CN101167144A - Cable interlinking device using infrared ray - Google Patents
Cable interlinking device using infrared ray Download PDFInfo
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- CN101167144A CN101167144A CNA2005800495427A CN200580049542A CN101167144A CN 101167144 A CN101167144 A CN 101167144A CN A2005800495427 A CNA2005800495427 A CN A2005800495427A CN 200580049542 A CN200580049542 A CN 200580049542A CN 101167144 A CN101167144 A CN 101167144A
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- cable
- radiating element
- polymer
- metal wire
- infrared ray
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B13/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing conductors or cables
- H01B13/06—Insulating conductors or cables
- H01B13/14—Insulating conductors or cables by extrusion
- H01B13/141—Insulating conductors or cables by extrusion of two or more insulating layers
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- Heating, Cooling, Or Curing Plastics Or The Like In General (AREA)
Abstract
A cable crosslinking apparatus using infrared prevents a surface of polymer acting as an insulator damaging due to heating, and also improving a thermal efficiency in an infrared irradiating process. This cable crosslinking apparatus using infrared includes a heating unit for heating a wire to a predetermined temperature; an extruding unit for coating polymer on the heated wire to make a cable; an IR (infrared) irradiating unit for irradiating infrared to the cable; and a cooling unit for cooling the wire passing through the IR irradiating unit.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind ofly utilize ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus, and relate in particular to a kind of can preventing and damages the cable crosslinking apparatus that also can improve the heat efficiency in the infrared radiation process owing to heating as the polymer surfaces of insulator.
Background technology
Usually, cable comprises and allows the metal wire that electric current flows and be coated on to be used to the polymer that insulate on the metal wire.Metal wire is made by the metal with satisfactory electrical conductivity, for example copper or aluminium.
Polymer relies on pressurizing unit to be coated on the metal wire.At this moment, the performance of the crosslinked chemistry that act as the raising polymer, electricity and machinery.Crosslinkedly be divided into three kinds usually.
These three kinds crosslinked is: silane (silane) method of using vinyltrimethoxy silane (trismethoxy vinyl silane), use electron beam or UV radiation that emittance is applied on the polymer chain causing crosslinked crosslinking with radiation, and use by additive or crosslinking agent for example the base (radical) that forms of organic peroxide cause crosslinked chemical crosslinking.
In Chemical Crosslinking Methods, cross-linking reaction is caused by heat usually.In order to transfer heat to as the polymer of insulating part effectively and additive or crosslinking agent to be reacted, CCV (catenary suspension type continuous vulcanization continuous vulcanization) has been proposed.CCV uses the nitrogen of steam or heating to transmit heat.Yet, since heat from polymer surfaces by the conduction pattern transmission, so CCV transfers heat to inside with a large amount of time.Especially, because polymer is the low-down non-conductor of conductive coefficient, heat conduction efficiency is low, so a lot of time of crosslinked needs.
In order to solve the problem of CCV, proposed a kind of by infrared radiation being used for the device of heated polymerizable thing to the polymer.This device is disclosed in No. the 4234624th, the United States Patent (USP).As shown in Figure 1, this device 10 have be used for auxiliaryly with infrared radiation to the outside of cross-linking tube 12 device 13 with the heated polymerizable thing.
At first, utilize extruder 14 that polymer 3 is coated on the metal wire 1.Subsequently, when moving metal line 1 passes cross pipe 12, use the nitrogen of steam or heating to come heated polymerizable thing 3.Simultaneously, use radiation appliance 13 that radiant light is shone on the cross-linking tube 12,, thereby transfer of radiant heat is arrived polymer 3 so that radiant heat sends from cross-linking tube 12.
Because it uses radiant heat, so compare with CCV, this device 10 shows excellent heat transference efficiency.Yet, behind the surface of radiant heat from reaching polymer 3, should utilize the inside that is delivered to polymer.Therefore still be difficult to finish at short notice crosslinked.Especially, if in order to finish crosslinked at short notice intensity Enhanced Radiation Reduced Blast heat, damage the surface of polymer 3 easily.
