CN101175903A - 降低排放的燃烧 - Google Patents

降低排放的燃烧 Download PDF

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CN101175903A
CN101175903A CNA2006800089076A CN200680008907A CN101175903A CN 101175903 A CN101175903 A CN 101175903A CN A2006800089076 A CNA2006800089076 A CN A2006800089076A CN 200680008907 A CN200680008907 A CN 200680008907A CN 101175903 A CN101175903 A CN 101175903A
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fuel
platinum
diesel
cerium
diesel engine
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巴里·斯普拉格
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Clean Diesel Technologies Inc
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Abstract

改进的、加强的柴油机排放控制系统,采用了轻度柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF),优选地在燃料中使用含铂的燃料携带的催化剂(FBC)。该DPF优选地为金属丝网结构且至少部分由贵金属催化剂例如铂族金属轻度催化,金属加载量为约3~15g/ft3,由此使废气中NO2的形成最小化。优选的燃料携带的催化剂水平将是低的,例如0.05~0.5ppm的铂和3~8ppm的铈和/或铁,由此提供了有效的发动机外排放降低,且不会将过量的NO2排放到大气中。

Description

降低排放的燃烧
背景技术
本发明涉及一种用于降低不完全燃烧产生的类型的污染物例如微粒、未燃烧的烃和一氧化碳的排放,同时避免提高NO2的生成的新方法。
柴油机相对于奥托型发动机具有许多重要的优点。其中有燃料经济性、容易维修和长寿命。但是,从排放的角度来看,相对于它们的火花点火对应物,它们存在更严重的问题。排放问题涉及微粒物质(PM)、氮的氧化物(NOx)、未燃烧的烃(HC)和一氧化碳(CO)。术语NOx用于描述氮的氧化物的各种化学物质,尤其包括一氧化氮(NO)和二氧化氮(NO2)。NO受到了关注,因为据信其在日光和烃的存在下经过一系列反应而经历了被称为光化学烟雾形成的过程,且其是酸雨的主要贡献者。另一方面,NO2具有作为氧化剂的高强力且是强肺部刺激物。微粒(PM)也与呼吸问题相关。当进行发动机运行改进以降低柴油机中的微粒和未燃烧的烃时,NOx的排放趋于增加。
已提出采用后处理设备,如柴油机微粒过滤器(DPF)和柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC),来降低来自柴油机的微粒以及气态的烃和一氧化碳的排放。这些设备在较老的发动机中承受着极大的压力并且在较新的发动机中需要功效的改进。所有情形中,它们是都昂贵的,这主要是由于有效性所需要使用的贵金属的成本。期望降低DPF设备的成本和/或改进它们的功效。
本领域已意识到,NO2作为强氧化剂在燃烧柴油机微粒中起着有益的作用。Cooper等人在美国专利US4,902,487中通过使用在未催化的DPF上游的重度催化的DOC而实施了这样的反应。重度催化的DOC将废气中存在的NO转化为NO2,该NO2氧化了碳微粒以帮助过滤器再生。作为该专利实施例2中的第一种成分,采用了常规陶瓷整体料负载的催化剂,含有大约80g/ft3 Pt。所报道的铂的通常加载量为DOC体积的30~90g/ft3。最近,该设备的制造商已介绍了采用重度催化的DPF来帮助低温再生的系统。目前报道的总的贵金属加载量为90~120g/ft3。该途径的结果是,大量的过量NO2排出该系统。NO2是强肺部刺激物且已由MSHA限制了废气中的浓度并且CARB建议浓度上限为废气氮的氧化物的20%。但是,尽管存在铂成本高和NO2排放的相关问题,在这类系统中,本领域发现必须采用高的铂加载量以实现令人满意的再生。
