CN101054057A - 用于均质充气压燃发动机工作的混合动力系统 - Google Patents

用于均质充气压燃发动机工作的混合动力系统 Download PDF

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CN101054057A
CN101054057A CNA2007100970065A CN200710097006A CN101054057A CN 101054057 A CN101054057 A CN 101054057A CN A2007100970065 A CNA2007100970065 A CN A2007100970065A CN 200710097006 A CN200710097006 A CN 200710097006A CN 101054057 A CN101054057 A CN 101054057A
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combustion engine
cylinder
power system
bore
motor
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CN101054057B (zh
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A·G·霍尔姆斯
P·J·萨瓦贾恩
M·A·特奥鲍德
E·M·拉斯克
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GM Global Technology Operations LLC
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/24—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the combustion engines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/36—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings
    • B60K6/365—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings with the gears having orbital motion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/30—Controlling fuel injection
    • F02D41/3011—Controlling fuel injection according to or using specific or several modes of combustion
    • F02D41/3017—Controlling fuel injection according to or using specific or several modes of combustion characterised by the mode(s) being used
    • F02D41/3035—Controlling fuel injection according to or using specific or several modes of combustion characterised by the mode(s) being used a mode being the premixed charge compression-ignition mode
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/30—Controlling fuel injection
    • F02D41/3011—Controlling fuel injection according to or using specific or several modes of combustion
