CN100584143C - 电路结构 - Google Patents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
- H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
- H05B41/288—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices and specially adapted for lamps without preheating electrodes, e.g. for high-intensity discharge lamps, high-pressure mercury or sodium lamps or low-pressure sodium lamps
- H05B41/2885—Static converters especially adapted therefor; Control thereof
- H05B41/2887—Static converters especially adapted therefor; Control thereof characterised by a controllable bridge in the final stage
- H05B41/2888—Static converters especially adapted therefor; Control thereof characterised by a controllable bridge in the final stage the bridge being commutated at low frequency, e.g. 1kHz
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
- H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
- H05B41/288—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices and specially adapted for lamps without preheating electrodes, e.g. for high-intensity discharge lamps, high-pressure mercury or sodium lamps or low-pressure sodium lamps
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
- H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
- H05B41/288—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices and specially adapted for lamps without preheating electrodes, e.g. for high-intensity discharge lamps, high-pressure mercury or sodium lamps or low-pressure sodium lamps
- H05B41/2881—Load circuits; Control thereof
- H05B41/2882—Load circuits; Control thereof the control resulting from an action on the static converter
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B41/00—Circuit arrangements or apparatus for igniting or operating discharge lamps
- H05B41/14—Circuit arrangements
- H05B41/26—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc
- H05B41/28—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters
- H05B41/288—Circuit arrangements in which the lamp is fed by power derived from dc by means of a converter, e.g. by high-voltage dc using static converters with semiconductor devices and specially adapted for lamps without preheating electrodes, e.g. for high-intensity discharge lamps, high-pressure mercury or sodium lamps or low-pressure sodium lamps
- H05B41/2885—Static converters especially adapted therefor; Control thereof
- H05B41/2886—Static converters especially adapted therefor; Control thereof comprising a controllable preconditioner, e.g. a booster
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps
Abstract