已采取另一商业措施来改进Cooper型烟灰过滤器的再生,并且产生高NO2排放以及通过使用铈或铁燃料添加剂来帮助DPF再生。参见Blanchard等人的美国专利US6,767,526,其采用DOC与DPF或者单独的DPF,具有固定的铂加载量,所述铂加载量是未被具体规定的、足以将NO氧化为NO2的浓度。其并未解决与Cooper系统相关的铂高成本或者NO2排放的不利影响。
另一商业测试过的系统采用在新的丝网过滤器上游的DOC,但是需要在废气中形成高NO2的重度催化的DOC,以使未催化的丝网过滤器再生。参见,例如,EP1350933。
在美国专利US6,023,928中,Peter-Hoblyn和Valentine描述了具有DOC或DPF的铂FBC,和或,具有催化的或未催化的DPF的Pt/Ce,但是并未描述使铂加载量最小化或NO2的降低。
需要一种系统,其提供了良好的PM降低,同时使NO2的产生和排放最小化。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种系统,其通过催化废气处理提供良好的PM降低,同时使NO2的排放最小化。
本发明的另一目的是提供一种系统,其可以通过降低对铂催化剂的需求来降低系统成本,同时保持NO2作为DPF中烟灰氧化的助剂的明显益处。
本发明的又一目的是提供一种有效的柴油机微粒降低系统,其提供了良好的PM降低功效,同时使贵金属的使用最小化和降低了从废气装置中排出的NO2的量。
本发明的再进一步目的是提供一种配方控制系统,其是耐用的且可以在低废气温度下氧化烟灰而无需经常清洁。
本发明的又一具体的目的是,满足本领域中对于柴油机排放控制系统的需求,该系统是基于对DPF基体上过量金属加载量的不利影响的认识,并且由此使得能在PM降低水平上与成本、耐用性、二次排放和维护间隔之间实现新的平衡。
这些和其它目的由提供了改进的柴油机废气处理系统的本发明而得以实现。
在主要的方面,本发明提供了一种用于降低柴油机中微粒排放同时也控制以废气总氮的氧化物的百分比计的NO2的排放的方法,其包括:将包含燃料中的总金属浓度为2~15ppm的铂以及铈和/或铁的燃料携带的催化剂(fuel borne catalyst)以加到柴油机燃料中;以及将燃烧产生的废气从具有其上有贵金属催化剂的基体的柴油机微粒过滤器中通过,所述催化剂以小于15克每立方英尺基体的量存在于所述基体上。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种新的强化柴油机微粒控制系统,其包括:使用与低剂量率FBC联合使用的轻度催化的丝网过滤器,该FBC包含铂并结合铈和/或铁,总的催化剂水平低于15ppm且优选为4~8ppm。该系统显示了60~75%的高水平微粒降低,特别是当与ULSD(<15ppm S)使用时,并且没有NO2排放的明显增加,所述NO2排放伴随于依赖于上游NO2的形成以氧化下游过滤器中收集的烟灰的重度催化的设备。
具体实施方式
如上所述,本发明提供了用于柴油机运行的改进系统,且优选地采用FBC和包括例如,常规的或者丝网结构的轻度催化的柴油机微粒过滤器DPF,的排放后处理设备。术语FBC表示燃料携带的催化剂(fuel bornecatalyst),其通常为可溶于燃料的或者悬浮于燃料的组合物,其具有在燃料在柴油机中燃烧期间以活性形式释放到燃烧室中的金属组分。术语DPF和FBC都将在下面更详细地解释,并且如上述引用文献所证明的那样也是本领域公知的。