    • F02D41/3017—Controlling fuel injection according to or using specific or several modes of combustion characterised by the mode(s) being used
    • F02D41/3058—Controlling fuel injection according to or using specific or several modes of combustion characterised by the mode(s) being used the engine working with a variable number of cycles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K1/00—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units
    • B60K1/02—Arrangement or mounting of electrical propulsion units comprising more than one electric motor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
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    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles

Abstract

本发明提供了一种混合动力系统，包括：足以在均质充气压燃工作模式下工作的内燃机。电机和能量储存装置与内燃机并联混合。传动装置可操作连接于内燃机和电机。该内燃机可工作于两冲程和四冲程的循环之一。

Description

用于均质充气压燃发动机工作的混合动力系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有两冲程和四冲程内燃机之一的混合动力系统，该内燃机可操作连接于与内燃机混合联合的电机和能量储存装置，使内燃机能够专门或主要地以均质充气压燃工作模式在较宽发动机负荷范围内工作。
背景技术
四冲程和两冲程内燃机，尤其是汽车内燃机，通常属于两个类别之一，火花点火式发动机和压燃式发动机。通常的火花点火式发动机，例如汽油发动机通常通过导入或喷射燃油/空气混合物到发动机气缸，然后被压缩并由火花塞点燃来运行。通常的压燃式发动机，例如柴油机，通常在靠近压缩冲程上止点(TDC)导入或喷射压缩燃油发动机气缸来运行。通常的汽油发动机和柴油机的燃烧均涉及由流体力学控制预混合和火焰蔓延。各类型的发动机都有优点和缺点。
最近，其它种类的燃烧方法论和概念被引入内燃机。燃烧概念之一即是领域中公知的均质充气压燃工作模式(HCCI)。HCCI是一种分布式、无焰的由化学氧化而非流体力学控制的自动点火过程。由于HCCI是一种分布式、动态控制的燃烧过程，HCCI发动机能够在具有相对较低的峰值燃烧温度的很稀薄燃油/空气混合物下工作，这样产生较低水准的NOx排放。HCCI燃烧的燃油/空气混合物相对较均匀，因此形成烟和颗粒排放的局部的浓燃油区域被消除。
在中等发动机速度和负荷下，再循环和收集的废气可用于加热进气来促进自动点火。然而，该方法在或接近怠速和负载条件下的作用并不令人满意。在或接近怠速和负载时，用于加热并能稳定自动点火的废气中的热能不足。结果，怠速条件下燃烧过程周期到周期的变化过大而不能稳定自动点火。因而，HCCI发动机工作的主要困难之一在于适宜地控制燃烧过程，使具有较低排放、最佳的放热率和较低噪声的稳定燃烧能够在工作条件的范围下实现。
发明内容
提供一种车用混合动力系统，包括足以在均质充气压燃工作模式下工作的内燃机。还提供一种电机和能量储存装置，例如电机和电池，与内燃机混合，并能够在低速下驱动车辆而无论内燃机是否运转。该电机和能量储存装置在低的发动机负荷下当难以保持均质充气压燃工作模式的稳定工作时，提供动力。传动装置可操作连接于内燃机和电机。该传动装置可采用一个或两个电机，来使传动装置在连续变化的工作模式下工作。
