CN101157325A - Pneumatic tire and tire mold - Google Patents
Pneumatic tire and tire mold Download PDFInfo
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- CN101157325A CN101157325A CN 200710151984 CN200710151984A CN101157325A CN 101157325 A CN101157325 A CN 101157325A CN 200710151984 CN200710151984 CN 200710151984 CN 200710151984 A CN200710151984 A CN 200710151984A CN 101157325 A CN101157325 A CN 101157325A
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- mentioned
- prominent bar
- trench
- head
- ditch
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
- B60C11/00—Tyre tread bands; Tread patterns; Anti-skid inserts
- B60C11/03—Tread patterns
- B60C11/04—Tread patterns in which the raised area of the pattern consists only of continuous circumferential ribs, e.g. zig-zag
- B60C11/042—Tread patterns in which the raised area of the pattern consists only of continuous circumferential ribs, e.g. zig-zag further characterised by the groove cross-section
- B60C11/047—Tread patterns in which the raised area of the pattern consists only of continuous circumferential ribs, e.g. zig-zag further characterised by the groove cross-section the groove bottom comprising stone trapping protection elements, e.g. ribs
Abstract
A groove bottom of a circumferential groove formed in a tread surface is provided with a protruding stripe extending along a next ending direction of the circumferential groove. The protruding stripe is provided with a top head portion protruding toward a tire outer circumferential side, and a base portion which is narrower than the top head portion and connects the top head portion and the groove bottom. If a small stone is pinched, the top head portion is inclined around the base portion, and the protruding stripe is deflected as a whole, thereby generating a reaction force on the basis of a deformation restoring force.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to be provided with the air-inflation tyre of prominent bar and be used for this airtyred tire mold that is shaped at the bottom of trench of tyre surface ditch portion.
Background technology
Usually, the grounding parts that is provided with ditch portion such as circumferential groove, traverse furrow at airtyred tyre surface and is marked off by this ditch portion, thus form and needed tyre performance, the corresponding various tread contours of usage condition.There is such problem in this ditch portion: when travelling on uneven sandstone road etc., stone on the road surface is sandwiched in this ditch portion sometimes, when tire rolls under such state, be applied the power of desire expansion ditch portion repeatedly, or entered into bottom of trench, thereby cause bottom of trench crackle equivalent damage by the stone that sandwiched.
As described in following patent documentation 1～3, for this problem, proposed prominent bar shown in Figure 17 to be set at the bottom of trench of ditch portion, prevent the technology of horsestone thus.But as shown in the figure, when sandwiching handstone S between prominent bar 80 and furrow bank 9b, the side of prominent bar 80 is local deformation and wrap up and keep handstone S sometimes, and not talkative have a sub-property of enough anti-horsestones.
In addition, by prominent bar 80 is set the volume of bottom of trench 9a side is diminished, drainage is reduced, WET performance (wet road rideability) worsens, and on the other hand, when reducing furrow bank angle θ 3, exist to be easy to produce the such problem of horsestone in order to ensure the volume of bottom of trench 9a side.And, be that the bottom of trench crackle of starting point is also troubling with the root of prominent bar 80.
In the past,, tended to improve the rigidity of prominent bar, in following patent documentation 3, recorded a kind of width that makes from the prominent bar of bottom of trench to the trapezoid cross section that upper surface diminishes gradually in order to improve the resistance that stone is invaded.But as described above, when between prominent bar and furrow bank, sandwiching handstone, can keep handstone forcefully, be difficult to it is discharged to outside the ditch because of its high rigidity.
In addition, in following patent documentation 4, also record a kind of bottom of trench and be provided with the air-inflation tyre of prominent bar in ditch portion, but the height of this prominent bar is smaller or equal to 1mm, and is to be set up in parallel the small prominent bar of many degree at bottom of trench, but can not prevent horsestone as described above.
Patent documentation 1: Japanese kokai publication hei 10-35224 communique
Patent documentation 2: TOHKEMY 2000-185525 communique
Patent documentation 3: TOHKEMY 2002-29218 communique
Patent documentation 4: Japanese kokai publication hei 10-226206 communique
Summary of the invention
The present invention makes in view of above-mentioned actual conditions, and its purpose is to provide and can improves the sub-property of anti-horsestone effectively and suppress the air-inflation tyre of bottom of trench crackle equivalent damage and be used for being shaped this airtyred tire mold.
Adopt the present invention described as follows, can achieve the above object.Promptly, the grounding parts that air-inflation tyre of the present invention is provided with ditch portion and is marked off by this ditch portion at tyre surface, it is characterized in that, bottom of trench in above-mentioned ditch portion is provided with the prominent bar that extends along the bearing of trend of this ditch portion, above-mentioned prominent bar comprises head and base portion, above-mentioned head is outstanding towards the tire outer circumferential side, and the width of above-mentioned base portion is less than above-mentioned head width, and this base portion connects above-mentioned head and bottom of trench.
In the present invention, by prominent bar as described above is set, when sandwiching handstone between this prominent bar and furrow bank, it is that topple at the center that head is easy to the base portion, prominent bar integrally bending distortion.Therefore, based on the distortion recuperability of prominent bar, produce the such antagonistic force of release handstone effectively in the side of prominent bar, prominent bar plays handstone is discharged to the outer effect of ditch.Consequently, can improve the sub-property of anti-horsestone and suppress bottom of trench crackle equivalent damage.
In a word, the present invention actively makes prominent bar flexural deformation and makes consequent distortion recuperability with acting on the antagonistic force of discharging handstone.In contrast, in the prominent bar 80 shown in Fig. 17, be difficult to produce antagonistic force as described above, can not easily extract the handstone S that is sandwiched between prominent bar 80 and furrow bank 9b.
In addition, in the present invention, following a～c point also can suppress bottom of trench crackle equivalent damage.
A: because head is easy to topple over, therefore compared with the past, the power of maintenance handstone is little, and the centnifugal force when being easy to utilize tire rolling is discharged handstone, so improved the sub-property of anti-horsestone.
B: make sandwiching handstone under the state that head topples over, this furrow bank and interval between the head of toppling over side is narrow, therefore can suppress handstone and invade in this slit and improved the sub-property of anti-horsestone.
