CN101229651B - Prepress for pre-compactage and deairing of a pressed material mat in the course of material plate production - Google Patents
Prepress for pre-compactage and deairing of a pressed material mat in the course of material plate production Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN101229651B CN101229651B CN2007103062480A CN200710306248A CN101229651B CN 101229651 B CN101229651 B CN 101229651B CN 2007103062480 A CN2007103062480 A CN 2007103062480A CN 200710306248 A CN200710306248 A CN 200710306248A CN 101229651 B CN101229651 B CN 101229651B
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- Prior art keywords
- shaped
- preformer
- slab
- steel strip
- driven
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- Expired - Fee Related
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
- B27N3/00—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres
- B27N3/08—Moulding or pressing
- B27N3/24—Moulding or pressing characterised by using continuously acting presses having endless belts or chains moved within the compression zone
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
- B27N3/00—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres
- B27N3/08—Moulding or pressing
- B27N3/18—Auxiliary operations, e.g. preheating, humidifying, cutting-off
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B30—PRESSES
- B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
- B30B5/00—Presses characterised by the use of pressing means other than those mentioned in the preceding groups
- B30B5/04—Presses characterised by the use of pressing means other than those mentioned in the preceding groups wherein the pressing means is in the form of an endless band
- B30B5/06—Presses characterised by the use of pressing means other than those mentioned in the preceding groups wherein the pressing means is in the form of an endless band co-operating with another endless band
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Dry Formation Of Fiberboard And The Like (AREA)
- Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a prepress (1) for pre-compactage and deairing of a slab (9) formed by materials such as sawdust, fibre, particulate matter or the like paved on a continuously circulating driven molding belt (6). In the productive process of an artificial board, the slab (9) is pressed in a main press (20), the prepress (1) comprises a continuously circulating driven venting belt (2) above the slab (9) circulating on a molded belt (6), whereby the molded belt (6) and the venting belt (2) are supported and subjected to pressure by compression rollers (5) or supporting rollers (16) aligning and perpendicular to the production direction (21) of the slab (9), and the molded belt (6) and the venting belt (2) are presssed. The prepress can appropriately support the molded belt in a main compression region to avoid the grinding movement occurring on the compression material, and the slab can be completely venting according to the setting parameter. The prepress is characterized in that: at least two driven drive rollers (7) are arranged in the main compression region (12) of the pre-press for tensioning and driving the molded belt.
Description
The present invention relates to a kind ofly meet the described characteristic of claim 1, and be used for the slab of building board production process is carried out the preformer of precompressed and exhaust.So-called wood-based plate refers to MDF, OSB, fiberboard or particieboard, and not only contains fibrous material, also contains other additive or the mixed type product of inserts such as plastics or foamed material.
This type of method and apparatus of the present invention is just disclosed in the prospectus that is numbered DE 27 28 660 A1.According to this prospectus, should directly after being shaped, carry out exhaust and compacting to the slab of being mated formation.And then in compacting unit (normally continous way double-steel belt pressing machine or roll squeezer) by pressure and heat, the slab that will pass through precompressed is compacted into and is to make its sclerosis then by wood-based plate.Here the continuous solid steel band that turns round constitutes employed preformer by the exhaust guipure that is positioned at the continuous cycle in slab below and above being arranged in slab.The exhaust guipure is pulled to pressure roller through table top, utilize roller to support the solid steel band of top.
For many years, industrial quarters has been accepted continous way Wood-based Panel Production technology, and has announced some patents and non-patent literature to this type of technology.Except the method for utilizing the suction slab is carried out the active precompressed, known other type acting preloading method in precompressed in addition.For example, according to the prospectus that is numbered DE 4,441 017 A1, not only in the precompressed process, slab is carried out exhaust, also injection technology gas (for example high-temperature steam or superheated steam).This type of method that influences slab thermal characteristics and other characteristic has the front to improve effect for the output of extrusion coefficient and continuous production processes.