In order to solve the problem of said apparatus 10, a kind of device that utilizes the interior radiant light of radiation particular range of wavelengths in order to cross-linked polymer is proposed.This device is disclosed among the EP0921921.As shown in Figure 2, this device 20 utilizes IR (infrared ray) radiant element 23 that is installed in the crosslinked stove 22 to come cross-linked polymer.That is to say, in extruder 26, squeeze out pipe 7 with reservation shape by using the mixture that has wherein mixed polyethylene 24 and crosslinking agent 25.When this pipe 7 during through crosslinked stove 22, it is crosslinked by IR radiant element 23 pipe 7 to be carried out, and the pipe after crosslinked 7 is cooled via cooling bay 27.Cooled pipe 7 promotes by lifting device 29 then by capstan winch 28 pullings.
23 radiation of IR radiant element are different from the infrared ray of the absorbing wavelength of polymer, and the surface that prevents polymer is by superheated.Also have, can use the absworption peak wavelength of additive or crosslinking agent, so that have only additive or crosslinking agent to react to improve cross-linking efficiency.
Yet this device 20 needs the absorbing wavelength scope of specific filter in order to the filtration polymer, and owing to the absorption peak that does not utilize polymer shows the relatively poor heat efficiency.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem:
The present invention considers the problems referred to above and designs, and therefore the purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus that utilizes, and this device can prevent that the surface of polymer from damaging because of heating.
Another object of the present invention provides a kind of ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus that utilizes, and this device can improve the heat efficiency in the IR radiative process.
Technical scheme:
In order to achieve the above object, the invention provides a kind of ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus that utilizes, this device comprises: heating unit, and it is used for metal wire is heated to predetermined temperature; Squeeze unit, its metal wire that is used for polymer overmold is heated is to make cable; The IR radiating element, it is used for infrared radiation to cable; And cooling unit, it is used to cool off the metal wire that passes the IR radiating element.
Preferably, heating unit is heated to above metal wire the reaction temperature of crosslinking agent.
Preferably, provide at least one pair of IR radiating element based on the relative direction of cable.
Preferably, the IR radiating element comprises: reflector, and it is used to produce infrared ray; And being installed in reflecting plate with respect to reflector one side, it is used for reflected infrared ray, to improve the IR emission effciency of reflector.
In addition, the IR radiating element preferably includes: reflector, and it is used to produce infrared ray; And reflecting plate, it is installed in the rear portion of each reflector.
Further, the IR radiating element comprises: a plurality of reflectors, and the both sides that it is installed in cable respectively are used to produce infrared ray; And a plurality of reflecting plates, it is installed in the rear portion of each reflector.
Preferably, cooling unit comprises cooling water pipe, and it is installed in the rear portion of IR radiating element and wherein adorns row refrigerant; And cooling bay, it is installed in the rear portion of cooling water pipe.
More preferably, cooling unit also comprises break-in wheel, and it is installed between cooling water pipe and the cooling bay with carrying cable and changes the moving direction of cable, and the IR radiating element.Configuration cooling water pipe and break-in wheel are so that cable forms catenary (catenary) with predetermined curvature.
Preferably, the IR radiating element with the infrared radiation of whole wave-length coverages to cable.
Description of drawings
These of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and further feature, scheme and advantage are described conjunction with figs. in the detailed description below fully.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 illustrate the vitals according to the cable crosslinking apparatus of prior art;
Fig. 3 illustrates the vitals that utilizes ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 4 illustrates the IR radiating element of the cable crosslinking apparatus of Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 illustrates the IR radiating element that utilizes ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus according to another preferred embodiment of the invention; And
Fig. 6 illustrates the IR radiating element according to the ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus of utilizing of another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below with reference to accompanying drawings the preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in detail.Before explanation, should be understood that the term that uses in specification and the accompanying Claim book should not be construed as limited to common and implication dictionary, and should allow the inventor to define rightly for best explanation on the principle basis of term, explain based on implication and notion corresponding to technical scheme of the present invention.Therefore, the description of Ti Chuing herein only is a preferred exemplary for the purpose of description, is not to limit the scope of the invention, it should be understood that be in addition can make being equal to of other and substitute and revise and do not break away from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Fig. 3 illustrates the vitals that utilizes ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, and Fig. 4 illustrates IR (infrared ray) radiating element of this cable crosslinking apparatus.