C: because the width of prominent bar base portion less than the width of head, therefore can easily make the border of bottom of trench and base portion form bigger circular-arc of obtuse angle or diameter, thereby the root that can suppress to produce with the bar of dashing forward is the crackle of starting point.
And in the present invention, the width of base portion is less than the width of head, thereby the volume that can guarantee the ditch bottom side is bigger, even under the state of wearing and tearing development, also can keep drainage and brings into play good WET performance.
In technique scheme, preferably be the crest line portion that the curved surface of circular arc forms the tire outer circumferential side of above-mentioned head with the cross section.In the present invention, because the width of prominent bar base portion is less than the width of head, therefore, might when being shaped, tread contour be difficult to uncured rubber is supplied to the front end of head, but by with the cross section being the crest line portion that the curved surface of circular arc forms the tire outer circumferential side of head, can be easily and suitably form the shape of head.Consequently, can bring into play the sub-property of good anti-horsestone as described above fully.In addition, " cross section is a circular arc " is meant and is circular arc on tire radial cross section.
In technique scheme, preferred above-mentioned base portion has side that the cross section is a circular arc and constriction, and its side gently is connected in the side and the bottom of trench of above-mentioned head.Therefore adopt this structure, can easily make head is that topple at the center with the narrowed portion of base portion, can be easily and embody the action effect of the invention described above reliably.In addition, the diastrophic toughness of prominent bar increases, and can more effectively obtain to be used to discharge the antagonistic force of handstone, and not have the position that is easy to stress concentration, and the root that can suppress with prominent bar is the bottom of trench crackle of starting point.
In technique scheme, the cross section of preferred above-mentioned head is circular.Adopt this structure, form above-mentioned head to the side to the curved surface of furrow bank side projection by front end from head, therefore be difficult to overhead sandwich handstone between the portion and furrow bank, in addition, even sandwiched handstone, the side that also can the excuse top and the area of contact of handstone are less and be easy to produce antagonistic force, thereby have improved the sub-property of anti-horsestone effectively.In addition, " cross section is a circular " is meant and is circular on tire radial cross section.
In technique scheme, the minimum width of above-mentioned base portion is preferably 0.5～0.9 with the ratio of the maximum width of above-mentioned head, can preferably embody the action effect of the invention described above thus.Therefore that is, less than 0.5 o'clock, the width of base portion was narrow at this ratio, when the shaping tire tread, might be difficult to that uncured rubber is supplied to head, sulfuration and finish the resistance of back when the tire mold demoulding and become big and make base portion be easy to fracture.On the other hand, greater than 0.9 o'clock, prominent bar was difficult to flexural deformation successfully at above-mentioned ratio, and tended to reduce the raising amount of the sub-property of anti-horsestone.
Utilize the tread contour of the facial form wheel tire of shaping of tire mold, form with skeleton by forming ditch portion on the tyre surface that is pressed in green tire by giving prominence to the ditch portion that is arranged at this shaping face.Therefore, be arranged with prominent bar formation portion by the bottom of trench formation portion that forms in ditch portion with skeleton, can be from the ditch bottom side of tire (bottom of trench formation portion one side of tire mold) to prominent bar formation portion supply uncured rubber, prominent bar as described above is set integratedly.But, when the rubber of filling in prominent bar formation portion is insufficient, on prominent bar, produces breach etc. sometimes and can't give full play to the sub-property of anti-horsestone.
Therefore, in the present invention, preferably at least one side in the furrow bank of the side of above-mentioned prominent bar and above-mentioned ditch portion the connection rubber section that is formed by intercommunicating pore is set, above-mentioned intercommunicating pore makes the ditch portion formation that is located on the tire mold be connected with the prominent bar formation portion and the furrow bank formation portion of skeleton.Thus, when the shaping tire tread, just do not supply with uncured rubber from the prominent bar formation portion of bottom of trench side direction, also via intercommunicating pore to prominent bar formation portion supply uncured rubber, therefore suitably form the shape of head, can give full play to the sub-property of good anti-horsestone as described above.
In technique scheme, preferred above-mentioned connection rubber section has the bar teat, and this teat is formed by above-mentioned intercommunicating pore and extends towards the front of above-mentioned prominent bar in the side of above-mentioned prominent bar.Adopt this structure, the uncured rubber of supplying with via intercommunicating pore is filled by the front to prominent bar formation portion swimmingly, and more suitably forms the shape of the front part of prominent bar, can bring into play the sub-property of anti-horsestone fully by prominent bar.
In technique scheme, preferred prominent bar is located at along the bottom of trench of the circumferential continuous circumferential groove of tire, above-mentioned grounding parts has the bar shaped decorative pattern that is marked off by this circumferential groove, the furrow bank angle of above-mentioned circumferential groove is smaller or equal to 10 °, and, the edge part of above-mentioned bar shaped decorative pattern at interval the setting of 3～6mm ground extend to from the surface of above-mentioned bar shaped decorative pattern than the above-mentioned head one-sided opening tire sipe of the position of all sides in the roller tire more.
Adopt above-mentioned structure, the rigidity of the furrow bank of facing mutually with head reduces, therefore the centnifugal force that reduces when being clamped into the confining force of the handstone between this furrow bank and the prominent bar, can utilizing the antagonistic force that results from the bar of dashing forward and tire rolling easily is discharged to handstone outside the ditch.And, can reduce the bar shaped decorative pattern edge part rigidity and suppress localized wear, thereby can prevent to produce river shape wearing and tearing (river wear) and improve anti-irregular wear.
In addition, tire mold of the present invention, the facial outstanding ditch portion that is used to form tyre surface ditch portion that is provided with forms and uses skeleton in the shaping of the airtyred tread contour that is used to be shaped; Above-mentioned ditch portion forms with skeleton and comprises bottom of trench formation portion, furrow bank formation portion and prominent bar formation portion, above-mentioned bottom of trench formation portion is used to form the bottom of trench of above-mentioned ditch portion, above-mentioned furrow bank formation portion is used to form the furrow bank of above-mentioned ditch portion, and above-mentioned prominent bar formation portion is arranged with in above-mentioned bottom of trench formation portion, is used for forming the prominent bar that extends along the bearing of trend of above-mentioned ditch portion at above-mentioned bottom of trench; Above-mentioned prominent bar formation portion has the 1st formation portion and the 2nd formation portion, above-mentioned the 1st formation portion is used to form the head of above-mentioned prominent bar, and above-mentioned the 2nd formation portion is located at the base portion that above-mentioned ditch portion forms front with skeleton, is used to form above-mentioned prominent bar with the width less than above-mentioned the 1st formation portion width.Thus, prominent bar as described above can be set at the bottom of trench of tyre surface ditch portion, thereby can utilize above-mentioned action effect to improve the sub-property of anti-horsestone, suppress bottom of trench crackle equivalent damage.