用于给高压放电灯供电和包括升压变换器和桥接电路的镇流器电路中,该升压变换器的输出电压在灯点燃之后被立即控制在较高的电平处,并且在稳定工作期间被控制在较低的电平处。在灯点燃之后立即使放电稳定以及相对较小的功率损失都可以在该镇流器电路中实现。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于操作高压放电灯的电路结构,该电路结构配备有:
输入端,用于连接到供电电压源的电极,
耦合到该输入端的DC-DC变换器,包括:
电感元件L1,
单向元件D1,
开关元件S1,
输出端,
耦合到该开关元件S1的控制电极上的第一控制电路,用于产生控制信号使开关元件S1交替地导通和不导通,
与该第一控制电路耦合的第二控制电路,用于控制存在于输出端之间的DC-DC变换器输出电压的电平,
耦合到输出端的DC-AC变换器,配备有用于从输出电压中产生AC灯电压的灯接线端。
背景技术
这种电路结构可以从DE 10025610 A1得知。在高压放电灯(下文也被称为灯)的启动阶段(点燃与运转(run-up)之间的阶段)期间,高压放电灯的放电还没有达到稳定。为维持放电有效,需要比较高的输出电压。然而当高压放电灯稳定工作时,在启动阶段之后该比较高的输出电压会导致电路结构中相对较高的功率损失。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种用于操作高压放电灯的电路结构,该电路结构在启动阶段期间有效地使放电稳定,并且在稳定的灯工作期间具有比较低的功率损失。
因此在首段中提到的电路结构与本发明一致,其特征在于第二控制电路还配备有用于改变电平的状态控制电路,在该电平处控制输出电压从与高压放电灯的启动有关的第一电平变到与高压放电灯稳定工作有关的第二电平。
更具体地,通过选择高于第二电平的第一电平,在启动阶段提供用于使放电稳定所必需的高输出电压。然而当高压放电灯稳定工作时提供较低的输出电压,因此限制了该电路结构中的功率损失。
已经发现:如果电路结构配备有用于产生表示供给高压放电灯的功率的功率信号,以及用于在功率信号增加到超过预定参考值之后启动状态控制电路的装置,则该状态控制电路的可靠以及正确运行可以实现。为了解释单个灯的性能的较小区别,以及为了保证输出电压只有在灯的等离子区实际上已经稳定时才降低,已经发现再给电路结构配置耦合到状态控制电路的延迟电路是有利的,该延迟电路用于在功率信号增加到超出预定参考值之后对预定延迟时间间隔计时,以及用于在所述预定延迟时间间隔超时之后启动状态控制电路。
电路结构工作在稳定状态时,当第二电平降低时电路结构中的部件中的功率损失量减少。但是,第二电平的降低也会引起灯的二次点燃时间变长。已经发现:慢的二次点燃会引起灯的性能的迅速下降。因此,给第二控制电路配备耦合到灯接线端的第三控制电路是有利的,该第三控制电路用于当DC-AC变换器改变灯电压的极性时,依赖于灯端子之间存在的二次点燃电压的峰值宽度控制第二电平。第三控制电路保证稳定工作期间的功率损失相对较低,同时灯的二次点燃也相对较快,所以避免了灯性能的迅速下降。
用根据本发明的电路结构已经取得了很好的结果,其中DC-AC变换器是桥接电路,它至少包括两个桥接开关元件以及与这些桥接开关元件的控制电极耦合的桥接控制电路。
附图说明
将参考附图说明根据本发明的电路结构的实施例。在附图中,
图1示出了具有连接到其上的高压放电灯的根据本发明的电路结构的实施例。
具体实施方式
在图1中,K1和K2是输入端,用于连接供电电压源的电极。输入端K1和K2通过电感器L1和开关元件S1的串联结构连接。电感器L1构成电感元件L1。电感器L1和开关元件S1的公共端连接到二极管D1的阳极。二极管D1构成单向元件D1。端子K3与二极管D1的阴极连接。端子K4通过欧姆电阻器R与输入端K2连接。开关元件S1的控制电极连接到电路部分I的输出端。电路部分I是用于产生控制信号的第一控制电路,该控制信号使开关元件S1交替地导通和不导通。电路部分I的输入端连接到电路部分II的输出端。电路部分II是第二控制电路,用于控制存在于输出端之间的输出电压的电平。电路部分II的输出端连接到电路部分I的输入端。电路部分II包括电路部分SCC和电路部分III。电路部分SCC是用来改变电平的状态控制电路,在该电平处控制输出电压从与高压放电灯的启动有关的第一电平变到与高压放电灯稳定工作有关的第二电平。电路部分III构成第三控制电路,用于当DC-AC变换器改变灯电压的极性时,依赖存在于灯端子之间的二次点燃电压的峰值宽度控制输出电压的第二电平。电路部分II的输入端连接到二极管的阴极。电路部分I和II、电感器L1、开关元件S1、二极管D1以及端子K3和K4共同构成升压型或Boost升压式变换器型的DC-DC变换器。K3和K4构成DC-DC变换器的输出端。端子K3和K4通过开关元件S2和S3的串联结构连接,以及通过电容器C1和C2的串联结构连接。开关元件S2与二极管D2并联,开关元件S3与二极管D3并联。开关元件S2和S3各自的控制电极连接到电路部分CC的相应输出端,用来产生使开关元件S2和S3交替地导通和不导通的控制信号。开关元件S2和S3的公共端通过电感器L2、端子K5、高压放电灯LA和端子K6的串联结构连接到电容器C1和C2的公共端。端子K5和K6是灯的接线端子,它们通过电容器C3连接,该电容器C3与高压放电灯LA并联。电路部分CC、开关元件S2和S3、电容器C1、C2和C3、电感器L2以及灯的接线端子K5、K6共同构成DC-AC变换器,该变换器用于从输出电压中产生AC灯电流。该DC-AC变换器是桥接电路。输入端K2连接到电路部分PSG的第一输入端。电路部分PSG的第二输入端连接到端子K3。欧姆电阻器R和电路部分PSG共同构成用于产生代表供给高压放电灯的功率的功率信号,以及用于启动状态控制电路SCC的装置。电路部分PSG的输出端与电路部分DT的输入端连接。电路部分DT是延迟电路,用于在功率信号增加到超过预定参考值之后对预定延迟时间间隔计时,以及用于在所述预定延迟时间间隔超时之后启动状态控制电路SCC。电路部分DT的输出端连接到状态控制电路SCC的输入端。电路部分III耦合到灯的接线端子K5和K6。在图1中,该耦合关系用虚线表示。
如图1所示的电路结构的工作如下所述。