With reference to Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, cable crosslinking apparatus 100 comprises: heating unit 30, and it is used for heated wire 1; Squeeze unit 40, it is used for polymer 3 is coated on the metal wire 1 that has heated to make cable; IR radiating element 50, it is used for infrared radiation to cable 5; And cooling unit 60, it is used to cool off the cable 5 that passes IR radiating element 50.
Preferred heated wire 1 is to the reaction temperature that is higher than crosslinking agent 4.In the case, unit 60 coolings although the metal wire 1 after the heating is cooled via squeeze unit 40 and IR radiating element 50, metal wire 1 still can keep its temperature to be higher than the reaction temperature of crosslinking agent 4, thereby promotes the reaction of this crosslinking agent 4.
Metal wire 1 after will heating in heating unit 30 is sent to squeeze unit 40.
Preferably, be used at cable crosslinking apparatus 100 under the situation of crosslinked mini-cable, the temperature of the extrusion head of this squeeze unit 40 is higher than 5 ℃ more than of the reaction temperatures of crosslinking agent 4.
Usually, be extruded and utilize heating to come under the crosslinked situation at the polymer 3 that comprises crosslinking agent 4, when the temperature of extrusion head was lower than the reaction temperature of crosslinking agent 4, polymer 3 was extruded.If extrusion process is carried out in the temperature of the reaction temperature that is higher than crosslinking agent 4, then polymer is in the tube of squeeze unit 40 or carry out crosslinkedly in extrusion die, and crosslinked polymer 3 will can not be extruded.
Yet, be used at cable crosslinking apparatus 100 can setting extruding rate faster under the situation of crosslinked mini-cable, therefore the time that polymer 3 is stuck in the squeeze unit 40 is very short.Therefore,, but still need the time that heat transferred is arrived polymer 3, surpass described reaction temperature so the temperature of crosslinking agent 4 is elevated to although the temperature of the extrusion head of squeeze unit 40 is elevated on the reaction temperature of crosslinking agent 4.
In addition, be higher than squeeze polymer 3 under the situation of reaction temperature of crosslinking agent 4 when the temperature at extrusion head, the heat of extrusion head little by little is delivered to polymer 3, thereby promotes to be included in the reaction of the crosslinking agent 4 in the polymer 3 valuably.
The cable 5 that is coated with polymer 3 is sent to IR radiating element 50.
Preferably, the infrared ray in the whole wave-length coverages of these reflector 52 radiation.Here, all the infrared ray in the wave-length coverages is defined as the infrared ray that comprises the whole wavelength that produce from the IR lamp, any filter that is used to make particular range of wavelengths is not installed to the IR lamp.That is to say that reflector 52 need equipment be used to intercept the independent device of polymer absorbing wavelength for the overheated of the surface that prevents to be coated on metal wire 1 lip-deep polymer 3.
Because metal wire 1 was heated before the IR radiative process, therefore all the infrared ray of wave-length coverage can be used to make polymer 3 crosslinked.That is to say that although utilize infrared ray that the surface heated temperature of polymer 3 is lower than the temperature that can cause such as any problems such as burnings, because metal wire 1 has been heated, the cross-linking reaction of polymer 3 will can not be affected.
As shown in Figure 4, from the infrared ray of reflector 52 emission, the infrared ray that contains the absorbing wavelength of polymer 3 is absorbed in the polymer 3 crosslinked to promote, and the infrared ray with absorbing wavelength of crosslinking agent 4 is absorbed in the crosslinking agent 4 crosslinked to promote.
