CN101148760A - Technique for manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming and inner-light powder-supplying spray head - Google Patents
Technique for manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming and inner-light powder-supplying spray head Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention is laser inner powder feeding process and laser inner powder feeding nozzle for laser processing and making. By means of a beam expanding process with a circular reflector and a circular focusing reflector, a conic focusing laser beam with one large no-laser hollow area is projected to the processed surface. One single powder feeding pipe is stretched into the no-laser hollow area coaxially with the laser beam to feed powder into the focused laser spot or realize the so-called 'laser inner powder feeding'. The present invention has a post-conversion coaxial laser path in high focusing performance, high laser-powder coupling precision, low laser energy loss, etc. The present invention is suitable for laser deposition, laser surface processing, laser welding and other fields.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of laser processing, be specifically related to technique for manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming and realize the inner-light powder-supplying spray head of this technology.
Background technology
Laser machining forming manufacturing science and technology, be to utilize the focused high-energy laser beam to carry out the emerging multidisciplinary cross project science and technology that the physical process of high-performance metal component, high performance material preparation and high-performance component direct forming are made, being the important component part of advanced manufacturing technology, is the international forward position research direction in this ambit.The advanced laser machining forming manufacturing technology that is in the forward position research field at present mainly contains: (1) adds the hardware laser melting coating Rapid Prototyping technique of making based on preparation of rapid solidification laserable material and material; (2) improve piece surface material property and the laser surface processing and manufacturing new technology of giving the piece surface specific function; (3) laser preparation, laser welding and the extraordinary interconnection technique of difficult processing high performance material; (4) laser repairing of important key components and parts and manufacturing again.
In above-mentioned several advanced laser machining forming manufacturing technologies, a common gordian technique is arranged, be about to laser and by the melt material synchronous transmission to shaping the position, and metallic substance is dropped on the machined surface continuously, accurately, equably do in the hot spot of scanning motion by desired trajectory, realize that the light powder accurately is coupled, carry out luminous energy and heat energy conversion with moment in the zonule, finish the quick metallurgical process of material, this technology is a light powder coupled gordian technique.
Shape in the manufacturing processed various, hot spot all need shape object relatively with material and do two dimension or three-dimensional motion, for example in the synusia banking process that laser melting coating is made fast, metal-powder is constantly added in the hot spot of mobile finite size in real time to be realized cladding and forms the molten road of a rule, and the quality of connection between the molten road of this rule itself and each molten road, as the metallurgical binding quality between molten road, the homogeneity and the density of tissue, smooth between molten road and the molten road, smooth, roughness etc. depend on light source quality and parameter, working process parameter, matrix and powdered material parameter etc.Wherein, the energy shortage that injects between the adjacent in many cases molten road is the bond quality and one of how much major reasons of low quality that causes between the molten road.
The powder-feeding method great majority of domestic and foreign current are many tube cells coaxial powder-feeding method.More advanced various coaxial powder feeding heads in the existing powder conveyer are as United States Patent (USP) (US5418350; US5477026; US5961862), European patent (WO2005028151), Japanese Patent (JP2005219060) etc., its basic structure all adopts multilayer concentric cone barrel formula.Document " Chinese material engineering grand ceremony the 25th volume " (the Wang Zhiyao chief editor. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2006) combine existing coaxial powder-feeding technology both at home and abroad, various automatic powder feeding systems all adopt on cylindrical shell and are the circular channel that is in tilted layout around the center light path, or 3～8 the tunnel inclination powder-supplying spray head around the organization plan of the coaxial even layout in light path center, need divide equally the powder amount during powder feeding and give each shower nozzle, the relative light beam of multichannel powder tilts to spray, and among finished surface converges at hot spot.