本发明采用排放后处理设备,其包括可以是单独的DPF或者与DOC一起的催化剂基体,该催化剂基体用贵金属例如铂族金属轻度催化。催化剂加载量小于本领域认为的将NO转化为用作烟灰氧化剂的NO2所需的量,优选的金属加载量小于15g/ft3的铂族金属加载量,例如1~15g/ft3,期望地小于10g/ft3,且最优选为3~5g/ft3。这些低催化剂加载量有助于燃烧烟灰,而不会形成很多NO2使得过量NO2的排放成为环境问题。适宜用于催化DPF的贵金属为上述Cooper等人的专利中所示那些,且尤其包括铂族金属。
本发明的一种实施方式中,轻度催化的DPF含有小于15克每立方英尺(g/ft3),例如1~15g/ft3的铂族金属加载量,期望地小于10g/ft3,且优选为3~5g/ft3,与0.015~0.5ppm Pt和0.5~8ppm Ce和/或铁的铂和铈FBC一起使用。对于部分处理或操作循环可以采用更高和更低的水平的添加剂。下面提供了对FBC组合物的进一步讨论。
本发明的改进系统显著降低了PM,例如优选实施方式中为50~90%,例如,当与超低硫柴油机燃料一起使用时,并且不会将NO2增加到基准之上,而且已表现出保持低NO2排放的能力,例如到达低于总氮的氧化物物质的35%,例如优选地达到低于总氮的氧化物物质的25%,同时还使铂族金属的使用最小化。
适用于本发明的柴油机燃料为通常包括化石燃料的那些,如任何常见的包括馏出物燃料的来自石油的燃料。该柴油机燃料可以是上述现有专利申请中公开的任何制剂,这些专利申请的全部内容引入本文作为参考。燃料可以是选自馏出物燃料的一种或燃料共混物,所述馏出物燃料包括柴油机燃料,例如,No.1柴油机燃料、No.2柴油机燃料,喷气燃料,例如Jet A,或者沸点和粘度与No.1柴油机燃料类似的那些,超低硫柴油机燃料(ULSD)和来自生物的燃料,如包含“基于单烷基酯的含氧燃料”的那些,即脂肪酸酯,优选衍生自甘油三酸酯的脂肪酸例如大豆油、菜籽油和/或牛脂的甲基酯。
Jet A和No.1柴油被认为对于本发明的应用来说是等效的,但是被不同的美国材料实验协会(American Society For Testing and Materials)(ASTM)规格覆盖。所述柴油机燃料被ASTM D975,″柴油机燃料油的标准规格(Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils)″覆盖。Jet A具有ASTM D 1655的指定,″航空涡轮燃料的标准规格(Standard Specification for AviationTurbine Fuels)″的规定。术语超低硫柴油(ULSD)含义为硫的水平不高于0.0015重量%(15ppm)的No.1或No.2柴油机燃料,并且某些管辖区下需要低的芳烃含量,例如小于10体积%。
本发明的方法采用了可溶于燃料的、多金属催化剂,即FBC,优选地包含可溶于燃料的铂、和铈或铁中的一种、或铈与铁二者。铈和/或铁通常以0.5~20ppm的浓度使用,且铂为0.0005~2ppm,其中,铈和/或铁的优选水平为5~10ppm,例如7.5ppm,且铂以0.0005~0.5ppm的水平使用,例如小于0.15ppm。在某些实施方式中,处理方式可以要求最初或者在规定的间隔下或者需要时采用更高的催化剂浓度,但是并非过去所必须的全部处理都要求采用。对于通常的运行,优选的铈和/或铁水平为2~10ppm的铈和/或铁,例如3~8ppm,且铂的使用水平为0.05~0.5ppm,例如0.1~0.5ppm,例如0.15ppm。在这些水平下进行的以下试验在利用轻度催化的DPF的排放方面显示了令人吃惊的结果。
铈和/或铁FBC优选的浓度为1~15ppm铈和/或铁w/v燃料,例如4~15ppm。对于FBC,铈和/或铁与铂的优选比例为100∶1~3∶1,例如,更通常地为75∶1~10∶1。列举采用0.15ppm铂与7.5ppm铈和/或铁的制剂。