该内燃机可以为具有限定气缸孔的气缸组的两冲程内燃机。用于将所吸入的空气输送到气缸孔的进气口和用于从气缸孔输送废气的排气口可以被提供。活塞在气缸孔中上止点位置和下止点位置之间往复运动，其中活塞可选择地阻断进气口和排气口。燃油喷射器被设置为直接喷射燃油到气缸孔用于与所吸入空气的燃烧。控制器可操作连接于燃油喷射器，并足以影响均质充气压燃工作模式。
该内燃机可以为具有限定气缸孔的气缸组的四冲程内燃机。用于将所吸入的空气输送到气缸孔的进气口和用于可选择地将所吸入的空气从进气口输送到气缸孔的进气阀可以被提供。用于从气缸孔输送废气的排气口和用于将废气从气缸孔选择性输送到排气口的排气阀可以被提供。活塞在气缸孔中上止点位置和下止点位置之间往复运动。燃油喷射器被设置为直接喷射燃油到气缸孔用于与所吸入空气的燃烧。此外，控制器可操作连接于燃油喷射器，并足以影响均质充气压燃工作模式。
以上本发明的特征和优点以及其它特征和优点可随后结合附图从实施本发明最佳方式的详细论述而容易获知。
附图说明
附图1是具有两冲程内燃机的车辆混合动力系统的示意测视图(未按比例)，表示局部横截面，其足以在均质充气压燃(HCCI)工作模式下工作，并且混合结合于电机和传动装置，和
附图2是具有四冲程内燃机的车辆混合动力系统的示意侧视图(未按比例)，表示局部横截面，其足以在均质充气压燃(HCCI)工作模式下工作，并且混合结合于附图1的电机和传动装置。
具体实施方式
参考附图1，混合动力系统10被图示。该混合动力系统10包括两冲程内燃机12，电机例如电动机14，和传动装置16。该两冲程内燃机12包括曲轴18，该曲轴18可操作连接于传动装置16和电机14，使该两冲程内燃机12和电机14并联混合。该两冲程内燃机12以受控的自动点火或均质充气压燃(HCCI)的操作模式而工作。
该两冲程内燃机12包括限定曲轴箱容积22的气缸组或体20。该气缸体20还限定气缸孔24，气缸孔24中的活塞26可往复运动。该活塞26安装于连杆28，连杆依次安装于曲轴18，来提供气缸孔24中下止点(或BDC)位置和上止点(或TDC)位置之间的往复运动。该曲轴18至少部分布置于曲轴箱容积22中，并且由气缸体20可转动地支持。与连杆28和曲轴18相连的活塞26共同工作以将活塞26的往复运动转化为曲轴18的旋转运动。气缸盖32相对于气缸体20可拆卸地安装，并用于关闭气缸孔24的一端。该活塞26、气缸孔24和气缸盖32共同协作而形成可变容积的燃烧室34。可变容积室36位于可变容积燃烧室34相反的活塞26的另一侧，并由活塞26、气缸孔24和气缸体20的壁部38所限定。该壁部38大致将可变容积室36与曲轴箱容积22隔开。孔40由壁部38限定，并确保容纳连杆28穿过。
气缸体20确定进气口42、排气口44和输气口46。该进气口42用于可选择地将所吸入的空气48从进气歧管50输送到可变容积室36。该输气口46用于可选择地将所吸入的空气48从可变容积室36输送到可变容积燃烧室34。此外，排气口44用于可选择地将燃烧的产物或废气52从可变容积燃烧室34输送到排气歧管54，以随后排入大气。活塞26用于可选择地阻断进气口42、排气口44和输气口46，同时活塞26在气缸体20内往复。
点火装置或火花塞56和燃油喷射器58至少部分位于气缸盖32中。该燃油喷射器58被构造并布置用于从压力燃油源62将燃油60直接喷射入可变容积燃烧室34。可替代的供油方式，例如端口燃油喷射和节气门体燃油喷射也可以结合本发明的特征而使用；然而最佳方式是直接喷射。同样的，具有较宽适用等级的汽油和低乙醇的混合物是最佳的燃油，可替代的液态和气态燃料例如高乙醇的混合物(E80，E85等)，纯乙醇(E99)，纯甲烷(M100)，天然气，氢，沼气，多种重整油，合成气等也可用于实施本发明。火花塞56穿过气缸盖32延伸入可变容积燃烧室34并用于在内燃机12的点火操作中为可变容积燃烧室34的燃油60和所吸入空气48的混合提供点火源。
当活塞在气缸孔24中从TDC位置移动到BDC位置，排气口44和输气口46的通道64由活塞接通。此外，可变容积室36的容积将变小，以使其所容的吸入空气48通过通道64进入输气口46。该吸入空气48以充足的动量进入可变容积燃烧室34，使废气52进入排气口44，来清除废气。簧片阀68紧接进气歧管50和进气口42，并用于在活塞下降冲程中禁止从可变容积室36到进气歧管50的进气气流48。