From the infrared ray of reflector 52 emissions, the infrared ray that passes polymer 3 is reflected on the reflecting plate 54, and then is radiated on polymer 3 or the crosslinking agent 4.
Simultaneously, from the infrared ray of reflector 52 emissions, the infrared ray that is reflected by metal wire 1 also is radiated on polymer 3 or the crosslinking agent 4 once more.Disclosed device 20 (referring to Fig. 2) reflects the infrared ray of process pipe 7 with infrared radiation among the EP0921921 to pipe 7 and by the reflecting plate device, thereby promotes crosslinked.That is to say that said apparatus 20 can not use the infrared ray by metal wire 1 reflection.
On the contrary, cable crosslinking apparatus 100 of the present invention can use the infrared ray by metal wire 1 reflection, thereby can improve cross-linking efficiency.
The cooling bay 66 that cooling unit 60 comprises cooling water pipe 62 and is installed in IR radiating element 50 rear portions is in order to cooling cable 5.
Preferably, may be not easy to be installed under the situation on the line, break-in wheel 64 preferably is installed between cooling water pipe 62 and cooling bay 66 at cooling water pipe 62 and cooling bay 66.
In the cooling water pipe 62 refrigerant is housed.Because it is very high to pass the temperature of cable 5 of IR radiating element 50, and polymer 3 is in glassy state, can not keep its original-shape if cable 5 just contacted with break-in wheel 64 before being cooled.Therefore, before cable 5 and break-in wheel 64 contact, use cooling water pipe 62 cooled off cable 5 in advance.
Refrigerant gives cooling effect from the surface of polymer 3.Simultaneously, keep high temperature in cooling procedure owing to be arranged in the metal wire 1 at cable 5 centers, since the heat that from metal wire 1, spreads out of, crosslinked proceeding.
Wear long supercooling pipe 62 and the cable 5 that is cooled of surface is sent to cooling bay 66 via break-in wheel 64.
The both sides of cooling bay 66 are provided with runner 67.As shown in Figure 3, cable 5 passes cooling bay 66 via runner 67.For the temperature with cable 5 is reduced to desired horizontal, can increase the number of turns by runner 67.Use capstan winch 70 tractives crosslinked cable 5 fully, furl by rolling-in device 80 then.
Preferably, IR radiating element 50, cooling water pipe 62 and break-in wheel 64 are configured so that cable 5 forms catenary with predetermined curvature.As mentioned above, owing to the polymer 3 on the cable 5 that passes IR radiating element 50 is in glassy state, can not use supporting member such as break-in wheel 64.Therefore, if be horizontally disposed with cable 5, cable 5 will be sagging, the feasible original-shape that is difficult to the polymer 3 after maintenance is pushed, the concentricity of also very difficult setting polymer 3 and metal wire 1.Simultaneously,, just may prevent that the original-shape of cable 5 from distorting, and can set the concentricity of polymer 3 and metal wire 1 accurately if cable 5 forms catenary with predetermined curvature.
The transducer 72 of the sag of chain that is used for exploration cable 5 more preferably, is installed between squeeze unit 40 and break-in wheel 64.Transducer 72 is measured the sag of chain of cable 5, then its signal is sent to capstan winch 70.Capstan winch 70 is according to the speed that pulls of signal controlling cable 5, thus the sag of chain of control cable 5.
Fig. 5 illustrates the IR radiating element that utilizes ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus according to another embodiment of the present invention.This IR radiating element 50a comprises: reflector 52, and it is used to produce infrared ray, and reflecting plate 54, and it is installed in the rear portion of reflector 52.In the infrared ray of reflector 52 emission, the infrared ray of the She Chuing plate 54 that is reflected reflects backward, then the polymer 3 of heating cable 5.