低水平催化剂(总计约3~15ppm)、优选低于12ppm且更优选低于8ppm的优点是,降低金属氧化物排放中产生的超细颗粒。欧洲VERT计划下出版的数据显示,在20ppm、或100ppm铈的高FBC剂量率下,超细颗粒的数目的增加显著高于基准。但是,对于以0.5/7.5或0.25/4ppm使用的双金属,不存在超细颗粒数目的增加。已发现,在低水平的FBC下,不存在单独的超细氧化物颗粒峰并且金属氧化物在整个粒径分布中都包含在烟灰中。本发明规定的低剂量率的进一步的优点是,对整个发动机的排放都降低了金属灰分的分布。对于符合1998US排放标准的发动机,微粒排放限制在100000微克/马力-小时(0.1克/马力-小时)。燃料中以30ppm使用的铈FBC代表了发动机的金属催化剂输入载荷为6000微克/马力-小时的金属或者大致6%的未处理的发动机排放。由此,本发明中使用的作为双金属或三金属FBC的小于8ppm且优选为4ppm的低水平催化剂,例如,仅贡献了800~1600微克/马力-小时的催化剂载荷给发动机,或者基准烟灰排放的0.8~1.6%。这样具有金属灰分排放降低的优点,且降低了FBC对总微粒物质排放的贡献或者金属灰分对下游排放控制设备的负荷。
该燃料可以含有清洁剂(例如50~300ppm),润滑添加剂(例如,25~约500ppm),其它添加剂,和适宜的可溶于燃料的催化剂金属组合物,例如0.1~2ppm可溶于燃料的铂族金属组合物,例如铂COD或乙酰丙酮铂和/或2~20ppm可溶于燃料的铈或铁组合物,例如作为可溶性化合物或悬液的铈,辛酸铈,二茂铁,油酸铁,辛酸铁等。无需对其它处理设备的特殊需求,将所定义的燃料燃烧,但是它们可以尤其用于对柴油机更高水平的控制。
具体的铈化合物之中为:乙酰丙酮铈III,萘算铈III,以及辛酸铈、油酸铈和其它皂类如硬脂酸盐、新癸酸盐、和其它C6~C24链烷酸等。许多铈化合物为满足式:Ce(OOCR)3的三价化合物,其中R=烃,优选为C2~C22,且包括脂肪族的、脂环族的、芳基和烷芳基。优选地,将铈作为羟基油酸铈丙酸盐络合物(40重量%的铈)、或者辛酸铈(12重量%的铈)。优选的水平为朝向该范围的下限。
具体的铁化合物有:二茂铁,含铁的和亚铁的乙酰丙酮化物,铁皂类如辛酸盐和硬脂酸盐(通常,可作为Fe(III)化合物商购获得),环烷酸铁(ironnapthenate),树脂酸铁和其它C6~C24链烷酸,五羰基铁Fe(CO)5等。
任何的铂族金属组合物,例如描述于Bowers等人的美国专利US4,891,050、Epperly等人的美国专利US5,034,020、和Peter-Hoblyn等人的美国专利US5,266,083中的1,5-环辛二烯铂联苯(铂COD)可以用作铂源。其它适宜的铂族金属催化剂组合物包括商购获得的或者容易-合成的铂族金属乙酰丙酮化物,包括取代的(例如,烷基、芳基、烷芳基取代的)和未取代的乙酰丙酮化物,铂族金属二苯亚甲基丙酮化物,和四胺铂金属络合物的脂肪酸皂,例如四胺油酸铂。
本发明可以采用单独的DPF,或者其可以与其它设备一起使用,包括DOC,微粒反应器、部分过滤器或NOx吸附剂也可以使用,且受益于本发明的降低的发动机外排放。参见下面的实施例,对于发动机输出结果和具有催化的DPF设备的FBC的益处,降低了NO2和微粒排放。虽然不期望受理论限制,后处理设备以及发动机输出排放获得了预料不到的良好结果,这点可能是因为铂并非以足以产生过量NO2的量存在,并且在低水平铈和/或铁的存在下仍产生一些NO2,其足以促进微粒中碳的氧化。NO2为强的肺刺激物,且可以通过传统使用的重催化的后处理设备如DOC、DPF或其组合而大量产生。由于低的铂浓度而且铈和/或铁以低的但是足够的量带来的有限的NO2生成的最终结果为,产生了远大于预期的微粒(以及不完全氧化产生的其它物质)降低,并且同时控制了产生和释放的NO2的量。不同于现有技术,本发明已发现,高NO2生成速率并非是必须的,并且实质上已发现了提供对人类刺激更少的排放的途径。
优选实施方式
优选的CWMF为不锈钢丝网过滤器,其具有用贵金属的轻涂层催化的氧化铝修补基面涂层。在本发明中,该催化剂加载量低于15g/ft3,例如1~15g/ft3,并且通常为7-14g/ft3,其具有成本降低、硫到硫酸盐的较低转化率和降低的NO2排放的优点。与FBC一起使用,该CWMF显示了45~75%的良好PM降低以及低温烟灰氧化,无需上游NO2生成。