In technique scheme, the intercommunicating pore that preferably on above-mentioned ditch portion forms with skeleton, is provided for making above-mentioned prominent bar formation portion and above-mentioned furrow bank formation portion to be connected.Thus, when the shaping tread contour, uncured rubber is supplied to prominent bar formation portion from the ditch bottom side of tire, and also supplied with via intercommunicating pore from the furrow bank side, therefore, uncured rubber is packed into prominent bar formation portion swimmingly, and can suitably form the shape of prominent bar.
In technique scheme, preferred above-mentioned intercommunicating pore has bar ditch portion, the sidewall of this ditch portion and above-mentioned prominent bar formation portion mutually in the face of and extend to the front of above-mentioned prominent bar formation portion.Adopt this structure, filled to the front of the bar formation portion of dashing forward swimmingly, can more suitably form the shape of the front part of prominent bar via the uncured rubber that intercommunicating pore is supplied with.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the airtyred tire radial semisectional view of expression the present invention the 1st embodiment.
Fig. 2 is the expansion drawing of the airtyred tyre surface of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is the part of enlarged drawing 1 and stravismus cutaway view when looking side ways.
Fig. 4 is the main portion cutaway view that the airtyred ditch portion that is illustrated in Fig. 1 has sandwiched the state of handstone.
Fig. 5 is illustrated in the ditch portion that is provided with on the airtyred tire mold of the Fig. 1 that is used to be shaped to form stravismus cutaway view with skeleton.
Fig. 6 is the airtyred main portion cutaway view of expression the present invention the 2nd embodiment.
Fig. 7 is the airtyred main portion cutaway view of expression the present invention the 3rd embodiment.
Fig. 8 is the airtyred main portion cutaway view of expression the present invention the 4th embodiment.
Fig. 9 is the expansion drawing of the airtyred tyre surface of Fig. 8.
Figure 10 is illustrated in the ditch portion that is provided with on the airtyred tire mold of the Fig. 8 that is used to be shaped to form stravismus cutaway view with skeleton.
Figure 11 is the airtyred main portion cutaway view of expression the present invention the 5th embodiment.
Figure 12 is illustrated in the ditch portion that is provided with on the airtyred tire mold of the Figure 11 that is used to be shaped to form stravismus cutaway view with skeleton.
Figure 13 is the airtyred stravismus cutaway view of other embodiments of expression the present invention.
Figure 14 is illustrated in the ditch portion that is provided with on the airtyred tire mold of the Figure 13 that is used to be shaped to form stravismus cutaway view with skeleton.
Figure 15 is the airtyred stravismus cutaway view of another embodiment of expression the present invention.
Figure 16 is the airtyred stravismus cutaway view of the another embodiment of expression the present invention.
Figure 17 is a main portion cutaway view of representing an airtyred example in the past.
The specific embodiment
Below, with reference to the description of drawings embodiments of the present invention.
The 1st embodiment
Fig. 1 is the tire radial semisectional view of an expression airtyred example of the present invention.Fig. 2 is the expansion drawing of this airtyred tyre surface.Fig. 3 is the part of enlarged drawing 1 and stravismus cutaway view when looking side ways.
As shown in Figure 1, 2, in the present embodiment, on the outer circumferential side surface of fetus face 7, be on the tyre surface, circumferentially be provided with circumferential groove 9 as ditch portion continuously along tire, it is the bar shaped floral designs of homophony that the grounding parts that this circumferential groove 9 marks off has with bar shaped decorative pattern 5.On the bottom of trench 9a that is positioned at the outermost circumferential groove 9 of tire width direction in 4 circumferential groove 9, along the bearing of trend of circumferential groove 9, be that tire circumferentially extends and is provided with prominent bar 10.
Shown in Fig. 3 amplified, prominent bar 10 comprised head 11 and base portion 12, and above-mentioned head 11 constitutes the central portion and the top of prominent bar 10 short transverses, and above-mentioned base portion 12 constitutes the bottom of prominent bar 10 short transverses.Head 11 is outstanding to the tire outer circumferential side, is the shape of essentially rectangular for the cross section of lengthwise in the present embodiment.The width of base portion 12 is less than head 11 width, and this base portion 12 and connects as one both between head 11 and bottom of trench 9a.
Fig. 4 is that expression handstone S is clamped into the furrow bank 9b of this circumferential groove 9 and the main portion cutaway view of the state between the prominent bar 10.In the present invention, when handstone S was sandwiched, it was that topple at the center that head 11 is easy to the narrower base portion 12 of width, prominent bar 10 integral body flexural deformation as shown in Figure 4.Therefore,, be easy to produce and release the such antagonistic force of handstone S, thereby prominent bar 10 has handstone S is discharged to the outer effect of ditch in the side of prominent bar 10 based on the distortion recuperability of prominent bar 10.In addition, owing to can't keep handstone S forcefully, the centnifugal force when therefore being easy to utilize tire rolling is discharged to handstone S outside the ditch.And under the state that has sandwiched handstone S, left side furrow bank 9b and the interval between the head 11 in the legend are narrow, can suppress handstone and enter into this gap.
In the present embodiment, it is the shape that the curved surface constriction of circular arc forms that the side of base portion 12 forms by the cross section, and the radius of this circular arc is preferably 0.5～2.0mm.When handstone S is sandwiched, can be easily and to make head 11 reliably be that topple at the center with the narrowed portion of this base portion 12.In addition, because the width of base portion 12 less than the width of head 11, therefore can make above-mentioned circular arc form bigger diameter, thereby the root that can suppress effectively with prominent bar 10 is the bottom of trench crackle of starting point.