Fig. 6 illustrates the IR radiating element that utilizes ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus according to still another embodiment of the invention.IR radiating element 50b comprises: a plurality of reflectors 52, and its both sides that are installed in cable 5 are in order to the generation infrared ray, and a plurality of reflecting plate 54, and it is installed in the rear portion of each reflector 52.
In the infrared ray of each reflector 52 emission, the infrared ray of She Chuing is by reflecting plate 52 reflection, the polymer 3 of heating cable 5 then backward.
Preferably, at least one pair of this IR radiating element 50b is set on the relative direction based on cable 5.
The operation that utilizes ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus 100 according to a preferred embodiment of the invention will be described now.
At first, will in heating unit 30, be heated to predetermined temperature from the metal wire 1 of feed rolls 32 supplies.At this moment, metal wire 1 preferably is heated to above the reaction temperature of crosslinking agent 4.Although unit 60 coolings that are cooled via squeeze unit 40 and IR radiating element 50 of the metal wire 1 after the heating so still make metal wire 1 can keep its temperature to be higher than the reaction temperature of crosslinking agent 4, thereby promote the reaction of crosslinking agent 4.
Metal wire 1 after the heating is sent to squeeze unit 40.Squeeze unit 40 is coated on the metal wire 1 polymer 3 to make cable 5.The size of the cable 5 of manufacturing is less, and the temperature of the extrusion head of squeeze unit 40 is higher than about 5 ℃ more than of the reaction temperature of crosslinking agent 4.Under the situation of crosslinked mini-cable, can set extruding rate faster, so the time that polymer 3 is stuck in the squeeze unit 40 is very short.Therefore,, heat transferred is needed the time to polymer 3, so the temperature of crosslinking agent 4 is not elevated on the reaction temperature although the temperature of the extrusion head of squeeze unit 40 is elevated on the reaction temperature of crosslinking agent 4.
The cable 5 that is coated with polymer is sent to IR radiating element 50.From the infrared ray of the whole wave-length coverages of reflector 52 radiation, and the infrared ray that passes polymer 3 is by reflecting plate 54 reflections, and then is radiated on the polymer 3.In addition, the infrared ray that is reflected by metal wire 1 also is radiated on polymer 3 or the crosslinking agent 4 once more.
The cable 5 that passes IR radiating element 50 is sent to cooling water pipe 62 via transducer 72.Transducer 72 is measured the sag of chain of cable 5, then its signal is communicated to capstan winch 70.Capstan winch 70 is according to the pulling speed of this Signal Regulation cable 5 sag of chain with control cable 5.
In the cooling water pipe 62 refrigerant is housed.Pass the very high and polymer 3 of the temperature of cable 5 of IR radiating element 50 and be in glassy state, if therefore cable 5 just contacted with break-in wheel 64 before cooling and can not keep its original-shape.Therefore, with before break-in wheel 64 contact, the use cooling water pipe cools off cable 5 in advance.
Simultaneously, when the cooling procedure of using refrigerant was carried out, the metal wire 1 that is positioned at cable 5 centers kept high temperature, so cross-linking reaction relies on the heat that transmits from metal wire 1 and continues to carry out.
Wear long supercooling pipe 62 and the cable 5 that is cooled of surface is sent to cooling bay 66 via break-in wheel 64.Cool off cable 5 by the mobile scheduled time between its runner 67 in cooling bay 66.For the temperature with cable 5 is reduced to desired horizontal, can increase the number of turns that moves via runner 67.Use capstan winch 70 tractives crosslinked cable 5 fully, furl by rolling-in device 80 then.
In above-mentioned cables manufacturing process, IR radiating element 50, cooling water pipe 62 and break-in wheel 64 are configured to make cable 5 to form catenary with predetermined curvature.If cable 5 forms catenary with predetermined curvature, can prevent that the original-shape of cable 5 from distorting, and can also set the concentricity of polymer 3 and metal wire 1 accurately.
