CN101104584A - 用于甘油三酯酯交换的方法 - Google Patents

用于甘油三酯酯交换的方法 Download PDF

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CN101104584A
CN101104584A CNA200710129036XA CN200710129036A CN101104584A CN 101104584 A CN101104584 A CN 101104584A CN A200710129036X A CNA200710129036X A CN A200710129036XA CN 200710129036 A CN200710129036 A CN 200710129036A CN 101104584 A CN101104584 A CN 101104584A
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R·M·巴那瓦里
A·本德里
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Abstract

一种用于甘油三酯、尤其是包含游离脂肪酸的甘油三酯与甲醇酯交换的方法。该方法使用源自酸性离子交换树脂的催化剂。所述催化剂在适于进行酯交换的条件下与包含甘油三酯和甲醇的反应混合物接触。

Description

用于甘油三酯酯交换的方法
技术领域
本发明一般涉及使用甲醇对甘油三酯进行酯交换,以制备脂肪酸甲酯的方法。
背景技术
燃料的高价格和环保因素促使人们开发替代燃料,特别是源自可再生资源的燃料。一种这样的燃料通常被称为“生物柴油”燃料,其包含脂肪酸甲酯,在柴油机中燃烧。生物柴油燃料是通过用甲醇与植物油之类的甘油三酯进行酯交换而制备的。例如Abreu,F.R.等人在Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical(2005),227(1-2),263-267;中证明,锡化合物Sn(3-羟基-2-甲基-4-吡喃酮)2(H2O)2对植物油的甲醇分解作用具有高催化活性。但是当该化合物被固定在离子交换树脂上以促进催化剂的再利用的时候,催化剂失去了全部的活性。
本发明所解决的问题是发现一种用甲醇对甘油三酯(特别是包含大量游离脂肪酸(1-99%)的甘油三酯)进行酯交换反应的改进的方法。
发明内容
本发明涉及使用甲醇与甘油三酯进行酯交换的方法;所述方法包括以下步骤:(a)提供包含固定在具有酸官能团的离子交换树脂上的金属氧化物或金属络合物的催化剂;(b)在适于进行酯交换的条件下,使所述催化剂与包含甘油三酯和甲醇的反应混合物相接触。
具体实施方式
除非有另外的说明,所有的百分数均为重量百分数,所有的温度单位均为℃。离子交换树脂的重量百分数是以干树脂为基准计。“烷基”是包含以直链、支链或环状形式排列的1-22个碳原子的饱和烃基。烷基上可被一种或多种卤素、羟基、烷氧基或硝基取代;可能的话,烷氧基取代基还可随后被一种或多种卤素取代基取代。较佳的是,烷基不含卤素取代基,在一个优选的实施方式中,烷基是未取代且无环的。在本发明中,“甘油三酯”是包含脂肪酸的甘油三酯的脂肪或油类。较佳的是,甘油三酯是植物油的形式,但是也可使用动物脂肪作为原料。甘油三酯还可包含游离的脂肪酸。脂肪酸是包含8-20个碳原子的无环脂族羧酸;它们通常包含12-18个碳原子。关于碳-碳键,脂肪酸可以是饱和的,单不饱和的或多不饱和的(通常有2或3个碳-碳双键)。天然脂肪还可包含少量的其它酯化的或游离的脂肪酸,以及少量的(1-4%)磷脂,例如卵磷脂,和极少量的(<1%)其它化合物,例如生育酚。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,在45-120℃的范围内对反应混合物加热至少0.5小时。或者温度至少为50℃,或者至少为55℃,或者至少为60℃。或者温度不高于100℃,或者温度不高于85℃,或者温度不高于80℃,或者不高于75℃。或者反应时间至少为1小时,或者至少为2小时,或者至少为3小时,或者至少为6小时。或者反应时间不大于24小时,或者不大于1 8小时,或者不大于14小时。在温度不高于75℃的实施方式中,反应时间至少为3小时。通过过滤、离心或者任意其它的固液分离标准方法将催化剂从反应混合物中分离。由酯交换反应制得的甘油可以作为分离液相的一部分除去,或者通过其它任意合适的分离技术(例如离心、蒸馏)除去。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,甘油三酯包含1-99%的游离(未酯化)脂肪酸,或者最高50%,或者最高40%,或者最高30%,或者最高20%,或者最高10%。在一个实施方式中,所述甘油三酯包含至少1%的游离脂肪酸,或者其含量至少为2%,或者至少为3%,或者至少为5%。在此实施方式中,催化剂可以促进游离脂肪酸酯化形成它们的甲酯,还可促进甘油三酯的酯交换反应。需要游离脂肪酸的酯化来增大甲酯的产率,还需要避免反应混合物和/或产物被游离脂肪酸污染而带来的问题,这些问题包括在反应混合物中形成泡沫。以前的方法采用单独的酯化和酯交换步骤,由包含很高浓度的游离脂肪酸的油制备生物柴油燃料。在本发明的一个实施方式中,所述甘油三酯包含2-40%的游离脂肪酸。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,所述金属氧化物或金属络合物是两性化合物。在一个实施方式中,所述金属是Sn、Zn、Ge(II)、Cu(II)、Ni(II)、Fe(II)、Fe(III)、Al(III)、Pt(IV)、V(IV)或V(V)。特别优选的金属是Sn、Zn、Ni、Al和Pt的氧化物形式或者与其它配体的络合物,例如硫化物形式。在本发明的一个实施方式中,所述金属络合物是二烷基金属氧化物,所述二烷基金属氧化物中的烷基是C1-C10烷基,或者C2-C4烷基,或者正丁基。特别优选的二烷基金属氧化物是二丁基氧化锡(DBTO)。催化剂是通过将金属氧化物和/或二烷基金属氧化物与离子交换树脂和溶剂一起进行加热,从而将这些氧化物固定在树脂上而形成的。优选的溶剂包括例如甲醇、四氢呋喃、二烷基醚、甲苯和其它不含羟基或氨基的有机溶剂。在一个实施方式中,在25-120℃、或者40-80℃的温度下将所述氧化物和树脂混合起来;该温度保持至少0.25小时,或者至少0.5小时,或者至少1小时。在本发明的一个实施方式中,金属氧化物的量足以络合树脂中5-50%、或者10-20%的酸官能团。在本发明的一个实施方式中,1摩尔金属氧化物或二烷基金属氧化物络合2摩尔酸基团。对于酸官能度为0.4-8毫当量/千克的常规的酸性离子交换树脂,较佳的是加入的金属氧化物和/或二烷基金属氧化物的量为10-50%毫当量/千克树脂总干重,或者加入量为15-35%。在本发明的一个实施方式中,所述离子交换树脂是表面积为25-200米2/克、平均孔径为50-500