The side of this base portion 12 gently is connected with bottom of trench 9a with the side of head 11.Therefore, prominent bar 10 diastrophic soft property increases are easy to obtain to be used to discharge the antagonistic force of handstone S, and do not have the position that is easy to make stress concentration, and the root that can suppress with prominent bar 10 is the bottom of trench crackle of starting point.
In the present invention, also can form the side of base portion 12 with the plane, but consider, in this case from suppressing bottom of trench crackle aspect, the curved surface that preferably with the cross section is circular arc forms the side of this base portion 12 and the border of bottom of trench 9a, and the radius of this circular arc is preferably 1.0～3.0mm.In addition, in the present embodiment, with the cross section border of 9a and furrow bank 9b at the bottom of the curved grooving of circular arc.The radius of this circular arc for example is 2.0～3.0mm, but preferably the radius of curvature of this circular arc thus, can be easy to make head 10 to topple in the bottom of trench crackle that suppresses bar shaped decorative pattern 5 one sides greater than the radius of curvature of base portion 12 sides.
At this, as shown in Figure 3, be made as D, when the height of the bar 10 of will dashing forward is made as H at ditch depth with circumferential groove 9, the ratio H/D of preferred heights H and ditch depth D satisfies: 0.2＜H/D＜0.5, more preferably satisfy: 0.3＜H/D＜0.4.Smaller or equal to 0.2 o'clock, tend to reduce the raising amount of the sub-property of anti-horsestone at this H/D, more than or equal to 0.5 o'clock, drainage is reduced and loss WET performance at H/D.
In addition, be made as W1 at the maximum width of the head 11 of the bar 10 of will dashing forward, when the minimum width of base portion 12 is made as W2, consider from preferably embodying action effect of the present invention aspect, preferred minimum width W2 and the ratio W2/W1 of maximum width W 1 satisfy: 0.5≤W2/W1≤0.9, more preferably satisfy: 0.7≤W2/W1≤0.8.In addition, consider that the height h of the minimum width position of preferred base portion 12 is smaller or equal to 1/2 of the height H of prominent bar 10 from making prominent bar 10 suitably flexural deformation aspects.Specifically, the preferred 0.7～2.0mm of height h, more preferably 1.0～1.5mm.
And when the bottom of trench width with circumferential groove 9 was made as W3, the preferred maximum width W1 and the ratio W1/W3 of bottom of trench width W 3 satisfied: 0.2≤W1/W3≤0.6, more preferably satisfy: 0.3≤W1/W3≤0.5.Less than 0.2 o'clock, the tendency that reduces the antagonistic force that prominent bar 10 produced is arranged at this W1/W3; W1/W3 big with 0.6 o'clock, prominent bar 10 has and is difficult to diastrophic tendency.
In the present invention, the width of base portion 12 is less than the width of head 11, thereby the volume of bottom of trench 9a side that can guarantee circumferential groove 9 is bigger, even under the state of wearing and tearing development, also can keep drainage and brings into play good WET performance.
Air-inflation tyre of the present invention is except being provided with prominent bar as described above in the ditch portion of tyre surface, all identical with in the past air-inflation tyre, material known, shape, structure, manufacture method etc. all can be applicable to the present invention.But,, be very useful therefore for being installed on more truck or the Pneumatic tire for heavy vehicle on the construction vehhicle of chance that on sandstone road that spreads all over handstone or smooth building site, moves owing to can bring into play the sub-property of good anti-horsestone.
Show the example of Pneumatic tire for heavy vehicle in the present embodiment.In this tire, as shown in Figure 1, carcass plies 1 is rolled laterally from the inboard around bead core 3 that is disposed at bead part 2 and bead apex 4 and is fixed, and this rolls the pars intermedia that end is configured in the hypotenuse of bead apex 4.In the mode of rolling end that sandwiches carcass plies 1 with bead apex 4 liner 6 is set.
Carcass plies 1 constitutes by be arranged with steel cord, high strength organic fiber cord etc. 1 layer or multilayer cord along the tire meridian direction.In addition, bead core 3 is made of the duplexer of steel bead wire and rubber cover, and bead apex 4 is that circular arc and cross section are that the solid rubber of general triangular constitutes by the base.
Tire outer circumferential side at the carcass plies 1 of fetus face 7 disposes bracing ply 8, as required at the periphery configuration bracing ply enhancement Layer of bracing ply 8.The rubber hardness of tread-rubber is that normally used rubber hardness gets final product, and is formed with tread contour as described above on this tyre surface.Interior all sides at carcass plies 1 are provided with the inside liner rubber that is used to keep air pressure, and the outer circumferential side of the carcass plies 1 between fetus face 7 and bead part 2 is provided with sidewall rubber.
In the illustrated tread contour of Fig. 2, near the tire equator line CL, promptly on the bar shaped decorative pattern 5 and the bar shaped decorative pattern 5 of its both sides of central authorities, being provided with to improve WET performance etc. is the closed tire sipe of purpose.Do not limit the shape of bar shaped decorative pattern 5 is special, for example, the also shape that can be marked off by the circumferential groove of extending with zig-zag.In this case, be provided with prominent bar along the bearing of trend of circumferential groove with zig-zag or wavy extension.
In addition, show such structure in the Pneumatic tire for heavy vehicle example: the bottom of trench width W 3 of circumferential groove 9 is 7～16mm or 10～12mm, and the depth D of circumferential groove 9 is 10～20mm or 14～16mm, and the furrow bank angle θ 1 of circumferential groove 9 is 0～20 °.At this moment, as the example of the size of prominent bar 10, example shows such structure: height H is 5～7mm, and the maximum width W1 of head 11 is 3～5mm, and the minimum width W2 of base portion 12 is 2.5～3.0mm.
For air-inflation tyre of the present invention, the operation of the prominent bar formation portion that is provided for forming prominent bar 10 on forming with skeleton in the ditch portion on the tire mold of being located at is carried out to a certain degree change, and other operations can be made in the same manner with tire builder preface in the past.