Although the structural cost of the above-mentioned preformer of proof is more worthwhile in practical application; But with regard to the present most of industrialization Wood-based Panel Production technology that adopts; Need not intervene the parameter of the structure and the slab of mating formation; Because can be in the technological process before compacting material being mated formation on shaped-steel strip, with high efficient adjustment compacting and hardening process parameter.This type of parameter for example has the humidity and the granularity of compacting material, the perhaps characteristic of binding agent and consumption etc.
The main task of current preformer is to guarantee that technological process is smooth as far as possible, and the production fault is the least possible.Except use or the cycloconveyor belt installed and the wearing and tearing of press steel band want little, also in the precompressed process, use high pressure simultaneously.Because each mechanical organ of large-scale production equipment is except meeting produces manufacturing cost; Also can produce maintenance cost; If working service mechanical organ with high costs does not replace to mechanical organ relatively cheap, that maintenance cost is less and the life-span is longer simultaneously, just can keep production run equally; Even it is improved; And reducing failover and safeguard the caused off-time, for the manufacturer and network operator in the future of production equipment, is exactly a kind of out and out competitive advantage then.Usually at the preformer that is used for exhaust and precompressed between platform and the continuous flow press of mating formation polytype is arranged.The main distinction of these types is: whether the shaped-steel strip of the slab that is used to mat formation just reaches continuous flow press and through preformer; Perhaps whether only be used to make slab to be shaped shaped-steel strip; Then it is transferred on the circulation compacting steel band of below, carry through preformer.The factor of confirming applicable cases is generally: when carrying out compacting, be must be in both sides (above and below) or only slab is carried out exhaust in one-sided (top).The common ground of these two types is: need in preformer, use or not use the shaped-steel strip bracing or strutting arrangement by the compacting steel band below cycle.Needing only in the precompressed process one-sided with regard to carrying out abundant equipment exhaust for those,, and adopting the effect of also playing the compacting steel band through the shaped-steel strip of preformer simultaneously if do not use the compacting steel band of below, then comparatively useful.
But be necessary basically in the preformer zone, to support to steel band of model through another compacting steel band, because shaped-steel strip can not bear necessary steel band tension force usually, i.e. the steel band tension force that in preformer, produced of compaction process flow process.If carry out precompressed in the conventional type preformer of circulation compacting steel band below not having (be also referred to as and support steel band), what for to when the support interval of backing roll is narrower, also can roll slab, because shaped-steel strip can form protuberance between backing roll.And protuberance phenomenon and therefore and the peak tensions that produces also can cause huge increase load simultaneously, thereby might cause shaped-steel strip to produce plastic deformation, can obviously reduce stability.Therefore can As time goes on cause occurring in the shaped-steel strip spontaneous the damage perhaps and break because of lasting load.Since less near the transferring roller radius of curvature of continuous flow press front end, obviously can't solve this problem through the method for thickening shaped-steel strip.These slewing rollers diameters are as far as possible little, could form near as far as possible branchpoint and slab transferred on the below steel band of continuous flow press, and this just defines the type and the thickness of shaped-steel strip, and also defines the steel band tension limit that can bear.Except the problem of stability reduction, also might, shaped-steel strip cause slab impaired when seriously swelling.This type of constructive variations in the slab will show as small crackle on the final products surface, perhaps possibly cause adverse effect to bending strength and transverse tensile strength, and therefore in the wood-based plate structure, produce unexpected notch stress concentration effect.
Therefore in the preformer of these two kinds of said types, be necessary to let the compacting steel band below cycle rotation (using or do not use shaped-steel strip), this just is related to manufacturing cost and maintenance cost problem.