Figure A20071012903600051
的大网络树脂;或者其表面积为30-80米2/克,平均孔径为100-300
Figure A20071012903600052
在本发明的一个实施方式中,所述离子交换树脂包含苯乙烯和交联剂(例如二乙烯基苯)的聚合单元。较佳的是,交联剂的含量为1-25%。在本发明的一个实施方式中,所述离子交换树脂的酸官能团包含磺酸基、羧酸基、磷酸基或其混合物。
实施例
实施例1:包含硬脂酸的玉米油的酯交换反应
在装有Soxhlet冷凝器(包含75克活化的分子筛3A)、温度计和机械搅拌器的三颈烧瓶中加入以下组分组成的混合物:玉米油(104.8克)、硬脂酸(5.79克;5.2%的油+硬脂酸)、AmberlystTM45离子交换树脂(6.0克)、DBTO(5.9克)和甲醇(303.0克)。在剧烈搅拌下(250rpm)使该混合物达到回流温度(约64℃)。首先混合物产生泡沫,回流1小时后泡沫消去。
该过程在64-65℃(回流温度)和大气压下进行3小时。此时移出约8毫升的样品,过滤除掉固体催化剂之后,将该样品分为两相,位于顶部的包含脂肪酸甲酯混合物的甲醇相,以及主要包含未反应的玉米油的底部相。11小时之后,将该混合物冷却至室温(没有在反应过程之后进行GC分析;因此,反应完成的时间不确定)。混合物由单独的液相组成。
通过过滤将离子交换催化剂从有机相中除去。过滤步骤之后,蒸发甲醇,制得115克残余的油。残余物主要由一相组成,其中只结合有甘油和锡催化剂。加入水(27.4克)形成沉淀(估计是锡催化剂+甘油)。对固体进行离心,仅得到两相,将两相加入有机相和白色糊剂(12.3克)中,推测是锡催化剂与甘油的混合物。有机相再用盐水溶液(54克)洗涤,用无水MgSO4干燥,重力过滤之后蒸发溶剂,制得89.5克生物柴油燃料。
对原料玉米油和反应混合物进行高分辨GC/MS分析,以分析酯。检测到脂肪酸甲酯混合物的存在{通常的生物柴油混合物(棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸等的甲酯)}和硬脂酸的存在。分析还检测到甘油的存在。
各种甲酯的存在证明了在掺入的硬脂酸的存在下,酯交换反应得以进行。通过GC-MS定量地证明了硬脂酸甲酯的存在,也证明发生了预期的硬脂酸的酯化反应。分析表明大约80-90%的硬脂酸/甘油三酯的转化在起初3小时内发生,在11小时之后,转化率约为92-100%。
表1
源自玉米油+硬脂酸的生物柴油
脂肪酸   玉米油中的含量%   加入硬脂酸调节量% 3小时后甲酯量% 3小时后甲酯量%(重复)   11小时后甲酯量%
  肉豆蔻酸     0-2     0-2 -
  棕榈酸     7-11     7-11 15.6 16.1 16.3
  硬脂酸     3-4     8-9 7.1 7.2 8.3
  棕榈油酸     0-2     0-2 -
  油酸     43-49     40-44 31 33.1 33.5
  亚油酸     34-42     34-42 40.7 33.4 36.8
  其它     -     - 3.8 7.3 3.6
%硬脂酸/酯 3.5% 总计:98.2*%(7.1/98.2×100%)=7.2% 总计:97.1*%(7.2/97.1×100%)=7.4% 总计:98.5*%(8.3/98.5×100%)=8.4%

Claims (10)

1.一种用于甲醇与甘油三酯的酯交换的方法;所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)提供一种催化剂,该催化剂包含固定在具有酸官能团的离子交换树脂上的金属氧化物或金属络合物;
(b)在适于进行酯交换的条件下,使所述催化剂与包含甘油三酯和甲醇的反应混合物相接触。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述反应混合物在45-120℃的温度下加热至少0.5小时。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述金属氧化物或金属络合物是二烷基氧化锡。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于,所述二烷基氧化锡中的烷基是C2-C4烷基。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于,所述离子交换树脂具有磺酸官能团。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述甘油三酯还包含1-99%的游离脂肪酸。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述反应混合物在45-120℃的温度下加热至少0.5小时。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述金属氧化物或金属络合物是二烷基氧化锡。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述二烷基氧化锡中的烷基是C2-C4烷基。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,所述离子交换树脂具有磺酸官能团。
CN200710129036XA 2006-07-14 2007-06-29 用于甘油三酯酯交换的方法 Expired - Fee Related CN101104584B (zh)

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