To sum up state, existing automatic powder feeding system is from the outside many tube cells inclination of light beam coaxial powder-feeding mode, powder feeding effect such as Fig. 1.Its weak point is:
(1) powder is by 13 ejections of inclination powder-feeding nozzle; powder leaves direction of motion behind the nozzle and is subjected to the influence that mass force own, gas carry pressure, gravity; in moving process, may be protected the effect of gas and optical pressure again; they are not quite identical to the action direction of powder; so powder is parabolic shape; the influence that the powder of different grain size and shape is changed by the parameter fluctuations such as flowability, powder sending quantity and homogeneity in each tube cell; each powder inertia, skyborne movement locus and drop point also can be inconsistent, and these all cause powder to fall the big and fluctuation of zone change.In addition owing to be that many powder road tilts to dust, its separately position, divide equally powder amount error, spray dynamics evenly, symmetry etc. is not the same, make to converge precision and be difficult to stable.In the powder moving process, the powder that has falls into hot spot, but the density distribution that enters behind the light beam is inhomogeneous, and the powder that has does not then enter light beam and just falls, may passing of also having fallen again after the light beam heat absorption and is bonded on the other molten road, molten bath, in the other teardrop shape that sinters into of pool side.
(2) the multi beam powder 10 that ejects of many tube cells is parabolic shape and injects in the light beam by light beam 11 is outer, and then fall into hot spot and form the molten bath, because the multi beam powder all is to enter light beam by the light beam outside, historical facts or anecdotes border powder beam diameter is much larger than light beam, the powder bundle interferes with light beam earlier before falling into hot spot, light beam is produced absorption and diffuse-reflectance, light beam irradiates to the hot spot light intensity on the finished surface is weakened greatly, cause this molten road 12 especially and close on molten road 14, the energy shortage that 15 border is injected, cause the border fusion bad, smooth planeness is bad, and subsurface defect increases, and the border also very easily adheres to because the not enough sintered particles that forms of powder melts.For three-dimensional rapid forming spare, its sidewall 16 is bad owing to fusing between molten road up and down, obviously shows unfairness, surface irregularity and visible incomplete fusion particle.
(3) powder degree of being scattered is big, and the powder that adds is gone into light path too carefully can cause scaling loss than long or particle, so powder using efficiency is low, environmental pollution is big.
The patent that the applicant has applied for (2,005 10112041.0; 200610024264.6) proposed the mirror design in the powder-supplying spray head light path is the band opening, the light beam of opening part is by absorbent body, the outer light beam of open region continues reflection and form a hollow taper focused beam between condensing lens and its focus, single powder conveying pipe can be placed on the no light zone at focused beam center and can not be subjected to the irradiation of laser beam, realized that the tube cell center overlaps fully with beam center, the powder bundle vertically is ejected in the focal beam spot of finished surface along beam center line direction in annular beam, compared with former many tube cells of laser processing inclination coaxial powder feeding apparatus, improved the homogeneity and the degree of converging of powder greatly.But, more than speculum in two kinds of light paths all be designed to be with opening, the luminous energy that laser incides the speculum tapping is promptly lost after by the absorbent body at rear, and opening just in time is positioned at the bigger zone of beam center energy density, so the luminous energy of loss is bigger.In addition, less by the hollow no light zone that the mirror surface opening forms, be not easy to the installation and the adjusting of thicker powder conveying pipe.
Summary of the invention
Need a kind of new coaxial powder-feeding technology and device, the powder bundle in dropping process too early and light beam interfere; The powder light inlet is evenly distributed, and diffusibleness is little; The molten road of processing with processed close between the molten road particularly that lap-joint has the input of enough beam energies; Light beam and the coupling of powder bundle are accurate, and power loss is little in its beam reflection and the focused light passages, and the beam center hollow area is big so that the thicker powder conveying pipe of installation realizes coaxial powder-feeding.