In order to strengthen the diameter of shaped-steel strip slewing rollers,, to accomplish just have only under certain condition although also can between preformer and continuous flow press, arrange a suitable transfer steel band.Because also will drop into corresponding cost here, could let shift steel band separately below cycle rotation.Even the cost effectiveness analysis of the suggested design of relevant thickening shaped-steel strip has positive result, but can make also that for the input cost of thickening shaped-steel strip these solutions have the suspicion of losing more than gain in the future.The shaped-steel strip of main equipment possibly reach 100 meters.For example 30 meters districts of mating formation, 10 meters precompressed zones and 10 meters obsolete delivered length are not rarely seen in the mesozone of equipment.
Therefore the maximum tension stress that the current suitable exhaust guipure that can purchase is had is 25N/mm, greater than operating pressure, can carry out compacting with enough sufficient pressure.The minimum diameter of compression roll is necessary for 200mm, just suitable compaction pressure can be provided.But will in the main compacting zone scope of preformer, produce bigger support interval like this, occur maximum compaction force simultaneously, thereby might cause emersion wave shape wave compacting lines (rolling lines) in the slab.
Because support interval is greater than 200mm, slab will upwards be oppressed the circulation steel band that tension force is lower than 25N/mm between compression roll, under the compression roll guiding, walk around slewing rollers again towards the compacting material motion, so that with its compacting until steel band.Will in the strongest compacting zone scope of slab, cause the shaped-steel strip load excessively to wear and tear like this.
There is following difficulty in addition: can't increase the tension force of below shaped-steel strip arbitrarily, because mostly just shaped-steel strip is applied load with the tension force that is lower than 10~15N/mm.Usually in the production equipment shaped-steel strip is assembled into ring steel belt at the scene, therefore has second-rate junction.And the structure space in the district of mating formation almost can not allow the costly shaped-steel strip conveying equipment of mounting structure, therefore also can not drop into the structure that excessive cost realizes supporting higher steel band tension force.
Task of the present invention is: design the preformer that a kind of cost is lower than prior art, can also apply higher compaction pressure to slab simultaneously.Should in the main compacting zone scope of preformer, suitably support to steel band of model in addition, make the motion that rolls can not occur being harmful to, and can be according to setup parameter with the complete exhaust of slab.
The preformer that employing has following characteristic just can solve this task: arrange in the main compacting zone scope of preformer that promptly at least two driven rollers come tensioning, are driven into steel band of model.
The shaped-steel strip of said preformer deflection can occur hardly in compacting process in main compacting zone scope.In main compacting zone scope, arrange two driven compression rolls at least, compression roll be distracted into steel band of model through behind this zone with its tensioning, so just can realize this purpose.Through the extra pulling force in the shaped-steel strip (at corresponding driving roller front end towards producer to observing) that is applied to; Make it keep stretching; Even and the shaped-steel strip tension force that is produced in the backhaul district very hour, for example is lower than 15N/mm (preferably 5N/mm), also can not swell.In compacting process, produce most of shaped-steel strip tension force in the backhaul district through the pressure roller in the preformer feed zone.At least arrange two in the main district that exerts pressure, and three driven rollers preferably, obvious higher compaction force just can in slab, be applied.Neither can make the bigger exhaust guipure of tension force therebetween, also can not make to receive the shaped-steel strip protuberance that supports the tension force effect.Also can arrange the exhaust guipure that does not have the supplemental support steel band through the top; In whole length ranges of preformer with the slab exhaust; Can reduce reaction force like this,, and can not be closed in wherein because air can be through perpendicular to the overflowing than short path of steel slab surface.Owing to can pass through simply and the continuously exhaust of steel slab surface side, can the counter-pressure that result from the slab in the precompressed process be reduced to minimum level.On the support steel band of sealing, air must be overflowed through the leptoprosopy of slab up.Adopt preformer of the present invention; The phenomenon that the exhaust guipure flattens can not take place, because can be with the tension adjustment in the exhaust guipure to more than the 15N/mm, and preferably adjusts to 25N/mm; Can not shorten the service life of exhaust guipure, equally can shaped-steel strip not flattened yet.Because the diameter of slewing rollers and driven roller therefore can reduction of service life greater than 100mm.