当输入端K1和K2连接到(DC)供电电压源的电极上时,DC供电电压出现在输入端K1和K2之间。电路部分I产生使开关元件S1交替地导通和不导通的控制信号。因此通过DC-DC变换器,DC供电电压被变换为幅值高于DC供电电压的幅值的DC电压的输出电压。该输出电压出现在端子K3和K4之间,并且(在点燃之后立即)由电路部分II控制在相对较高的第一电平处。电路部分CC产生交替使开关元件S2和S3导通和不导通的控制信号。更具体地,开关S2和S3以本领域公知为半桥正向导通模式的方式来控制。在该模式的第一半周期中,第一个开关不导通,而第二个开关以高频交替地导通和不导通。在该模式的第二半周期中,第一个开关以高频交替地导通和不导通,而第二个开关不导通。因此,通过灯的电流是一个低频的基本上是方波形状的AC电流。首先近似地认为灯消耗的功率与DC-AC变换器消耗的功率相等。后者功率是DC-AC变换器消耗的电流与存在于端子K3和K4之间的电压的乘积的结果。电路部分PSG通过将欧姆电阻器R上的电压(代表DC-AC变换器消耗的电流)与端子K3和K4之间的电压的幅值相乘来产生代表该功率的功率信号。该功率信号通过电路部分PSG中包含的比较器与预定参考值相比较。高压放电灯以本领域公知的方式点燃后的瞬间,灯内的放电还没有稳定,并且灯消耗的功率相对较低。因此,功率信号比预定参考值低,并且连接到电路部分PSG输出的比较器的输出也为低。经过一段时间,高压放电灯LA中的等离子区达到稳定,并且灯消耗的功率量增加。功率信号也相应增加,并且当功率信号增加到超过预定参考值时,电路部分PSG输出端的电压由低变为高。该变化启动一个电路部分DT内包含的计时器。该计时器对预定延迟时间间隔计时完毕。当该预定延迟时间间隔超时,电路部分DT的输出端由低变为高,并且启动状态控制电路SCC。状态控制电路SCC改变电平,在该电平处控制输出电压从与高压放电灯的启动有关的第一电平变到与高压放电灯稳定工作有关的第二电平。第二电平比第一电平低。因此,DC-AC变换器中的功率损失降低。在稳定工作期间,当DC-AC变换器改变灯电压的极性时,电路部分III监控存在于灯端子之间的二次点燃电压的峰值宽度。电路部分III包含一个与计时器耦合的比较器。该比较器比较灯上的电压与一个参考值。在灯传导灯电流时的灯电压与二次点燃过程中灯电压的最大值之间选择该参考值。当灯上的电压比参考值高时,比较器启动计时器,并且当灯上的电压低于参考值时比较器停止计时器。因此计时器对在其间灯上的电压高于参考值的时间间隔计时。该测量的时间间隔通过另一个比较器与一个参考值比较。当测量的时间间隔高于参考值时,意味着二次点燃太慢,并且电路部分II增加电平,在该电平处控制存在于端子K3和K4之间的输出电压。当测量的时间间隔低于参考值时,意味着二次点燃的发生比防止灯性能的快速降低所必需的更快,同时电路结构中的功率损失相对较高。为了降低该功率损失,电路部分II降低电平,在该电平处控制输出电压。因此,电路部分II实现了控制输出电压的电平以使功率损失相对较低,同时灯的二次点燃也足够快地发生从而能够防止灯性能的迅速降低。
Claims (6)
1.用于操作高压放电灯的电路结构,该电路结构配备有:
输入端,用于连接到供电电压源的电极,
耦合到该输入端的DC-DC变换器,包括:
电感元件L1,
单向元件D1,
开关元件S1,
输出端,
耦合到该开关元件S1的控制电极上的第一控制电路,用于产生控制信号以使开关元件S1交替地导通和不导通,
与该第一控制电路耦合的第二控制电路,用于控制存在于输出端之间的DC-DC变换器输出电压的电平,
耦合到输出端的DC-AC变换器,配备有用于从输出电压中产生AC灯电流的灯的接线端子,
其中,该第二控制电路还配备有用于改变电平的状态控制电路,在该电平处控制输出电压从与高压放电灯的启动有关的第一电平变到与高压放电灯的稳定工作有关的第二电平,并且
其中,该第二控制电路配备有耦合到灯的接线端子的第三控制电路,该第三控制电路用于当DC-AC变换器改变灯电压的极性时,依赖于灯的端子之间存在的二次点燃电压的峰值宽度控制第二电平。
2.根据权利要求1的电路结构,其中第一电平高于第二电平。
3.根据权利要求1的电路结构,其中该电路结构配备有用于产生表示提供给高压放电灯的功率的功率信号,以及用于在该功率信号增加到超过预定参考值之后启动该状态控制电路的装置。
4.根据权利要求3的电路结构,其中该电路结构还配备有耦合到该状态控制电路的延迟电路,该延迟电路用于在功率信号增加到超过预定参考值之后对预定延迟时间间隔计时,以及用于在所述预定延迟时间间隔超时之后启动该状态控制电路。
5.根据权利要求1的电路结构,其中DC-AC变换器是桥接电路,该桥接电路包括至少两个桥接开关元件以及与这些桥接开关元件的控制电极耦合的桥接控制电路。
6.根据权利要求1的电路结构,其中该第三控制电路包括:
比较器,用于将灯上的电压与电压参考值进行比较,在灯传导灯电流时的灯电压与二次点燃过程中灯电压的最大值之间选择该电压参考值,
计时器,用于对在其间灯上的电压高于电压参考值的时间间隔进行计时,
另外的比较器,用于将该时间间隔与时间参考值进行比较,其中当该时间间隔高于时间参考值时,该第二控制电路增加第二电平,并且当该时间间隔低于时间参考值时,该第二控制电路降低第二电平。
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CN03805331A Expired - Fee Related CN100584143C (zh) | 2002-03-07 | 2003-02-07 | 电路结构 |
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Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7154228B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1486102B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP4353809B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100930038B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN100584143C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE401764T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2003202780A1 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE60322192D1 (zh) |