Fig. 5 is illustrated in the ditch portion that is provided with on the above-mentioned airtyred tire mold that is used to be shaped to form stravismus cutaway view with skeleton.Ditch portion forms with skeleton 15 and comprises bottom of trench formation portion 14, furrow bank formation portion 17 and prominent bar formation portion 16; Above-mentioned bottom of trench formation portion 14 is used to form the bottom of trench 9a of circumferential groove 9; Above-mentioned furrow bank formation portion 17 is used to form the furrow bank 9b of circumferential groove 9; Above-mentioned prominent bar formation portion 16 is arranged with in bottom of trench formation portion 14, is used for forming on bottom of trench 9a prominent bar 10.By ditch portion is formed with skeleton 15 by being arranged with circumferential groove 9 on the tyre surface that is pressed in green tire.
Prominent bar formation portion 16 is arranged with towards the root side that ditch portion forms with skeleton 15 from bottom of trench formation portion 14, and has and prominent bar 10 corresponding shapes.Prominent bar formation portion 16 has the 1st 16a of formation portion and the 2nd 16b of formation portion; Above-mentioned the 1st 16a of formation portion is used to form the head 11 of prominent bar 10; Above-mentioned the 2nd 16b of formation portion is located at ditch portion with the width less than the 1st 16a of formation portion width and forms the front of using skeleton 15, is used to form the base portion 12 of prominent bar 10.Ditch portion is formed with skeleton 15 by the tyre surface that is pressed in green tire on the time, from the prominent bar formation portion of bottom of trench side direction 16 supply uncured rubbers, and be convexly equipped with prominent bar 10 with head 11 and base portion 12.
In the present invention, because the width of the base portion 12 of prominent bar 10 is less than the width of head 11, therefore worry whether uncured rubber is filled into the front end of prominent bar formation portion 16, but as shown in Figure 3, because in the present embodiment, be to be the 11a of crest line portion that the curved surface of circular arc forms the tire outer circumferential side of head 11 with the cross section, therefore be easy to half finished rubber is packed in the prominent bar formation portion 16, can suitably form the shape of head 11.
The 2nd embodiment
The structure of the 2nd embodiment is except ditch portion and prominent bar are following structure, and is all identical with the 1st embodiment, so omits common ground and its difference mainly is described.In addition, to the member mark identical Reference numeral identical with the member that illustrates in the 1st embodiment, the repetitive description thereof will be omitted.
As shown in Figure 6, prominent bar 20 comprises head 21 that constitutes its upper part of the body and the base portion 22 that constitutes its lower part of the body.Head 21 forms approximate circular cross-section, and outstanding to the tire outer circumferential side, by being formed by the curved surface to furrow bank 9b side projection to the side from its front end.The base portion 12 of the shape of base portion 22 and the 1st embodiment is roughly the same, and head 21 and bottom of trench 9a are connected as one.
In the present embodiment, because prominent bar 20 is a shape as described above, therefore be difficult to overhead sandwich handstone S between the portion 21 and furrow bank 9b, even sandwiched handstone S, side that also can excuse top 21 and the area of contact of handstone S are less and be easy to produce antagonistic force, thereby have improved the sub-property of anti-horsestone effectively.
In tire radial cross section, the circular arc that constitutes head 21 profiles gently is connected with the circular arc of the side that constitutes base portion 22, and the circular arc that constitutes the side of this base portion 22 also gently is connected with bottom of trench 9a.Thus, increased prominent bar 20 diastrophic soft property effectively, and do not had the position that is easy to make stress concentration, the root that can suppress with prominent bar 20 is the bottom of trench crackle of starting point.
The 3rd embodiment
The structure of the 3rd embodiment is except ditch portion and prominent bar are following structure, and is all identical with the 1st embodiment, so omits common ground and its difference mainly is described.In addition, to the member mark identical Reference numeral identical with the member that illustrates in the 1st embodiment, the repetitive description thereof will be omitted.
As shown in Figure 7, prominent bar 30 comprises head 31 that constitutes its upper part of the body and the base portion 32 that constitutes its lower part of the body.Head 31 forms the essentially rectangular cross section, and outstanding to the tire outer circumferential side, and its projecting height is less than the projecting height of the head 11 of the 1st embodiment.The shape of the base portion 12 of the shape of base portion 32 and the 1st embodiment is roughly the same, and head 31 and bottom of trench 9a are connected as one.
In the present embodiment, the furrow bank angle θ 2 of circumferential groove 9 is set at smaller or equal to 10 °, and, be provided with the one-sided opening tire sipe 35 that is opened on furrow bank 9b at the edge part of bar shaped decorative pattern 5.This tire sipe 35 extends to the trench depth direction from the surface of bar shaped decorative pattern 5, ends at the position than all sides in the more close tire of the upper surface of head 31, and is provided with at interval with the interval of regulation on the bearing of trend of circumferential groove 9.
Thus, the rigidity of furrow bank 9b reduces, and has reduced being sandwiched the confining force of the handstone between furrow bank 9b and the prominent bar 30.Therefore, except the antagonistic force that prominent bar 30 is produced, the centnifugal force in the time of can also utilizing tire rolling is discharged to handstone outside the ditch.And, by furrow bank angle θ 2 is set at smaller or equal to 10 °, owing to can when circumferential groove 9 is easy to sandwich handstone, as the present invention is above-mentioned, bring into play the sub-property of good anti-horsestone, therefore can be when suppressing the clip stone, the WET performance when improving the wearing and tearing development by the volume that increases bottom of trench 9a side.In addition, owing to the rigidity of the edge part that can reduce bar shaped decorative pattern 5 suppresses localized wear, therefore can prevent to produce river shape wearing and tearing and improve anti-irregular wear.
3～the 6mm that is spaced apart of tire sipe 35 is set at interval, and at it during less than 3mm, therefore the thinner thickness of the sheet rubber between the tire sipe 35 and easily deformable has to be easy to the tendency that cracks or tear.On the other hand, at this during, lack the effect that the rigidity that makes furrow bank 9b reduces, reduced the raising amount of the sub-property of anti-horsestone at interval greater than 6mm.In addition, consider that from the rigidity of reduction furrow bank 9b and the durability aspect of bar shaped decorative pattern 5 furrow width of tire sipe 35 is preferably 0.5～1.0mm, the length on the ground plane of tire sipe 35 is preferably 3～5mm.