当活塞26从BDC位置移动到TDC位置，输气口46的上通道64和排气口44由活塞26阻断，使吸入空气48与燃油60的混合物在可变容积燃烧室34中被压缩，来在其内产生有利的燃烧条件。在活塞上升冲程中可变容积室36内形成的容积将使吸入空气48穿过簧片阀68进入可变容积室36。
运转中，从轻到中等的发动机负载中，内燃机12以HCCI的模式燃烧工作，燃油60喷射比通常早，来确保燃油60和吸入空气48的预混合。该燃油喷射过程发生于比活塞从BDC到TDC的运动开始稍迟。燃油喷射量具有足够稀理论的空/燃比，使混合物的过早自动点火被大致避免。当活塞26移动接近TDC，进行燃油60的第二点火。该第二点火在可变容积燃烧室34中起增大空/燃比的作用，使自动点火发生。本领域熟悉技术人员可获知其它能实现HCCI操作模式下的燃油喷射方式，其包括燃油喷射正时以及增加或减少燃油喷射量或燃油喷射次数。该HCCI操作模式通常的特征为具有稀理论空/燃比或理论空/燃比的受控的自动点火过程。该HCCI燃烧过程进一步的特征为，无须由火花塞56提供用于引起燃油60与吸入空气48混合物燃烧的火花。在非常轻的发动机负荷或高的发动机负荷，该HCCI燃烧不稳定而导致发动机工作粗暴。在较高的发动机负荷下，内燃机12在火花点火操作模式下是有利的，其中燃油60总量被喷射到可变容积燃烧室34中。随后，燃油60与吸入空气48混合物由活塞26压缩并在特定时刻由火花塞56引起的火花点火。
电控模块，或控制器70最好为程序控制的数字计算机，其包括中央处理器、随机存取存储器、只读存储器、模拟数字转换器和输入输出电路和时钟电路的标准部件。该控制器70适于从连接于发动机的多个传感器接收关于发动机的多个参数信息。在接收该信息后，该控制器70执行所需计算并提供输出信号，该信号被传输到影响内燃机12工作的多个操作系统。该控制器70设置为提供命令信号到火花塞56和燃油喷射器58。
该电机14可操作地连接于能量存储装置例如电池72，可选择地将能量传输给该电机14，使电机14给传动装置16提供动力。此外，该电机14可操作地不管内燃机12的操作，在低速工作下为装有混合动力系统车辆提供动力。传动装置16最好为连续变速的传动装置。尤其是，附图1所述的传动装置是电子传动装置(EVT)。这样，传动装置16包括第二电机74，连接于曲轴的与其一起转动的输入轴76，输出轴78和差速齿轮80。该差速齿轮80可操作地连接于电机14、74、输入轴76和输出轴78。该控制器70可操作地连接于电池72和电机14、74，来控制电机14、74的速度，从而改变输入轴76和输出轴78之间的速率。EVT的示例在Holmes et al于2003年3月4日发布的美国专利6527658中论述，由此结合参考全部内容。该传动装置16最好具有第一工作模式，该模式中电机14或74之一通过传动装置16能够使传动装置16持续改变速率，和第二工作模式，该模式中两个电机14和74被用于通过传动装置16持续改变速率。那些本领域熟悉技术人员可获知紧密间隔安装的分级齿轮齿数比，例如1.4级或更小，可以用于本发明持续变化操作模式的场合。
现参照附图2，其中同样的附图标记对应于附图1中同样的部件，图示整个指示为10的混合动力系统。该混合动力系统10’包括四冲程内燃机82，电机14，和传动装置16。该四冲程内燃机82包括曲轴84，该曲轴84可操作连接于传动装置16和电机14，使该四冲程内燃机82和电机14并联混合。该四冲程内燃机82被设置为至少在四冲程内燃机82的部分工作区域内以HCCI的操作模式而工作。
该四冲程内燃机82包括限定曲轴箱容积88的气缸组或体86。该气缸体86还限定气缸孔90，气缸孔90中的活塞92可往复运动。该活塞92安装于连杆94，连杆安装于曲轴84，来提供气缸孔90中BDC位置和TDC位置之间的往复运动。该曲轴84至少部分布置于曲轴箱容积88中，并且由气缸体86可转动地支持。与连杆94和曲轴84相连的活塞92共同工作以将活塞92的往复运动转化为曲轴84的旋转运动。气缸盖96相对于气缸体86可拆卸地安装，并用于关闭气缸孔90的一端。该活塞92、气缸孔90和气缸盖96共同形成可变容积的燃烧室98。