TW (1) | TWI299241B (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2003075619A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1708548A4 (en) * | 2004-01-22 | 2008-12-10 | Matsushita Electric Works Ltd | DEVICE FOR OPERATING A DISCHARGE LAMP, ILLUMINATOR AND PROJECTOR |
DE202005005791U1 (de) * | 2005-04-11 | 2005-07-21 | Nucon GbR: Gert G. Niggemeyer & Jörg Niggemeyer (vertretungsberechtigter Gesellschafter: Herr Jörg Niggemeyer, 21244 Buchholz) | Schaltung zum Betreiben von Miniatur Kurzbogenlampen mit Wechselstrom |
DE102008017314B4 (de) * | 2008-04-04 | 2015-10-29 | SUMIDA Components & Modules GmbH | Induktives Bauelement und elektronische Schaltung zur Ansteuerung einer Leuchte |
HUP1000062A3 (en) * | 2010-01-27 | 2012-08-28 | Gradix Holdings Ltd | Apparatus for discharging and operating tube igniter |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0415496A2 (de) * | 1989-08-31 | 1991-03-06 | Philips Patentverwaltung GmbH | Schaltungsanordnung zum Speisen einer Gasenladungslampe |
EP0647085A1 (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 1995-04-05 | MAGNETI MARELLI S.p.A. | A control circuit for a gas-discharge lamp, particularly for motor vehicles |
US5514935A (en) * | 1993-01-07 | 1996-05-07 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Lighting circuit for vehicular discharge lamp |
US6046551A (en) * | 1998-02-25 | 2000-04-04 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Device for controlling lighting of discharge lamp and H-bridge circuit for use in such a device |
EP1043919A2 (de) * | 1999-04-08 | 2000-10-11 | Hella KG Hueck & Co. | Vorschaltgerät für eine Hochdruckgasentladungslampe in einem Kraftfahrzeug |
US6172469B1 (en) * | 1994-11-08 | 2001-01-09 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Device for operating a gas discharge lamp |
EP1067827A2 (en) * | 1999-06-21 | 2001-01-10 | Denso Corporation | High voltage discharge lamp apparatus for vehicles |
DE10064039A1 (de) * | 2000-05-24 | 2001-12-20 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Entladungslampen-Einschaltvorrichtung |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6437515B1 (en) * | 2000-01-18 | 2002-08-20 | Matsushita Electric Works, Ltd. | Discharge lamp lighting device of high startability with high pulse voltage |
-
2003