Technique for manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming of the present invention, its main technique method is:
Pass through light chopper, the circular section optical beam transformation that to be launched by laser apparatus is an annular cross section light beam, or by unstable cavity laser output annular cross section light beam, behind described annular beam expander, focusing on becomes ring taper focused beam again, forms an annular focal beam spot at the shaping finished surface.Through in described annulus taper focused beam, having formed the no light zone of a tapered hollow behind the above-mentioned light chopper, powder conveying pipe stretch into outward in this no light zone by light beam and with annulus taper focused beam coaxial line.Powder in the powder conveying pipe gas carry or action of gravity under in the coaxial focal beam spot of sending on the machined surface of light beam hollow area and light beam.Powder spray or dropping process in, be positioned at the hollow area of annulus taper focused beam inside all the time, until near workpiece surface, the powder bundle just enters light beam, falls into focal beam spot.The powder bundle drops on the amyloid plaque external diameter of workpiece surface formation between the interior ring and outer shroud of ring focusing hot spot.Focused beam is not interfered by powder greater than the part of powder bundle.
The powder bundle drops on the size of the amyloid plaque diameter on the workpiece surface and regulates by changing the powder conveying pipe exit diameter, and the size of focal beam spot diameter is regulated by the out of focus mode.The outer ring diameter of focal beam spot is adjusted into and is slightly larger than the amyloid plaque diameter, and the former is 1.1～1.5 times of the latter.
Light chopper of the present invention and inner-light powder-supplying technology are realized by the manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming shower nozzle.Inner-light powder-supplying spray head is made up of cylindrical shell, conscope dowel disc, conical mirror, annular reflect focalization mirror, powder conveying pipe etc.There is light inlet the cylindrical shell top, and there is light-emitting window the cylindrical shell below.The conscope dowel disc constitutes by outer shroud with the interior ring that at least two ribs are attached thereto.Outer shroud is fixed in cylinder inboard wall, fixes a conical mirror on the interior ring, and the minute surface of conical mirror is towards the light inlet of cylindrical shell top.At conscope dowel disc overhead cylinder internal fixing one annular reflect focalization mirror, the described dorsad light inlet of the minute surface of reflect focalization mirror, relative with the minute surface of conical mirror, and towards cylindrical shell bottom light-emitting window.Described conscope dowel disc, conical mirror, annular reflect focalization mirror are all installed with the cylindrical shell coaxial line.Powder conveying pipe has been installed in the cylindrical shell, and cylinder body outer wall is stretched out in the upper end of powder conveying pipe, and the lower end of powder conveying pipe is positioned at the below of described conscope dowel disc, and with the coaxial installation of cylindrical shell, the outlet of powder conveying pipe lower end is near the cylindrical shell light-emitting window.
Powder conveying pipe upper end and tubular axis pass the annular space between conical mirror and the conscope dowel disc and stretch out outside the cylindrical shell at angle, and its side to light is coated with and is coated with light absorbing material, and there is cooling water channel inside.Powder conveying pipe also can be L shaped, after its horizontal section enters from the cylindrical shell side, be installed on the below of a certain rib that connects conscope dowel disc inner and outer rings, and its width is less than the rib width.Described rib side to light is coated with and is coated with light absorbing material, and there is cooling water channel inside.
The nozzle that different size specifications can be installed is equipped with in the powder conveying pipe lower end.
The inner-light powder-supplying spray head principle of work is: entered in the cylindrical shell along tubular axis by powder-supplying spray head cylindrical shell light inlet by the circle of laser apparatus emission or the laser beam of ring section, be incident on the conical mirror minute surface that is installed on encircling in the conscope dowel disc, then by circular cone specular reflection and expansion bundle, laser beam incident behind the expansion bundle forms the annular light beam then and reflexes to the outer somewhere focusing of cylindrical shell light-emitting window to being installed on the intravital annular reflect focalization mirror minute surface of tube.Form an annulus cone-shaped beam like this between focus and annular reflect focalization mirror, this light beam middle part forms a conical hollow no light zone.Single powder conveying pipe turns to focused beam coaxial by the conical hollow no light zone that cylindrical shell top or side enter the light beam middle part then.The nozzle of different bores can be installed in the powder conveying pipe bottom.The powder that is provided by outside powder feeder during work enters powder conveying pipe, sends into the powder mouth again and is ejected to the focal beam spot center by the powder mouth.