Other useful measure of the present invention and design type all dependent claims and following be to set forth in the description of reference with the accompanying drawing.
Accompanying drawing is depicted as the structural representation of Wood-based Panel Production equipment, from spreading machine 10 until have the beginning of preformer 1 continuous flow press 20 that is installed on wherein.Shaped-steel strip 6 so that process slab 9, carries out precompressed through preformer 1 through process spreading machine 10 belows after the backhaul district, and (preferably direct) given continuous flow press 1 with slab 9 transfers of compacting then.Shaped-steel strip 6 leads through slewing rollers 14, and in the zone of transferring to continuous flow press 20, has a transferring roller 22 that diameter is less, so that with little spacing slab 9 is transferred on the below steel band 17 of continuous flow press 1 as close as possiblely.A kind of be not in the device type of drawing, can install one at the end of shaped-steel strip and be used for device that defectiveness or coarse slab of mating formation are discharged.When this device is closed, slab is transferred on the transfer steel band, again from transferring to here on the continuous flow press 1, perhaps when this device is opened, just fall among the blanking storehouse (figure does not draw), and, utilize again then here with its pulverizing.Continuous flow press 1 in the design's example is an a kind of pair of steel band circulation press, with the below two ring steel belts 17 is arranged up, steel band at press feed zone or discharging section around turning to roller 18 motions.The heating plate 19 that is used for transmission heat and pressure is installed between steel band 17, utilizes slidingtype to roll the bar chain blanket on steel band 17 opposites usually and support.In other adoptable design type, shaped-steel strip 6 also can be transferred to Continuous Roller press or circulation press with the slab that passes through precompressed 9.In the process of carrying slab 9, support to steel band of model 6 through conveying roller 13, in preformer 1 scope, support steel band through backing roll 16.Well imagine, also can add in principle or substitute and use brace table 26, and preferably brace table is arranged in shaped-steel strip 6 belows with a determining deviation.Spacing should be 10mm, so that when protuberance appears in shaped-steel strip, support.This spacing can reduce friction simultaneously, and can prevent that shaped-steel strip 6 is impaired, because the pressure of shaped-steel strip 6 is perpendicular to brace table 26, the frictional force that therefore is parallel to shaped-steel strip 6 is not very big.In main compacting zone 12 scopes of the compacting zone 11 of preformer 1, have two driven rollers 7 that utilize drive unit 8 to drive at least.At least three driven rollers 7 preferably are installed, and or through a common drive unit 8, perhaps drive through 8 pairs of driven rollers 7 of synchronous drive device.For the driving force with driven roller 7 is delivered on the shaped-steel strip 6 better, driven roller 7 preferably has suitable surface, for example groove or rib line, and perhaps cover layer (for example rubber lining face) is so that increase coefficient of friction.In a kind of useful design type of the present invention; Along producer to 21 at each driven roller 7 front end and/or a measuring transducer 23 that is used to detect steel band tension force is installed on driven roller; Can in regulating circuit, measure the feedback signal of driving force; When steel band tension force is higher, can intervene through control on the drive unit 8 and adjusting device 24.Can adopt machinery or electronics mode to make drive unit 8 run-in synchronisms, perhaps control through the drive unit of each NC control.The main drive of shaped-steel strip 6 is not drawn in the accompanying drawings, can as required or install according to the mounting condition in the equipment.Exhaust guipure 2 is with conventional pattern cycle up, drives the exhaust guipure at the discharging section of preformer 1 through driven roller 3, and through slewing rollers 15 it led.The feed roller 4 of preformer also is slewing rollers, can utilize hydraulic actuating mechanism (not drawing among the figure) that it is highly adjusted, and can be with respect to the compacting angle of shaped-steel strip 6 adjustment tiling slabs 9.Location situation according to feed roller 4 is adjusted follow-up compression roll 5, to guarantee through forming best compacting and exhaust effect in the feed zone that acts on preformer 1 of exhaust guipure 2.In the useful design type of another kind, there is a control device 25 to be installed among the backhaul district of shaped-steel strip 6, be used to check the wearing and tearing or the damage situations of shaped-steel strip 6.The pressure roller of pressurized can have certain bending in the scope of preformer 1, so that between shaped-steel strip 6 and exhaust guipure 2, adjust, obtains best precompressed gap.This just means, driven roller 7 and/or backing roll 16 and/or compression roll 5 are thicker at the width middle position of slab 9, so that the sag to each pressure roller compensates when applying compaction force.The mid diameter of pressure roller broad ways goes out 1~3mm greatly than the diameter at pressure roller edge.