- 2003-02-07 JP JP2003573909A patent/JP4353809B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-02-07 EP EP03701691A patent/EP1486102B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-02-07 US US10/506,404 patent/US7154228B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-02-07 AT AT03701691T patent/ATE401764T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-02-07 WO PCT/IB2003/000495 patent/WO2003075619A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2003-02-07 CN CN03805331A patent/CN100584143C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-02-07 AU AU2003202780A patent/AU2003202780A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-02-07 DE DE60322192T patent/DE60322192D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-02-07 KR KR1020047013932A patent/KR100930038B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-03-04 TW TW092104522A patent/TWI299241B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0415496A2 (de) * | 1989-08-31 | 1991-03-06 | Philips Patentverwaltung GmbH | Schaltungsanordnung zum Speisen einer Gasenladungslampe |
US5514935A (en) * | 1993-01-07 | 1996-05-07 | Koito Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Lighting circuit for vehicular discharge lamp |
EP0647085A1 (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 1995-04-05 | MAGNETI MARELLI S.p.A. | A control circuit for a gas-discharge lamp, particularly for motor vehicles |
US6172469B1 (en) * | 1994-11-08 | 2001-01-09 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Device for operating a gas discharge lamp |
US6046551A (en) * | 1998-02-25 | 2000-04-04 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Device for controlling lighting of discharge lamp and H-bridge circuit for use in such a device |
EP1043919A2 (de) * | 1999-04-08 | 2000-10-11 | Hella KG Hueck & Co. | Vorschaltgerät für eine Hochdruckgasentladungslampe in einem Kraftfahrzeug |
EP1067827A2 (en) * | 1999-06-21 | 2001-01-10 | Denso Corporation | High voltage discharge lamp apparatus for vehicles |
DE10064039A1 (de) * | 2000-05-24 | 2001-12-20 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Entladungslampen-Einschaltvorrichtung |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE60322192D1 (de) | 2008-08-28 |
JP2005521992A (ja) | 2005-07-21 |
EP1486102A1 (en) | 2004-12-15 |
US7154228B2 (en) | 2006-12-26 |
CN1640208A (zh) | 2005-07-13 |
US20050168170A1 (en) | 2005-08-04 |
KR20040094774A (ko) | 2004-11-10 |
KR100930038B1 (ko) | 2009-12-07 |
TW200304763A (en) | 2003-10-01 |
WO2003075619A1 (en) | 2003-09-12 |
ATE401764T1 (de) | 2008-08-15 |
JP4353809B2 (ja) | 2009-10-28 |
AU2003202780A1 (en) | 2003-09-16 |
EP1486102B1 (en) | 2008-07-16 |
TWI299241B (en) | 2008-07-21 |
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