The 4th embodiment
The structure of the 4th embodiment is except ditch portion and prominent bar are following structure, and is all identical with the 1st embodiment, so omits common ground and its difference mainly is described.In addition, to the member mark identical Reference numeral identical with the member that illustrates in the 1st embodiment, the repetitive description thereof will be omitted.
The bar 40 of should dashing forward is formed with skeleton 15 by ditch portion shown in Figure 10 and forms.The front that forms with skeleton 15 in this ditch portion is provided with the intercommunicating pore 18 that prominent bar formation portion 16 and furrow bank formation portion 17 are connected with slit-shaped.Ditch portion is formed with skeleton 15 by the tyre surface that is pressed in green tire on the time, not only supply with uncured rubbers from the prominent bar formation portion 16 of bottom of trench 9a side direction, also via intercommunicating pore 18 to prominent bar formation portion 16 supply uncured rubbers.Therefore, uncured rubber is supplied to prominent bar formation portion 16 and easy filled rubber swimmingly, can suitably form the shape of prominent bar 40.
In prominent bar 40 with head 41 and base portion 42, because being located at ditch portion forms with the entrance width of the prominent bar formation portion 16 on the skeleton 15 narrower, therefore be difficult to supply with swimmingly uncured rubber, the formation of head 41 shapes is especially troubling, but adopt this structure, can be as described above easily to prominent bar formation portion 16 filled rubbers, and suitably form the shape of head 41.
In the present embodiment, the upper surface that is communicated with rubber section 45 tilts to the tire outer circumferential side towards prominent bar 40 from furrow bank 9b.Thus, can be swimmingly supply with uncured rubbers, particularly carry out swimmingly in the 1st 16a of formation portion that is used to form head 41, supplying with uncured rubber, easier filled rubber to prominent bar formation portion 16.And, can not hinder toppling over of head 41, therefore can give full play to the sub-property of anti-horsestone by prominent bar 40.
This is configured under the situation that is shaped as the such lengthwise of legend of head 41 is useful, and then, by being the 41a of crest line portion that the curved surface of circular arc forms the tire outer circumferential side of head 41 with the cross section, can form this shape more well.In addition, also can be located on the furrow bank 9b of both sides being communicated with rubber section 45.
The 5th embodiment
The structure of the 5th embodiment is except ditch portion and prominent bar are following structure, and is all identical with the 4th embodiment, so omits common ground and its difference mainly is described.In addition, to the member mark identical Reference numeral identical with the member that illustrates in the 4th embodiment, the repetitive description thereof will be omitted.
The projecting height of bar teat 45a is reduced gradually in the front of prominent bar 40, same, the degree of depth of the bar ditch 18a of portion is reduced gradually in the front of prominent bar formation portion 16, make the outward appearance of prominent bar 40 good thus.In illustrative example, because bar teat 45a arrives the 41a of crest line portion of the tire outer circumferential side of head 41, therefore can form the shape of head 41 more well, but for example also can end at the central portion of head 41 short transverses, and can obtain corresponding improvement effect.
Other embodiments
(1) shows the example that tread contour is the bar shaped decorative pattern in the above-described embodiment, but the present invention is not limited thereto, also can be part or all comprise as the pattern block of grounding parts decorative pattern, the ditch portion that is provided with prominent bar also can be traverse furrow, inclination ditch etc.But it is clearly that horsestone takes place at the circumferential groove place, therefore preferably at the bottom of trench of 1 circumferential groove prominent bar is set at least.
(2) only show in the above-described embodiment and to be arranged in the example that the outermost circumferential groove of tire width direction is provided with prominent bar, but the present invention is not limited thereto, for example, also can only prominent bar be set, or prominent bar all be set in all ditch portions of tyre surface in the ditch portion that is positioned at the tire width direction center side.
(3) in above-mentioned the 4th embodiment, illustrated with side, furrow bank and bottom of trench and be provided with the tabular example that is communicated with rubber section with the mode that the lower portion of head is connected as a single entity at base portion, but the present invention is not limited thereto, for example, also can be structure shown in Figure 13.In addition, in the example shown in Figure 13,14, to the member mark identical Reference numeral identical with the member that illustrates in the 4th embodiment.
(4) show the example that prominent bar extends continuously in the above-described embodiment, but the present invention is not limited thereto, the prominent bar 60 shown in also can image pattern 15 is interrupted extension like that.Thus, can improve drainage, the WET performance when particularly improving the wearing and tearing development.But, owing to being interrupted, prominent bar 60 is easy in this discontinuities 65, sandwich handstone, therefore in the present invention, for prominent bar still being interrupted continuously and the interval of discontinuities, the suitably selection as long as consider balance between the sub-performance of anti-horsestone and the WET performance.
Raised line 70 shown in Figure 16 similarly is interrupted extension with prominent bar 60, but disconnected betwixt portion 75 is with the hemispherical end that forms opposed facing head 71 that bloats.Adopt this structure, at the handstone that will enter into discontinuities 75, the bending by head 71 ends produces antagonistic force, can suppress horsestone at discontinuities 75 places effectively, therefore can when improving the WET performance, also improve the sub-performance of anti-horsestone.
(5) as the cross sectional shape of prominent bar, also can adopt the shape except that above-mentioned, but consider from being easy to make head topple over the aspect, preferably be the shape that makes local constriction at base portion as above-mentioned embodiment.In addition, the height of prominent bar is changed periodically or randomly.
Below, embodiment of specifically illustrating structure of the present invention and effect etc. is described.In addition, as following, measure assessment item among embodiment etc.
(1) bottom of trench damage and bottom of trench crackle
The test tire is installed on the wheel flutter of truck headstock (tractorhead) that axletree is arranged as 2-D, make its 100,000 km that on dry pavement, travel, the quantity at the position of these damages of generation of the generation situation of visual inspection bottom of trench damage (except the crackle) and bottom of trench crackle, and statistics then and crackle.For the inverse of statistics, be 100 to carry out index assessment with comparative example 1, numerical value is big more, represents that the sub-performance of anti-horsestone is good more.
(2) number of embedding stone
For travelling of on above-mentioned dry pavement, carrying out, add up the quantity that is clamped into the handstone in the ditch portion travelling of 10,000,20,000,30,000 km constantly, calculate aviation value.
