CN1005964B - 改善非均匀合成反应器中反应气体与骤冷气体混合的系统 - Google Patents

改善非均匀合成反应器中反应气体与骤冷气体混合的系统 Download PDF

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CN1005964B
CN1005964B CN87104678.4A CN87104678A CN1005964B CN 1005964 B CN1005964 B CN 1005964B CN 87104678 A CN87104678 A CN 87104678A CN 1005964 B CN1005964 B CN 1005964B
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尤姆伯托·萨尔迪
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Abstract

通过改善反应气体和骤冷气体一起的混合，改进了热交换的总状况。在用于非均相合成（氨水，甲醇等）的反应器中，采用此种方法以增加产量并减少能耗。该反应器由以下几部分组成：一个外壳体；带有一个置于另一个之上的催化筐的一个内简，至少上述筐之一让反应气体轴向流过；和在一个筐的底部紧跟着的筐的顶部之间的供给骤冷气体的装置。现在所说的气体混合，是在靠近内筒壁的周围区域中进行的。

Description

改善非均匀合成反应器中反应气体与骤冷气体混合的系统
本发明涉及一种在非均相合成反应器中，尤其是氨水与甲醇的合成反应器中，改善反应气体与骤冷气体的混合、而增加产量并降低能耗的系统。该系统由以下几部分组成：一个外围壳体或抗压体;一内筒，其外部与所说的壳体内壁间构成新鲜反应气体流的导管;一组一个置于另一个之上的催化筐以及为了供给未反应的骤冷气体，以使催化床底部和位于其下的催化床上部的松散表面之间的区域中的反应气体冷却的装置，上述的反应气体至少轴向地流过所说的催化床之一。
上述类型的轴流式反应器，在以前被广为传播，并常被称之谓“凯洛格”型反应器。在能源价格很低的时期，这些轴流型反应器绝大多数经常投入运转。随着今天能源费用的升高，改善合成反应器的效率，也就是在同等的条件下尽可能地增加反应气体流通过催化床的转换率是非常重要的，特别是在生产基础化合物NH3的工艺中更是如此。以上所述不但适用于能使用最先进技术的新建工厂，而且也适用于已经在使用着的旧工厂。正如以上所说的、生产成本强烈地受反应器性能的影响，随着能源价格的上涨，反应器的性能必须提高。
一切适于改善反应器，提高反应器的效率从而降低能源消耗的行为和措施，都是非常有意义的。
在以前的专利和专利申请中，申请人已提出，最有意义的是反应器的产量，运行费用和将它们投产的费用。例如，特别是在申请号为03238/85和02100/85的瑞士专利申请中，就建议对轴流骤冷型“凯洛格”反应器作一种有意义的改进，将之改造成径向反应器。众所周知，在径向反应器中可使用更小颗粒的催化剂，而比目前在轴流式反应器中使用的较大颗粒催化剂更为有效，从而改善了反应器的性能。
在这方面，对它们的系统研究作了进一步努力，申请人对至少带有一个反应气体轴向流过其中的催化床的反应器的器件和结构的设计与进一步完善方面，取得了成功。已经证明，在增加反应气体和骤冷气体的混合效率方面，这些改进是非常有益的，因此而使反应器具有最佳的反应发生的一般热状况。这与增加产量并降低能耗的目的相符。
本发明的目的是想提供一种改善反应气体和骤冷气体的混合，并以此种方式提高产量和减少反应器能耗的反应器，该反应器用于非均匀合成，特别是氨水和甲醇的合成，该反应器由一个外围壳体或承压主体，一个内筒，一组一个位于另一个之上的催化筐、以及供给未反应的骤冷气体的装置组成，骤冷气体是为了把进入上催化床底部和直接位于该床下方的催化床的松散上表面间的区域中的反应气体冷却下来，上述反应气体至少轴向地流过一个所说的催化床这里特征在于，所说的热反应气体和冷的骤冷气体的混合，是发生在靠近内筒壁的周围区域。
按照本发明的反应器，其特征还在于，装有骤冷气体的输出口的环形收集器，置于内筒壁周围并靠近催化床栅格下部之下的双层底处，用于将从上述催化床排出的热反应气体输送到周边骤冷气体的输出口区。供给骤冷气体并被放在周边区的环形收集器的直径，稍微小于释热器中的收集器的直径、而迫使由催化床底部排出来的热反应气体流向骤冷气体输出口的周边区。反应器装有一个带可抽出底部的栅格和一个骤冷气体供给收集器，该收集器在所述可抽出栅格的拱背线中有一个周缘输出口。反应器至少有一个催化床让反应气体在其上轴向通过，并且在可抽出栅格的拱背线中最好有一个周缘气体骤冷加合器;以及至少有一个催化床让反应气体在其上呈径向的通过，并能向其供给骤冷气体。
本发明的各种形态和优点，可从以下选定的说明中得到更好的公开。但并不限于附图中描述的实施例。附图中：
图1表示一个已知的轴流式反应器，例如一个“凯洛格”型反应器的、简要的局部纵断面图。
图2表示按照本发明在一个催化床底部之下，放大了的反应器底部剖面图。
图3表示一个反应器的纵剖面图。该反应器包括至少一个按照本发明改进了的催化床，还包括有至少另一个按照上述专利申请完善了的催化床。
即使随后的观察，通常总是有效的，尤其是参照了具有三个或四个绝热床的“凯洛格”轴流式骤冷反应器更是如此。
图1表示这些常规反应器之一的一个典型的反应器的轮廓。该反应器有一个压力壳体P;一个有内径为Dc的筒C;一个将新鲜气体流引向热交换器S的通道;四个催化床Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ各连接到一个骤冷气体Q2，Q3和Q4引入装置，而引入装置的末端装有环形收集器CTi。
通过进气口A，把反应气体导入反应器底部并向上（箭头F）流进压力容器P和含有催化剂K的内容器或筒C之间构成的空间E中，在顶部热交换器S中预热到反应温度（与反应过的气体换热），之后，预热了的新鲜气体流过第一催化床Ⅰ。
在第一催化床的出口，该气体由新鲜的骤冷气体Q2冷却，并通过第二个催化床，而后同样地通过其它随后的催化床等等。
通过流出催化床Li的热气体Gcu和具有温度低于反应气体温度的未反应气流Qi的混合，使得温度控制发生在催化床（Li）和下一个催化床（Li+1）之间。
尤其是，在给定了值得重视的反应器各部尺寸之后，在每一个催化层Li中，包含有催化剂K的底层格栅，GRi是一种可抽出型的格栅，此种方式是为了增加机械强度。从可抽出型格栅GRi流出的气体，被收集并传送到一特殊的隔膜DAi的中心处，在此处与由每个环形收集接CTi形成适当分布的冷却气体相混合。按这种方式混合的气体，然后以所希望的温度进入随后的层中。
对所有的其它催化层（Ⅲ、Ⅳ等等），以上述方式重复进行气体的混合。
显然，现在所描述的特殊的骤冷系统，需要有显著的自由空间（不为催化剂占有的空间），从而减少了反应器的有用空间（也就是催化剂所占有的空间），同时由于反应气体和骤冷气体的混合效率很低，从而降低了催化床的产量。
现已发在，通过安装一种不同的骤冷系统，有可能克服这些不利之处。在图2中，该系统以放大的标度表示而与一个催化床Li联系起来。
按照本发明，现在的环形收集器CTi（骤冷环）最好从中心区Ic（图1）移到周边区ZPi（图2），最好与可抽出栅格GEi的拱背线DESi（也就是目前为止所利用的最外围区域）相对应。而热反应气体，通过一适当的双层底DFi返回到外边。所以有可能增加催化剂可利用的空间，从而也就有可能增加插入反应器的催化剂总量（在一个有四个催化床的反应器中，所得的量是每一个催化床蓄热量的四倍。这样的增益，显然是伴随着热反应气体Gcu和骤冷气体Qi之间极有效的混合而来的。事实上，已经查明，这种混合在所限定的周边区域Zc特别有利（相对于发生在宽大的中心通道区Zc而论）。
一种传统的“凯洛格”反应器，按照本发明作适当的改进，至少可多充进10%的催化剂，这相当于显著地增加了转换度。
图3表示一个按照本发明改进了的“凯洛格”反应器。其中，第一和第二催化床是轴流式的（没有改变），而其余的两个床按照申请人早期的专利申请那样作了改变（床Ⅲ和床Ⅳ由具有轴流式的床，改变成径向气流式床）。
显然，可能作成有一个轴流式床而其余的三个是径向式床（1+3）。或者两个轴流式床和两个径向式床，如图3所示那样（2+2）。或者三个轴流式床和一个径向式床（3+1）。