Driving roller 3 in the steel band cocycle section is arranged in last compression roll 5 opposite, makes slab 9 release gently of winner's compacting zone 12 back because slab 9 will be after each precompressed again resilience some.Do not having under the situation of supplemental support, if slab 9 after preformer 1 too rapidly or release suddenly, then might cause crackle or structure inhomogeneous, especially all the more so when slab 9 is thicker.Through being hinged on the executing agency 27 (for example hydraulic pressure or air rammer cylinder) on the dancer rools 32, the tension force of exhaust guipure 2 is adjusted and controlled.Also can control simultaneously the guipure trend, because the total length of circulating exhaust guipure is less relatively.In addition, in the steel band backhaul section of driven roller 3 back, a mechanical type steel band cleaning device 28 also is installed, for example rotary brush roll.Pneumatic type steel band cleaning device 29 also can be installed, the plate of for example blowing.Mechanical type steel band cleaning device 28 also can be installed in the below band circulation backhaul section of shaped-steel strip 6, is close to transferring roller 22 back as far as possible, thereby can dirty (compacting material that adheres to) conveying is too far away, perhaps is spread on whole length directions of backhaul section.Because the general layout of compression provided by the present invention has only been drawn major part, and does not consider ratio, so between higher steel band 17 of typical temperature and shaped-steel strip 6, a thermal wall (not drawing among the figure) is installed also certainly.This thermal wall also can prevent material is sent on the below steel band 17 of transferring roller 22 back the backhaul section from shaped-steel strip 6 accidents simultaneously.By the way, can be in the backhaul section through vertical adjustable jockey pulley 31 guarantee the to circulate elementary tension force of shaped-steel strip 6.Be installed on the steel band control device 30 in addition in the backhaul section equally, can prevent shaped-steel strip 6 skews, perhaps the trend to shaped-steel strip 6 is optimized adjustment.
In a kind of design example of not drawing, exhaust guipure in top also can have at least two in main compacting zone scope, preferably three backing rolls or driven roller.
Reference numerals list:
1. preformer
2. exhaust guipure
3. driven roller
4. feed roller
5. top compression roll
6. shaped-steel strip
7. driven roller
8. drive unit
9. slab
10. spreading machine
11. compacting zone
12. main compacting zone
13. conveying roller
14. below slewing rollers
15. top slewing rollers
16. supported underneath roller
17. steel band
18. turn to roller
19. heating plate
20. continuous flow press
21. producer to
22. transferring roller
23. measuring transducer
24. adjusting device
25. control device
26. brace table
27. executing agency
28. steel band cleaning device (mechanical type)
29. steel band cleaning device (pneumatic type)
30. steel band control device
31. jockey pulley
Claims (8)
1. preformer (1) that the slab (9) that is made up of wood chip, fiber, particle that is paved on the annular circulation shaped-steel strip (6) is carried out precompressed and exhaust; In building board production process in main press (20) with slab (9) compacting; The exhaust guipure (2) that an annular circulation is arranged in preformer (1) and drive is installed on slab (9) top of on shaped-steel strip (6), passing through; Through a plurality of compression roll (5) or backing rolls (16) that are parallel to each other alignment and arrange to (21) shaped-steel strip (6) and exhaust guipure (2) are supported perpendicular to slab (9) producer; And it is exerted pressure; It is characterized in that, among the main compacting zone (12) of preformer (1), two driven rollers (7) are installed at least, be used for tensioning, be driven into steel band of model (6).