The present invention has been done detailed description.Yet, it should be understood that when showing the preferred embodiments of the present invention detailed description and specific example are only with explaining, because by this detailed description, these variation and modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention will be conspicuous for those skilled in the art.
Industrial applicibility：
As mentioned above, utilize ultrared cable cross-linking device to have following effect according to of the present invention.
The first, can prevent that polymer surfaces is owing to heating damages.
The second, can improve the thermal efficiency in the IR radiative process.
The 3rd because first heated wire, utilize then heat from the heat of metal wire conduction inner Polymer, it is crosslinked polymer to be carried out.
The 4th, because cable is moved by the catenary that formation has predetermined curvature, can keep electricity The original shape of cable and the concentricity of setting exactly cable.
Claims (7)
1. one kind is utilized ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus, comprising:
Heating unit, it is used for metal wire is heated to predetermined temperature;
Squeeze unit, its be used for polymer overmold to the metal wire that has heated to make cable;
IR (infrared ray) radiating element, it is used for infrared radiation to this cable; And
Cooling unit, it is used to cool off the metal wire that passes this IR radiating element.
2. according to claim 1ly utilize ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus, wherein this heating unit is heated to above metal wire the reaction temperature of crosslinking agent.
3. according to claim 1ly utilize ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus, wherein this IR radiating element comprises:
Reflector, it is used to produce infrared ray; And
Reflecting plate, it is used to reflect described infrared ray to strengthen the IR emission effciency of this reflector.
4. according to claim 3ly utilize ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus, wherein be provided with at least one pair of described IR radiating element in relative direction based on this cable.
5. according to claim 1ly utilize ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus, wherein this cooling unit comprises:
Cooling water pipe, it is installed in the rear portion of this IR radiating element, and ccontaining refrigerant in this cooling water pipe; And
Cooling bay, it is installed in the rear portion of this cooling water pipe.
6. according to claim 5ly utilize ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus, wherein this cooling unit also comprises the break-in wheel, and it is installed between this cooling water pipe and this cooling bay with carrying cable, and changes the moving direction of this cable, and
Wherein this IR radiating element, this cooling water pipe and this break-in wheel are configured to so that this cable forms catenary with predetermined curvature.
7. according to each describedly utilizes ultrared cable crosslinking apparatus among the claim 1-6, wherein this IR radiating element with the infrared radiation of whole wave-length coverages to this cable.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/KR2005/001158 WO2006112566A1 (en) | 2005-04-21 | 2005-04-21 | Cable crosslinking apparatus using infrared |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101167144A true CN101167144A (en) | 2008-04-23 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNA2005800495427A Pending CN101167144A (en) | 2005-04-21 | 2005-04-21 | Cable interlinking device using infrared ray |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN101167144A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2006112566A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112863764A (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-05-28 | 南通永祥机电有限公司 | Power line processing technology for improving performance stability |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106298064A (en) * | 2016-08-05 | 2017-01-04 | 安庆市汇东机械有限责任公司 | Crosslinking cable production line |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE415006B (en) * | 1978-03-07 | 1980-09-01 | Asea Ab | PUT THE APPLICATION OF ISOLATED POLYMER INSULATION ON A CABLE conductor |
| KR0138403B1 (en) * | 1995-02-03 | 1998-05-01 | 권문구 | Method for preparing silane-crosslinked polyolefin composition for electric wire |
| WO1997010936A2 (en) * | 1995-09-20 | 1997-03-27 | Uponor B.V. | Method for heating and/or cross-linking of polymers and apparatus therefor |
-
2005
- 2005-04-21 CN CNA2005800495427A patent/CN101167144A/en active Pending
- 2005-04-21 WO PCT/KR2005/001158 patent/WO2006112566A1/en active Application Filing
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112863764A (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-05-28 | 南通永祥机电有限公司 | Power line processing technology for improving performance stability |
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| WO2006112566A1 (en) | 2006-10-26 |
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Open date: 20080423 |