Claims (3)

1、一种改善反应气体和骤冷气体的混合的反应器，该反应器用于非均相合成，特别是氨水和甲醇的合成，所说的反应器由一个外围壳体或承压主体，一个内筒，一组一个位于另一个之上的催化筐，以及供给未反应的骤冷气体的装置组成，所说的供给骤冷气体的装置使骤冷气体把进入上催化床底部和直接位于该床下方的催化床的松散上表面间的区域中的反应气体冷却下来，其中所说的反应气体至少轴向地流过一个所说的催化床，其特征在于：供给骤冷气体并被放在周边区的环形收集器的直径稍微小于内筒中的收集器的直径，而迫使由催化床底部排出来的热反应气体流向骤冷气体输出口的周边。
2、根据权利要求1所说的反应器，其特征在于：带有骤冷气体输出口的环形收集器靠近内筒壁周围并靠近催化床栅格下部的下方的一个双层底，所说的栅格为带可抽出底部型的，所说的收集器在所述的可抽出栅格的拱背线中有一个周缘输出口。
3、根据权利要求2所述的反应器，其特征在于至少有一个催化床让反应气体在其上轴间通过，并且在可抽出栅格的拱背线中最好有一个周缘气体骤冷引入装置;以及至少有一个催化床让反应气体基本在基上呈径向通过，并能向其供给骤冷气体。
CN87104678.4A 1986-06-02 1987-06-01 改善非均匀合成反应器中反应气体与骤冷气体混合的系统 Expired CN1005964B (zh)

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US4859425A (en) 1989-08-22
EP0248284A3 (en) 1988-05-04
CA1295109C (en) 1992-02-04
DE3767369D1 (de) 1991-02-21
ES2023138B3 (es) 1992-01-01
EP0248284A2 (en) 1987-12-09
CN87104678A (zh) 1988-01-20
CH672078A5 (zh) 1989-10-31
EP0248284B1 (en) 1991-01-16

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