑动轴承相比,滑动轴承26包括两对滑动表面,全部的制动操作以及所有的轴承磨损均分布在两对滑动表面上。因此,可以降低尤其是热、冲击和磨损形式的应力,使得可以使用低成本的滑动轴承作为快速旋转气体输送涡轮机中的安全轴承。

Claims (5)

1.一种涡轮机(10),其包括磁力轴承(22、23)和机械式安全轴承,其特征在于,
所述安全轴承构造成滑动轴承(26),并包括定子侧的轴承壳(28)以及转子侧的轴承轴(20),
中间轴衬(30)设置在所述轴承壳(28)与所述轴承轴(20)之间,所述中间轴衬沿径向与所述轴承轴(20)以及所述轴承壳(28)隔开环状间隙(33、34),并且
所述中间轴衬(30)能够相对于所述轴承壳(28)以及相对于所述轴承轴(20)旋转。
2.如权利要求1所述的涡轮机(10),其特征在于,弹性元件(32)设置在所述中间轴衬(30)与所述轴承壳(28)之间,所述弹性元件使所述中间轴衬(30)与所述轴承壳(28)保持隔开。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的涡轮机(10),其特征在于,所述轴承壳(28)与所述中间轴衬(30)之间的外间隙(34)的间隙高度小于所述中间轴衬(30)与所述轴承轴(20)之间的内间隙(33)的间隙高度。
4.如权利要求1至3中任一项所述的涡轮机(10),其特征在于,所述中间轴衬(30)是一体的并由金属制成。
5.一种安全轴承,其用于具有磁力支承的转子的涡轮机(10),所述安全轴承包括如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的特征。
CNA2006800286784A 2005-08-05 2006-07-24 涡轮机 Pending CN101238301A (zh)

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DE102005036942A DE102005036942A1 (de) 2005-08-05 2005-08-05 Turbomaschine
DE102005036942.1 2005-08-05

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US (1) US8083468B2 (zh)
EP (1) EP1910692A1 (zh)
JP (1) JP2009503412A (zh)
KR (1) KR20080034005A (zh)
CN (1) CN101238301A (zh)
DE (1) DE102005036942A1 (zh)
TW (1) TW200716869A (zh)
WO (1) WO2007017366A1 (zh)

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US8083468B2 (en) 2011-12-27
DE102005036942A1 (de) 2007-02-15
WO2007017366A1 (de) 2007-02-15
JP2009503412A (ja) 2009-01-29
TW200716869A (en) 2007-05-01
US20100098539A1 (en) 2010-04-22
EP1910692A1 (de) 2008-04-16
KR20080034005A (ko) 2008-04-17

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