通常CWMF过滤单元采用了多个由丝网垫形成的丝网环,如EP申请EP1350933A1中所述。该EP申请描述了使用催化的丝网过滤器,同时使用上游氧化催化剂以产生NO2。该申请也教导了丝直径的使用、垫的形成、压缩密度和其它特征,以调节过滤器性能。
本发明中,优选0.35mm的丝直径,以获得过滤、耐久性和背压的良好平衡。
每个丝网环具有中空的中心核并且将多个环在两端板之间压在一起以形成过滤器模块核。通常,具有90mm中空中心核、274mm外径的6个过滤器环用于6-9升的发动机。额外的环用于更大的发动机。将该过滤器模块置于不锈钢罐内部,其中通过过滤器模块的前板上的分布圆锥将气流在丝网的外圆周周围引导。将该模块支撑在罐中,使得气体沿着过滤器模块和不锈钢罐之间的流体轴在长度方向上行进。该模块的直径小于罐,使得模块和罐之间存在气体空间。该过滤器模块的出口板与防止气体逸出的钢罐紧密地配合。迫使脏的废气通过过滤器模块的深度通过并且从所述中空中心核排出。端板外缘上的两个10mm安全减压端口使得小部分气体未经处理就逸出并且用来防止在过滤器被堵塞或者变为被烟灰塞住时发动机的突然失效。即使采用两个端口,当用于本发明时微粒的总体降低仍保持在45~75%。
优选实施方式包括6段丝网组件,其为232.5mm长且直径为274mm。采用在所述端板圆周周围相等间距的八个螺钉和螺母将其在两个端板之间压制。过滤器模孔在前板上具有分布圆锥以将气流引导至过滤器模块的外圆周。将所述模块置于不锈钢罐内,其具有八个螺钉和间隔条将所述模块悬于罐内部,由此使气体在外侧圆周周围并且经过滤器环的深度流动。稍大直径的端板防止气体未通过丝网就逸出。
优选的丝直径为0.35mm,但是可以采用0.2mm~0.5mm。该丝网垫缠绕在90mm直径的中空中心核周围。该丝网用氧化铝修补基面涂层涂覆并用14g/ft3的铂催化,但是对于FBC处理的燃料可以有效地采用7~10g/ft3或更低的水平。
该FBC包含含铂的燃料添加剂,一起还有铈、铁或者铈和铁的组合。在可选的实施方式中,可以将铈FBC以2~15ppm剂量率与CWMF一起使用,但是优选结合了铂FBC的双金属和三金属组合物。
提供下列实施例以进一步解释和阐述本发明,并且所述实施例不应以任何方式作为限定。除非另外指出,所有份数和百分比为按重量计算的。
实施例1
测试通过在1990 DTA-466 International 7.6升发动机上的三个20分钟热瞬时试验循环来进行。下表中给出了以克/马力-小时为单位测量的NOx、NO和NO2以及微粒的平均排放。
市售No.2 D(>300ppm硫)和ULSD(<15ppm硫)上的基准排放,显示以总NOx物质百分比计的类似NO2排放为总氮物质的17和18%。对于ULSD来说微粒稍低,为0.244克/马力-小时。
在排气装置中安装具有75g/ft3载荷的PGM的重度催化柴油机氧化催化剂(HCDOC)和与ULSD燃料中0.5/7.5ppm的双金属铂/铈FBC一起使用的具有14g/ft3载荷的铂族金属(PGM)的轻度催化丝网过滤器(LCWMF),产生了59%的微粒降低,但是将NO2排放增加到总氮的氧化物物质的58%。该铈添加剂为羟基油酸铈并且该铂添加剂为铂COD。
当除去DOC时,微粒降低功率略微降低到57%,但是NO2仅为总氮的氧化物物质的25%。在处理的燃料上再运行25小时之后,微粒和NO2都进一步预料不到地降低了。
测试中发现的一个预料不到的积极效果是,将FBC加到基准No.2D或ULSD而不安装任何后处理设备时,微粒排放和NO2的百分比都降低了。对于No.2D,在处理的燃料(Pt/Ce为0.15/7.5ppm)上微粒从0.253到0.215降低了15%,且NO2从17%降低到13%。对于ULSD,在将FBC加到燃料(Pt/Ce为0.5/7.5ppm)中的情况下,微粒从0.244降到0.207,同时NO2从18%到12%降低了15%。因此,对于仅使用FBC或者与催化的后处理设备一起使用以降低微粒和其它排放是有益处的。高度催化的DOC由于其产生NO2而被现有技术提倡作为微粒降低中的重要帮助,在此显示为不比适当的FBC对于微粒降低更有效,并且可以不利地影响NO2排放。现有技术中并未公开这点。