(3) WET performance
The ditch depth that tyre surface is cut to circumferential groove is that the test tire of 4mm is installed on the wheel flutter of truck headstock that axletree is arranged as 2-D, it is travelled on the WET road surface and carries out feeling evaluation.With comparative example 1 is 100 to carry out index assessment, and numerical value is big more, and expression WET performance is good more.
Comparative example 1
The air-inflation tyre (specification is 295/75R22.5) that preparation has the structure shown in Fig. 1,2 carries out above-mentioned evaluation.Making the rubber hardness (with the rubber hardness in Du sieve's rebound hardness test (A type) of JISK6253) of tread-rubber is 65 °, and the furrow width on the ground plane of circumferential groove is 13mm, and ditch depth D is 14mm, and ditch bottom width W3 is 9mm.In addition, the cross section of prominent bar is an essentially rectangular as shown in Figure 17, and the height of prominent bar is 4mm, and the width of prominent bar is 3.5mm.
Comparative example 2
Preparation forms the canopy shape all the air-inflation tyre identical with comparative example 1 except prominent bar is fused with one-sided furrow bank, carry out above-mentioned evaluation.
Embodiment 1
The air-inflation tyre (specification is 295/75R22.5) that preparation has the structure shown in Fig. 1,2 carries out above-mentioned evaluation.The rubber hardness that makes tread-rubber is 65 °, and the furrow width on the ground plane of circumferential groove is 13mm, and ditch depth D is 14mm, and ditch bottom width W3 is made as 9mm.In addition, prominent bar is to have the head shown in Figure 3 and the shape of base portion, and the maximum width W1 that makes head is 3.5mm, and the minimum width W2 of base portion is 1.7mm (W2/W1=0.5), and the height h of the minimum width position of base portion is 1.2mm.This is that each side with the prominent bar side of comparative example 1 machines away 0.9mm and make this prominent bar side is the shape that semicircular arc gets.
Embodiment 2
The maximum width W1 that makes head is 3.5mm, the minimum width W2 of base portion is 3.1mm (W2/W1=0.9), the height h of the minimum width position of base portion is 1.5mm, preparation machines away 0.2mm except each side with the prominent bar side of comparative example 1 and makes this prominent bar side is air-inflation tyre identical with embodiment 1 shape that gets of semicircular arc, carries out above-mentioned evaluation.
Embodiment 3
The maximum width W1 that makes head is 3.5 mm, the minimum width W2 that makes base portion is 2.5mm (W2/W1=0.7), the height h of the minimum width position of base portion is 1.7mm, preparation machines away 0.5mm except each side with the prominent bar side of comparative example 1 and makes this prominent bar side is air-inflation tyre all identical with embodiment 1 shape that gets of semicircular arc, carries out above-mentioned evaluation.
Embodiment 4
Preparation is interrupted the extension all the air-inflation tyre identical with embodiment 1 except making such shown in the prominent bar image pattern 15, carries out above-mentioned evaluation.In addition, the circumferential lengths that makes intercepted prominent bar is 8mm, and the interval of discontinuities is made as 3mm.The evaluation result of each example is as shown in table 1.
Table 1
| Comparative example 1 | Comparative example 2 | Embodiment 1 | Embodiment 2 | Embodiment 3 | Embodiment 4 | |
| The bottom of trench damage | 100 | 89 | 115 | 105 | 109 | 114 |
| The bottom of trench crackle | 100 | 108 | 120 | 110 | 117 | 118 |
| Embed the |
15 | 15 | 3 | 9 | 5 | 5 |
| The WET performance | 100 | 100 | 112 | 110 | 110 | 115 |
As shown in Table 1, in embodiment 1～4, the bottom of trench of generation damage and bottom of trench crackle are less than comparative example 1,2, and the quantity of handstone that is clamped into ditch portion is also less, has improved the sub-performance of anti-horsestone by prominent bar as described above is set.It is generally acknowledged, in comparative example 2 since bottom of trench open broad, so handstone arrives bottom of trench easily and causes damaging bottom of trench.In addition we know, in embodiment 1～4, the volume of ditch bottom side is greater than the volume of the ditch bottom side in the comparative example 1,2, can bring into play good WET performance thus and makes sub-performance of anti-horsestone and WET performance and deposit.
Claims (11)
1. air-inflation tyre, this air-inflation tyre is characterized in that at the grounding parts that tyre surface is provided with ditch portion and is marked off by this ditch portion,
Bottom of trench in above-mentioned ditch portion is provided with the prominent bar that extends along the bearing of trend of this ditch portion;
Above-mentioned prominent bar comprises head and base portion, and above-mentioned head is outstanding to the tire outer circumferential side, and the width of above-mentioned base portion is less than above-mentioned head width, and this base portion connects above-mentioned head and bottom of trench.
2. air-inflation tyre according to claim 1 is characterized in that,
It with the cross section crest line portion that the curved surface of circular arc forms the tire outer circumferential side of above-mentioned head.
3. air-inflation tyre according to claim 1 is characterized in that,
Above-mentioned base portion has side that the cross section is a circular arc and constriction, and its side gently is connected with bottom of trench with the side of above-mentioned head.
4. air-inflation tyre according to claim 3 is characterized in that,
The cross section of above-mentioned head is a circular.
5. air-inflation tyre according to claim 1 is characterized in that,
The minimum width of above-mentioned base portion is 0.5～0.9 with the ratio of the maximum width of above-mentioned head.
6. air-inflation tyre according to claim 1 is characterized in that,
The connection rubber section that is formed by intercommunicating pore is located at least one side in the furrow bank of the side of above-mentioned prominent bar and above-mentioned ditch portion, and prominent bar formation portion and furrow bank formation portion that this intercommunicating pore is used to make the ditch portion that is located on the tire mold to form with skeleton are connected.
7. air-inflation tyre according to claim 6 is characterized in that,
Above-mentioned connection rubber section has the bar teat, and this teat is formed by above-mentioned intercommunicating pore and extends towards the front of above-mentioned prominent bar in the side of above-mentioned prominent bar.