气缸盖96确定进气口100、排气口102。该进气口100用于可选择地将所吸入的空气48从进气歧管104输送到进气阀106。该进气阀106可滑动地置于气缸盖96中，并用于可选择地将所吸入的空气48输送到可变容积燃烧室98。排气阀108可滑动地置于气缸盖96中，并用于可选择地将废气52从可变容积燃烧室98输送到排气口102。排气歧管110安装到气缸盖96，用于将废气52从排气口102输送到车辆排气系统的余部，未示出，以随后排入大气。废气再循环系统112，EGR，可用于再循环部分废气52，作为再循环气113，通过EGR通道114到进气歧管104。该再循环气113的流量率可选择地和可变地由高温阻阀116控制。那些本领域熟悉技术人员可获知将EGR气113引入到所吸入空气48可用于减少氧化氮或Nox的排放，并提高燃油经济性。此外，EGR气113可提供内燃机82稳定性调节，当在进入可变容积燃烧室98前加热吸入空气48而工作于HCCI操作模式，从而改进了自动点火。
点火装置或火花塞118和燃油喷射器120至少部分位于气缸盖96中。该燃油喷射器120被构造并布置用于从压力燃油源62将燃油60直接喷射入可变容积燃烧室98。可替代的供油方式，例如端口燃油喷射和节气门体燃油喷射也可以结合本发明的特征而使用；然而最佳方式是直接喷射。如上所述，具有较宽适用等级的汽油和低乙醇的混合物是最佳的燃油，可替代的液态和气态燃料例如高乙醇的混合物(E80，E85等)，纯乙醇(E99)，纯甲烷(M100)，天然气，氢，沼气，多种重整油，合成气等也可用于实施本发明。火花塞118穿过气缸盖96延伸入可变容积燃烧室98并用于在四冲程内燃机82的点火操作中为可变容积燃烧室98中的燃油60和所吸入空气48的混合物提供点火源。
那些本领域熟悉技术人员可获知，在各发动机周期中该四冲程内燃机82的曲轴84转两圈或720度。即，在被称为的进气冲程中，该四冲程内燃机82的活塞92将从TDC位置运动到BDC位置，期间吸入空气48、燃油60和/或EGR气113被导入可变容积燃烧室98。在压缩冲程中，活塞92从BDC位置运动到TDC位置，而吸入空气48、燃油60和/或EGR气113被压缩来提供燃烧条件。随后，在作功或膨胀冲程中，活塞92将从TDC位置运动到BDC位置。在膨胀冲程中，迅速膨胀燃烧的气体推动活塞92向下产生动力。废气52被迫从可变容积燃烧室98中排出，当时活塞92从BDC位置运动到TDC位置，这通常被称为排气冲程。
在工作中，在轻至适中发动机负荷下，四冲程内燃机82在HCCI燃烧模式下工作，其中特定量的燃油60比通常早喷射，来获得充足的燃油60和吸入空气48的预混合。该燃油喷射通常发生在进气冲程早期。该燃油60喷射量提供稀理论空/燃比，使燃油60和吸入空气48混合物的过早自动点火大致可以避免。当活塞92向压缩冲程的TDC运动，进行燃油60的第二喷射。该第二喷射在可变容积燃烧室98中起增大空/燃比的作用，以实现自动点火。那些本领域熟悉技术人员可获知，其它能够在HCCI工作模式下的燃油喷射方式，包括改变燃油喷射正时以及减少或增加燃油喷射量和燃油喷射次数。该HCCI工作模式的通常特征为具有稀理论空/燃比或理论空/燃比的可控自动点火过程。该HCCI燃烧过程进一步的特征为，无须由火花塞118提供用于引起吸入空气48与燃油60混合物燃烧的火花。在非常轻的发动机负荷，该HCCI燃烧不稳定。一些EGR气113可导入进气歧管50以加热吸入空气48，从而改进了自动点火。
在高负荷的发动机负荷，该HCCI燃烧不稳定而导致发动机工作粗暴。在较高的发动机负荷下，内燃机82在火花点火操作模式下是有利的，其中燃油60总量被喷射到可变容积燃烧室98中。随后，吸入空气48与燃油60混合物由活塞92压缩并在特定时刻由火花塞118引起的火花点火。该控制器70设置为提供命令信号到火花塞118和燃油喷射器120。另外，该控制器70设置为提供命令信号来控制阀116。
附图2中传动装置16的部件和功能在上文参考附图1将被讨论。如前所述，该HCCI工作模式通常在有限的发动机负荷下发生。因此，提供具有连续变化或相近间隔固定的比率或与电机14和74及电池72混合的传动装置16，当车辆运行变化时使内燃机12或82保持HCCI燃烧。电池72和电机14及74用于使发动机动力负荷均匀，而传动装置16中差动齿轮装置80用于在狭窄的工作区域内保持内燃机12或82的转速或改变内燃机12或82的转速，以在给定的发动机动力等级下优化HCCI工作模式。