1990International 7.6升DTA-466发动机中排放的比较
(三次热启动试验的平均值)
污染物的量(克/马力-小时)
              污染物的量(克/马力-小时)
燃料和后处理  NOx  NO  NO2  %NO2  微粒  HC  CO
No.2D  6.1  5.0  1.1  17  0.253  0.3  1.4
No.2D+FBC(Pt/Ce为0.15/7.5ppm)  6.0  5.3  0.7  13  0.215  0.3  1.3
ULSD  5.6  4.6  1.0  18  0.244  0.3  1.1
ULSD+FBC  5.7  5.0  0.7  12  0.207  0.2  1.0
ULSD+FBC+HCDOC+LCWMF  5.5  2.3  2.2  58  0.104  0.0  0.0
ULSD+FBC+LCWMF  5.5  4.1  1.4  25  0.108  0.0  0.2
ULSD+FBC+CWMF(25小时)  5.5  4.4  1.1  21  0.094  0.0  0.2
注:DOC=75g/ft3PGM加载量CWMF=4g/ft3PGM加载量FBC=0.5ppmPt/7.5ppm Ce,除非另有说明
实施例2
优选的系统含有EP1350933类型的丝网DPF,具有14g/ft3载荷的铂金属。具有该结构和加载量的这种设备属于迄今并不公知的类型。在发动机测功仪上进行反复热启动试验循环以产生1990(认证的1991排放)Cummins8.3升发动机的数据。对于No.2D和ULSD来说基准微粒排放是近似的,为0.202克/马力-小时和0.201克/马力-小时。对于基准燃料来说以总氮的氧化物的百分比计的全部NO2排放也是近似的,为15%和14%。
使用0.15/7.5下FBC处理的No.2D燃料并利用14g/ft3贵金属催化的6段丝网过滤器,将PM降低了71%达到0.059克/马力-小时,且NO2排放为20%。
使用了0.5Pt/7.5Ce的FBC处理的ULSD的相同CWMF的试验,将PM的降低提高到了77%,同时NO2为总NOx排放的33%。由此,在不存在对于采用25~90g/ft3贵金属加载量的较重度催化的设备来说常见的过度NO2排放的情况下,实现了高PM的降低。
FBC/CWMF-1991Cummins 8.4升
(三次组合试验的平均值)
燃料/设备  HC  CO  NOx  NO2  %NO2  PM
基准No.2D  0.39  1.3  5.0  0.7  15%  0.202
基准ULSD  0.38  1.2  4.7  0.7  14%  0.201
No.2D+0.15/7.5+CWMF%PM降低  0.06  0.6  4.9  1.0  20%  0.05971%
ULSD+0.5/7.5+CWMF%PM降低  0.04  0.3  4.5  1.5  33%  0.04777%
实施例3
本实施例给出了在1995 DT 466 Navistar发动机上单次冷的和三次热的试验循环内产生的发动机测功仪数据。
No.2D燃料上的基准产生了0.106克/马力-小时的PM排放,且NO2为总NOx的23%。使用具有0.15/7.5Pt/Ce FBC的ULSD将PM排放降低了31%,且NO2降低到总NOx排放的19%。
安装以14g/ft3催化的CWMF且用FBC处理的ULSD运行,将PM进一步降低到0.035克/马力-小时,相当于67%的总体降低。NO2排放为总NOx的35%。对于ULSD/FBC/CWMF组合还获得了HC、CO和NOx方面的良好降低。
1995Navistar DT4667.6L发动机中的排放
(平均复合物结果,克/马力-小时)
燃料/设备 HC  CO  NOx  NO2  %NO2 PM
基准No.2D 0.3  1.3  4.8  1.1  23% 0.106
ULSD+FBC(0.15/7.5) 0.2  1.0  4.3  0.8  19% 0.073
ULSD+FBC+CWMF(0.15/7.5) 0.1  0.3  4.3  1.5  35% 0.035