Adopt inner-light powder-supplying technology of the present invention and inner-light powder-supplying spray head can reach following beneficial effect:
(1) because of the powder bundle at beam center, can realize that hot spot is slightly larger than amyloid plaque technology, make the direct Stimulated Light irradiation of preceding molten road overlap joint adjacent part of the other and below of this molten road side and be heated, make molten road lap-joint realization good fusion, reduce the thermal stresses of overlap, avoid defective appearance such as crackle.Heat transition fusion effect between molten road and molten road, make between the other molten road of parallel sides or between the molten up and down road bond quality and the planeness of (the multiple tracks surface forms drip molding surface and sidewall) can both be improved, smooth slickness between molten road improves, unnecessary sintering teardrop shape particle reduces, and roughness reduces.
(2) to carry action direction unanimity, the movement locus of pressure, gravity be linearity for the suffered self inertia power of single powder bundle vertical drop, gas, powder bundle medullary ray overlaps all the time with optical axis, in the hot spot of single bundle powder vertical drop to the machined surface, accurately and the angle of divergence little, the powder density distribution is even on the powder area of beam.
(3) single Shu Fenmo is in ring light hollow area dropping process, and it is inner and do not interfere with light beam to be in light beam, can not enter light beam on light beam top and causes and be in the light, and also can not pass through light beam and drops out outside the hot spot.The dipped beam spot place of powder Shu Zaihuan taper focused beam just enters light beam, and the light inlet time is short, and scaling loss is little, and powder using efficiency improves greatly.
(4) annular beam that obtains by conical mirror-annular speculum has realized expanding bundle.Annulus taper focused beam hollow volume in the light path is big, the thick powder conveying pipe of being convenient to install good rigidly, and the centering of being convenient to tube cell is regulated, and is convenient to change different big small nozzles and the different powder of ejection thickness.The beam energy density that expands after restrainting reduces, and the energy of shading light parts such as powder conveying pipe, rib loss is also little.All mirror surfaces are gap not all, has reduced the last optical energy loss that is incident to mirror surface.
(5) behind the light chopper be coaxial light path, the minute surface medullary ray of conical speculum and annular reflect focalization mirror and incident light, the equal coaxial line of outgoing focused light, good condensing performance, light powder coupling precision height.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the outer many tube cells inclination coaxial powder-feeding process schematic representation of light in the prior art;
Fig. 2 is a technique for manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming synoptic diagram of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming nozzle structure figure;
Fig. 4 is the inner-light powder-supplying spray head structure iron with L shaped powder conveying pipe.
Embodiment
Application Example one:
With reference to Fig. 2, Fig. 3.The circular section laser beam of being launched by the laser apparatus ring section laser beam of unstable cavity laser output (or by) 31 is incident upon on the minute surface 351 of conical mirror 35, reflex to again on the minute surface 341 of annular reflect focalization mirror 34, be transformed to hollow circular ring tee section light beam, described annular light beam is focused on, become annulus taper focused beam 21, focused beam 21 has the interior ring of light 211 and outer reticle circle 212, is projected to and forms an annular focal beam spot behind the cladding finished surface.By above-mentioned conical mirror---annular focusing mirror light chopper has produced a conical hollow no light zone 22 in focused beam, powder conveying pipe 39 stretch into outward in the no light zone 22 by light beam and with focused beam 21 coaxial lines.Powder 23 in the powder conveying pipe 39 gas carry or action of gravity under send in the annular focal beam spot on the forming process face.Powder is in dropping process, all the time be positioned at the hollow area 22 of focused beam inside, near focus, enter hot spot, powder bundle external diameter drops between the interior ring of light 211 and outer reticle circle 212 of focal beam spot, realize that the light powder accurately is coupled, carry out luminous energy and heat energy conversion in moment, finish the cladding process of material.
Manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming shower nozzle shown in Figure 3 comprises several parts such as cylindrical shell 33, conscope dowel disc 36, conical mirror 35, annular reflect focalization mirror 34, powder conveying pipe 39.There is light inlet 32 the cylindrical shell top, and there is light-emitting window 42 the cylindrical shell below.Conscope dowel disc 36 constitutes spoke-like by outer shroud 361, interior ring 362, connects with two ribs 363 at least between outer shroud, the interior ring.Outer shroud 361 is fixed in cylindrical shell 33 inwalls, fix a conical mirror 35 on the interior ring 362, the minute surface 351 of conical mirror is towards the light inlet 32 of cylindrical shell top, at cylindrical shell 33 internal fixing one annular reflect focalization mirror 34, the described dorsad light inlet 32 of the minute surface 341 of reflect focalization mirror 34 is relative with the minute surface 351 of conical mirror.Described axicon lens dowel disc 36, conical mirror 35, annular reflect focalization mirror 34 all cooperate installation with cylindrical shell 33 coaxial lines.The below of described conscope dowel disc 36 also is coaxially installed with powder conveying pipe 39 with cylindrical shell 33, the upper end 391 of powder conveying pipe 39 and tubular axis stretch out outside the cylindrical shell from middle the passing of the light beam through expanding bundle between conical mirror 35 and the annular reflect focalization mirror 34 at angle.The coating light absorbing material to be increasing light absorption ratio on upper end 391 sides to light of powder conveying pipe 39, and offers cooling water channel to implement cooling in inside.The lower end outlet of powder conveying pipe 39 is near cylindrical shell below light-emitting window 42.The nozzle 392 of different size specifications can be installed in the lower end of powder conveying pipe 39, to adapt to the needs of the different big starch bundles of output.Present embodiment is in tilted layout because of the powder conveying pipe upper end, both has been fit to gas and has carried powder, also is fit to the gravity powder feeding.
Application Example two:
In embodiment one, drop on amyloid plaque diameter on the workpiece surface by the outlet size adjustment powder bundle that changes powder conveying pipe 39, by changing the axial distance of workpiece phase focusing, promptly change the focal beam spot diameter by the out of focus mode.Diameter to focal beam spot and amyloid plaque is adjusted, and makes focal beam spot outer reticle circle slightly larger in diameter in the amyloid plaque diameter.Generally speaking, the outer reticle circle diameter of focal beam spot is 1.1～1.5 times of amyloid plaque diameter.Be slightly larger than amyloid plaque because of hot spot in the technological process, hot spot is not interfered by powder in focused beam greater than the amyloid plaque part, make side direct Stimulated Light of preceding molten road overlap joint the adjacent part other and below in this molten road shine and be heated, close on the thermograde that melts between the road after can reducing in the melting process this molten road and processing, make molten road lap-joint realize good fusion, reduce the thermal stresses of overlap, avoid defective appearance such as crackle.Heat transition fusion effect between molten road and molten road improves the bond quality between molten road 24 of level and the vertically molten road 25, and unnecessary sintering teardrop shape particle reduces; The smooth slickness of sidewall 26 improves, and roughness reduces.
Application Example three:
In embodiment one or embodiment two, the L shaped powder conveying pipe 39 ' of described powder conveying pipe 39 usefulness is substituted, as Fig. 4.Its horizontal section 391 ' enters from the cylindrical shell side, is installed on the below of a certain rib 363, and its width is less than the rib width, and beam energy is blocked by rib and absorbs.Described rib is exposed in expanding the light beam of restrainting, and its surface is coated with and is coated with light absorbing material, and there is cooling water channel inside.This enforcement powder conveying pipe is L-shaped, and suitable gas carries powder.