8. air-inflation tyre according to claim 1 is characterized in that,
Above-mentioned prominent bar is located at along the bottom of trench of the circumferential continuous circumferential groove of tire, and above-mentioned grounding parts has the bar shaped decorative pattern that is marked off by this circumferential groove;
The furrow bank angle of above-mentioned circumferential groove is smaller or equal to 10 °, and, be arranged at intervals with the one-sided opening tire sipe of the position of all sides in the surface of above-mentioned bar shaped decorative pattern extends to than above-mentioned head roller tire at interval at the edge part of above-mentioned bar shaped decorative pattern 3～6mm.
9. tire mold, this tire mold form in the facial outstanding ditch portion that is provided with the ditch portion that is used to form tyre surface of shaping of the airtyred tread contour that is used to be shaped and use skeleton, it is characterized in that,
Above-mentioned ditch portion forms with skeleton and comprises bottom of trench formation portion, furrow bank formation portion and prominent bar formation portion, above-mentioned bottom of trench formation portion is used to form the bottom of trench of above-mentioned ditch portion, above-mentioned furrow bank formation portion is used to form the furrow bank of above-mentioned ditch portion, and above-mentioned prominent bar formation portion is arranged with in above-mentioned bottom of trench formation portion, is used for forming the prominent bar that extends along the bearing of trend of above-mentioned ditch portion at above-mentioned bottom of trench;
Above-mentioned prominent bar formation portion comprises the 1st formation portion and the 2nd formation portion, above-mentioned the 1st formation portion is used to form the head of above-mentioned prominent bar, and above-mentioned the 2nd formation portion is located at the base portion that above-mentioned ditch portion forms front with skeleton, is used to form above-mentioned prominent bar with the width less than above-mentioned the 1st formation portion width.
10. tire mold according to claim 9 is characterized in that,
On forming with skeleton, above-mentioned ditch portion is provided with the intercommunicating pore that is used to make above-mentioned prominent bar formation portion and above-mentioned furrow bank formation portion to be connected.
11. tire mold according to claim 10 is characterized in that,
Above-mentioned intercommunicating pore has bar ditch portion, and this ditch portion extends towards the sidewall of above-mentioned prominent bar formation portion and towards the front of above-mentioned prominent bar formation portion.
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006270838 | 2006-10-02 | ||
| JP2006-270838 | 2006-10-02 | ||
| JP2006-270790 | 2006-10-02 | ||
| JP2006270838A JP4943797B2 (en) | 2006-10-02 | 2006-10-02 | Pneumatic tire and tire mold |
| JP2006270790 | 2006-10-02 | ||
| JP2006270790A JP4212617B2 (en) | 2006-10-02 | 2006-10-02 | Pneumatic tire |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN101157325A true CN101157325A (en) | 2008-04-09 |
| CN101157325B CN101157325B (en) | 2011-12-28 |
Family
ID=39305598
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 200710151984 Expired - Fee Related CN101157325B (en) | 2006-10-02 | 2007-09-21 | Pneumatic tire and tire mold |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP4212617B2 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN101157325B (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102202917A (en) * | 2008-10-31 | 2011-09-28 | 倍耐力轮胎股份公司 | Tyre for vehicle wheels |
| CN103079802A (en) * | 2010-08-06 | 2013-05-01 | 株式会社普利司通 | Tire production method, tread member, and tire |
| EP3028877A4 (en) * | 2013-08-21 | 2017-03-22 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. | Pneumatic tire |
| CN110461626A (en) * | 2017-04-04 | 2019-11-15 | 米其林企业总公司 | With the tire for improving performance |
| CN110740881A (en) * | 2017-06-12 | 2020-01-31 | 横滨橡胶株式会社 | Pneumatic tire |
| CN113195190A (en) * | 2018-12-19 | 2021-07-30 | 株式会社普利司通 | Vulcanization molding mold and pneumatic tire manufactured by using same |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103158444A (en) * | 2011-12-19 | 2013-06-19 | 青岛黄海橡胶股份有限公司 | Tire tread of cargo truck |
| JP6176909B2 (en) * | 2012-09-20 | 2017-08-09 | 住友ゴム工業株式会社 | Tread member, extrusion mold for tread member, and tire manufacturing method |
| JP6488838B2 (en) * | 2015-04-07 | 2019-03-27 | 横浜ゴム株式会社 | Pneumatic tire |
| CN109689323B (en) * | 2016-08-12 | 2021-07-13 | 通伊欧轮胎株式会社 | Tire vulcanizing mold, tire vulcanizing device, and tire manufacturing method |
| JP7230459B2 (en) * | 2018-11-27 | 2023-03-01 | 横浜ゴム株式会社 | pneumatic tire |
| JP7360021B2 (en) * | 2019-08-26 | 2023-10-12 | 横浜ゴム株式会社 | Pneumatic tires for heavy loads |
-
2006
- 2006-10-02 JP JP2006270790A patent/JP4212617B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-09-21 CN CN 200710151984 patent/CN101157325B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN102202917A (en) * | 2008-10-31 | 2011-09-28 | 倍耐力轮胎股份公司 | Tyre for vehicle wheels |
| CN103079802A (en) * | 2010-08-06 | 2013-05-01 | 株式会社普利司通 | Tire production method, tread member, and tire |
| CN103079802B (en) * | 2010-08-06 | 2015-06-10 | 株式会社普利司通 | Tire production method, tread member, and tire |
| EP3028877A4 (en) * | 2013-08-21 | 2017-03-22 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. | Pneumatic tire |
| CN105452018B (en) * | 2013-08-21 | 2018-04-03 | 住友橡胶工业株式会社 | Pneumatic tire |
| US10207545B2 (en) | 2013-08-21 | 2019-02-19 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. | Pneumatic tire |
| CN110461626A (en) * | 2017-04-04 | 2019-11-15 | 米其林企业总公司 | With the tire for improving performance |
| CN110461626B (en) * | 2017-04-04 | 2021-08-10 | 米其林企业总公司 | Tyre with improved performance |
| CN110740881A (en) * | 2017-06-12 | 2020-01-31 | 横滨橡胶株式会社 | Pneumatic tire |
| CN113195190A (en) * | 2018-12-19 | 2021-07-30 | 株式会社普利司通 | Vulcanization molding mold and pneumatic tire manufactured by using same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN101157325B (en) | 2011-12-28 |
| JP4212617B2 (en) | 2009-01-21 |
| JP2008087626A (en) | 2008-04-17 |
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