实施例4
虽然本发明涉及利用了低水平FBC的催化的丝网过滤器的使用,但是应认识到,过滤器基体上低的贵金属加载量以及高PM降低和低NO2产生的优点,将延伸到其它过滤器类型。在ULSD中具有与0.5ppm/7.5ppm的铂/铈FBC一起使用的3g/ft3的铂的轻度催化Cordierite陶瓷过滤器的试验中,微粒从0.082g/马力-小时降低到0.007g/马力-小时。这相当于超过90%的微粒降低。相对于基准燃料的11~13%,利用FBC/DPF的NO2排放为总氮的氧化物排放的16%。
1998DDC Series60;12.7升发动机基准和FBC/DPF
(FTP瞬态测试;克/马力-小时)
构成 HC  CO  NOx  NO2  %NO2 PM
No.2D基准复合物 0.114  1.232  4.0  ND  ND 0.082
No.2D热的(3) 0.091  1.065  3.9  0.5  11% 0.075
ULSD热的(3) 0.053  0.842  3.8  0.5  13% 0.067
ULSD+FBC+DPF复合物(25小时) 0.004  0.201  3.7  0.6  16% 0.007
上述说明旨在能使本领域技术人员实施本发明。并非在于详述所有可能的改型和变化,这些对于本领域技术人员来说在阅读该说明书后将是明显的。但是,全部这些改型和变化都应包含在由权利要求限定的本发明的范围之内。所述权利要求的含义是覆盖任何排列组合下的所指明的组分和步骤,除非上下文中具体指出相反含义,所述组分和步骤有效地满足了本发明既定的目的。

Claims (13)

1.一种用于降低柴油机中微粒排放同时还控制以废气总氮的氧化物的百分比计的NO2排放的方法,其包括:将包含燃料中的总金属浓度为2~15ppm的铂和铈和/或铁的燃料携带的催化剂添加到柴油机燃料中;以及将燃烧产生的废气从具有其上有贵金属催化剂的基体的柴油机微粒过滤器中通过,所述催化剂以小于15克每立方英寸基体的量存在于所述基体上。
2.根据权利要求1的柴油机排放控制系统,其中所述柴油机微粒过滤器的催化剂金属加载量为小于约10g/ft3
3.根据权利要求1的柴油机排放控制系统,其中所述燃料包含在该燃料中提供约0.05~约0.5ppm铂的可溶于燃料的铂化合物。
4.根据权利要求1的柴油机排放控制系统,其中所述柴油机微粒过滤器的催化剂金属加载量为约3~5g/ft3
5.一种系统,该系统用于降低微粒排放超过30%同时控制NO2排放到低于废气氮的氧化物物质的37%的系统,并且当与包含燃料中的总金属浓度小于15ppm的铂和/或铈和/或铁的FBC一起使用时,该系统将贵金属催化剂例如铂族金属的加载量最小化到小于15克每立方英尺的基体,该基体安装在柴油机的排气装置中。
6.一种改进的柴油机排放控制系统,其包括:用于供应含有含铂、铈或铁的FBC的柴油机燃料的装置和轻度催化的废气处理设备。
7.根据权利要求1的柴油机排放控制系统,其中在用铂将后处理设备轻度催化,金属加载量小于约10g/ft3
8.根据权利要求1的柴油机排放控制系统,其中该FBC包含铂、铁、铈,或者铂、铁或铂以及铈和/或铈和铁的组合。
9.根据权利要求1的柴油机排放控制系统,其中该FBC包含在燃料中提供约0.01~约1.0ppm铂的可溶于燃料的铂化合物。
10.根据权利要求1的柴油机排放控制系统,其中该后处理设备包含DPF和/或DOC且金属加载量为约3~5g/ft3
11.根据权利要求1的柴油机排放控制系统,其中该后处理设备包括催化的丝网过滤器且贵金属加载量为7~14g/ft3
12.一种加强的柴油机微粒控制系统,其包括:在柴油机的排气系统上提供轻度催化的丝网过滤器,以及采用含低剂量率燃料携带的催化剂的柴油机燃料来运行如此装备的柴油机,该燃料携带的催化剂以低于15ppm且优选为4~8ppm的总燃料携带的催化剂水平包含铂与铈和/或铁的组合。
13.根据权利要求12的柴油机微粒控制系统,其提供了至少60%的微粒降低并且基本上不增加NO2排放。
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