虽然本发明是参考内燃机12或82的单个气缸来论述的，那些本领域熟悉技术人员可获知，本发明可用于具有多个气缸的发动机，例如具有3、4、5、6、8、10、12，或甚至16个气缸。此外，前面的说明书论述了的两冲程和四冲程内燃机12或82，分别在火花点火操作下工作。那些本领域熟悉技术人员可获知，本发明可用于在纯压缩点火模式下工作的内燃机，例如权利要求范围内的柴油机。同样地，点火装置56和118可以是代替火花塞的预热塞。此外，进气加热器可用于压缩点火发动机的辅助燃烧。在实施本发明的最佳方式论述后，那些本发明的相关领域熟悉技术人员可获知，在所附权利要求范围内实施本发明的替代设计和实施例。

Claims (19)

1、一种车用混合动力系统，包括：
足以在均质充气压燃工作模式下工作的内燃机，其中所述内燃机包括：
用于压缩至少燃油与所吸入空气混合物的可变容积腔；
至少部分限定可变容积腔的活塞；
燃油喷射器，构造为足以直接喷射燃油到所述可变容积腔用于与所述吸入空气燃烧；
点火装置，其直接连通于所述可变容积腔用于引起所述混合物燃烧；
控制器，其可操作连接于燃油喷射器，并构造为足以实现均质充气压燃工作模式；
第一电机和能量储存装置，与内燃机混合，并构造为足以可选择地在低速下驱动车辆而不管所述内燃机工作的情况；
传动装置，其可操作连接于内燃机和电机。
2、如权利要求1所述的混合动力系统，其中所述传动装置特征在于具有内燃机和传动装置输出速度之间连续可变的速比。
3、如权利要求2所述的混合动力系统，其特征在于所述第一电机为电动机，所述电动机设置为足以实现连续可变的速比。
4、如权利要求2所述的混合动力系统，其特征在于还包括
第二电机，
其中所述第一和第二电机为电动机，
所述传动装置为电可变传动装置。
5、如权利要求4所述的混合动力系统，其特征在于所述电可变传动装置可在多种模式下工作。
6、如权利要求1所述的混合动力系统，其中所述传动装置特征在于在传动装置工作的速比范围中连续速比级平均为1.4级或更低。
7、如权利要求1所述的混合动力系统，其特征在于所述内燃机为两冲程内燃机。
8、如权利要求1所述的混合动力系统，其特征在于所述内燃机为四冲程内燃机。
9、如权利要求8所述的混合动力系统，其特征在于所述四冲程内燃机还包括用于将再循环废气传送到可变容积燃烧室的废气再循环系统。
10、如权利要求1所述的混合动力系统，其特征在于所述点火装置为火花塞，所述火花塞被构造为能够使所述内燃机在火花点火操作模式下工作。
11、一种动力系统，包括：
在均质充气压燃工作模式下工作的两冲程内燃机，其具有
由气缸组限定的气缸孔，
用于将所吸入的空气输送到气缸孔的进气口，
用于从气缸孔输出废气的排气口，
在气缸中上止点位置和下止点位置之间往复运动的活塞，所述活塞活塞可选择地阻断进气口和排气口，
用于直接喷射燃油到气缸孔以与所吸入空气燃烧的燃油喷射器，
可操作连接于燃油喷射器，并构造为足以实现均质充气压燃工作模式的控制器，
与所述两冲程内燃机混合的电机和能量储存装置，和
可操作连接于两冲程内燃机和所述电机的传动装置。
12、如权利要求11所述的动力系统，其中所述传动装置特征在于具有连续可变的速比。
13、如权利要求11所述的动力系统，其特征在于所述两冲程内燃机包括被构造为能够在火花点火操作模式下工作的火花塞。
14、如权利要求11所述的动力系统，其特征在于所述能量储存装置为电池。
15、一种动力系统，包括：
在均质充气压燃工作模式下工作的两冲程内燃机，其具有
由气缸组限定的气缸孔，
用于将所吸入的空气输送到气缸孔的进气口，
用于可选择地将所吸入的空气从进气口输送到气缸孔的进气阀，
用于从气缸孔输出废气的排气口，
用于选择性地将废气从气缸孔输送到排气口的排气阀，
在气缸中上止点位置和下止点位置之间往复运动的活塞，
用于直接喷射燃油到气缸孔以与所吸入空气燃烧的燃油喷射器，
可操作连接于燃油喷射器，并构造为足以实现均质充气压燃工作模式的控制器，
与所述两冲程内燃机混合的电机和能量储存装置，和
可操作连接于两冲程内燃机和所述电机的传动装置。
16、如权利要求15所述的动力系统，其中所述传动装置特征在于具有连续可变的速比。
17、如权利要求15所述的动力系统，其特征在于所述四冲程内燃机包括被构造为能够在火花点火操作模式下工作的火花塞。
18、如权利要求16所述的动力系统，其特征在于所述能量储存装置为电池。
19、如权利要求15所述的动力系统，其特征在于所述四冲程内燃机包括安装于气缸组的气缸盖，其中所述进气口和所述排气口中的至少一个至少部分由气缸盖限定。
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