2. preformer according to claim 1 is characterized in that, three driven rollers arranged side by side (7) is installed at least is driven into steel band of model (6).
3. preformer according to claim 1 is characterized in that, three driven rollers (7) is installed at least is driven into steel band of model (6), and utilize a drive unit (8) to make these driven roller run-in synchronism with machinery or electronics mode at least.
4. according to each described preformer in the claim 3, it is characterized in that, the measuring transducer (23) that can monitor shaped-steel strip (6) tension force is installed, be used for the driving force of accessory drive (8).
5. according to each described preformer in the claim 1~4, it is characterized in that, a control device (25) is installed in the backhaul section of shaped-steel strip (6), be used to check the wearing and tearing or the damage situations of shaped-steel strip (6).
6. according to each described preformer in the claim 3~4, it is characterized in that driven roller (7) has suitable surface texture or cover layer, can be better with the force transmission of drive unit (8) to shaped-steel strip (6).
7. according to each described preformer in the claim 1~4, it is characterized in that driven roller (7) and/or backing roll (16) and/or compression roll (5) have certain bending.
8. according to each described preformer in the claim 1~4, it is characterized in that, phase brace table (26) across a certain distance is installed below shaped-steel strip.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102006062627A DE102006062627A1 (en) | 2006-12-30 | 2006-12-30 | Prepress for pre-compression and deaeration of a pressed material mat in the course of the production of material plates |
DE102006062627.3 | 2006-12-30 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN101229651A CN101229651A (en) | 2008-07-30 |
CN101229651B true CN101229651B (en) | 2012-07-18 |
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ID=39267928
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CN2007103062480A Expired - Fee Related CN101229651B (en) | 2006-12-30 | 2007-12-28 | Prepress for pre-compactage and deairing of a pressed material mat in the course of material plate production |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP1938935A3 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101229651B (en) |
DE (1) | DE102006062627A1 (en) |
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DE10207573C1 (en) * | 2002-02-22 | 2003-07-03 | Siempelkamp Masch & Anlagenbau | Machine for manufacture of chipboard has steam plate and vacuum plate prior to press rollers to aid compaction of fibre mat |
DE10322227A1 (en) * | 2003-05-18 | 2004-12-09 | Dieffenbacher Gmbh + Co. Kg | Process and plant for steel strip guidance in a continuously operating press |
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2006
- 2006-12-30 DE DE102006062627A patent/DE102006062627A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2007
- 2007-12-28 CN CN2007103062480A patent/CN101229651B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-12-30 EP EP07025240.8A patent/EP1938935A3/en not_active Withdrawn
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US4207043A (en) * | 1976-07-05 | 1980-06-10 | Defibrator Fiberboard Ab | Apparatus for producing fiberboard according to the dry method |
US5643376A (en) * | 1994-07-06 | 1997-07-01 | G. Siempelkamp Gmbh & Co. | Preheating particles in manufacture of pressed board |
US6054081A (en) * | 1994-11-17 | 2000-04-25 | Maschinenfabrik J. Dieffenbacher Gmbh & Co. | Process for the continuous production of boards of wood-based material |
CN1213335A (en) * | 1996-03-07 | 1999-04-07 | 瑞典商顺智公司 | Method of pre-pressing fibre material in manufacture of board products |
CN2306871Y (en) * | 1997-09-04 | 1999-02-10 | 徐焕健 | Plate slab transporting equipment for medium density fibre board production line |
EP1428652A2 (en) * | 2002-11-16 | 2004-06-16 | Dieffenbacher GmbH & Co. KG | Safety device for continuously operating presses |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101229651A (en) | 2008-07-30 |
EP1938935A2 (en) | 2008-07-02 |
EP1938935A3 (en) | 2013-09-25 |
DE102006062627A1 (en) | 2008-07-03 |
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