Application Example four:
As Fig. 3,, adopt the nozzle 392 of the different exit diameters that are threaded in the lower end of powder conveying pipe 39.
Claims (9)
1. technique for manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming, its main technique method is:
Pass through light chopper, the circular section optical beam transformation that to be launched by laser apparatus is an annular cross section light beam, behind described annular beam expander, focusing becomes annulus taper focused beam, form an annular focal beam spot at the shaping finished surface, in annulus taper focused beam, produce a tapered hollow no light zone, single powder conveying pipe stretch into outward in this no light zone by light beam and with annulus taper focused beam coaxial line, powder in the powder conveying pipe gas carry or action of gravity under send in the focal beam spot on the machined surface, powder is in injection or dropping process, all the time be positioned at the hollow area of annulus taper focused beam inside, until near workpiece surface, the powder bundle enters focal beam spot, and the powder bundle is between the interior ring of light and outer reticle circle of amyloid plaque external diameter at the ring focusing hot spot that workpiece surface forms.
2. technique for manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: change the focal beam spot diameter by the out of focus mode, regulate the powder beam diameter by changing the powder conveying pipe exit diameter, and then regulate the amyloid plaque size that the powder bundle drops on workpiece surface, the outer ring diameter of focal beam spot is 1.1～1.5 times of amyloid plaque diameter.
3. technique for manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming as claimed in claim 1 or 2, it is characterized in that: the circular section light beam that described laser apparatus is launched is substituted by the annular cross section light beam of unstable cavity laser output.
4. manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming shower nozzle, contain cylindrical shell, the conscope dowel disc, conical mirror, annular reflect focalization mirror, several parts such as powder conveying pipe, there is light inlet the cylindrical shell top, there is light-emitting window the cylindrical shell below, it is characterized in that: the conscope dowel disc has outer shroud and interior ring, outer shroud, at least connect with two ribs between the interior ring, outer shroud is fixed in cylinder inboard wall, interior ring is gone up fixedly conical mirror, the minute surface of conical mirror is towards the light inlet of cylindrical shell top, in cylindrical shell, also be fixed with annular reflect focalization mirror, the described dorsad light inlet of the minute surface of reflect focalization mirror, relative with the minute surface of conical mirror, towards cylindrical shell bottom light-emitting window, described conscope dowel disc, conical mirror, annular reflect focalization mirror is all installed with the cylindrical shell coaxial line, powder conveying pipe has been installed in the cylindrical shell, and cylinder body outer wall is stretched out in the upper end of powder conveying pipe, the bottom of powder conveying pipe and the coaxial installation of cylindrical shell, be positioned at the below of described conscope dowel disc, the outlet of powder conveying pipe lower end is near the cylindrical shell light-emitting window.
5. as manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming shower nozzle as described in the claim 4, it is characterized in that: described powder conveying pipe upper end and tubular axis pass stretching out outside the cylindrical shell through expanding the light beam of restrainting between conical mirror and the annular reflect focalization mirror at angle.
6. as manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming shower nozzle as described in the claim 4, it is characterized in that: described powder conveying pipe is L shaped, after its horizontal section enters from the cylindrical shell side, is installed on the below of a certain rib, and its width is less than the rib width.
7. as manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming shower nozzle as described in claim 4 or 5, it is characterized in that: described powder conveying pipe upper end side to light is coated with and is coated with light absorbing material, and there is cooling water channel inside.
8. as manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming shower nozzle as described in the claim 4,5 or 6, it is characterized in that: described rib side to light is coated with and is coated with light absorbing material, and there is cooling water channel inside.
9. as manufacturing inner-light powder-supplying by laser machining forming shower nozzle as described in the claim 4,5 or 6, it is characterized in that: the nozzle of different size specifications can be installed in described powder conveying pipe lower end.
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