CN100576791C - Phase difference quantum key delivering method and system - Google Patents
Phase difference quantum key delivering method and system Download PDFInfo
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- CN100576791C CN100576791C CN200610035694A CN200610035694A CN100576791C CN 100576791 C CN100576791 C CN 100576791C CN 200610035694 A CN200610035694 A CN 200610035694A CN 200610035694 A CN200610035694 A CN 200610035694A CN 100576791 C CN100576791 C CN 100576791C
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Abstract
The present invention relates to the special equipment field of the quantum secret communication in the communications field, purpose is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art and shortcoming, and a kind of unidirectional, stable, fast phase difference component quantum key distribution method and system is provided.At transmitting terminal, utilize continuous laser source, adopt the prepared in one of two ways quantized code: one, divided beams, polarization irrelevant, stable phase angle are prepared the stable quantity subcode.Two, the Polarization Control method is directly modulated and is obtained the stable quantity subcode.At receiving terminal, utilize phase difference-faraday-Michelson detection mode can accurately receive quantum information.Because receiving terminal has characteristics such as interference is stable, and the insertion loss is low, and noiseproof feature is strong, so transmission range is long and efficient is high; Adopt the one-way transmission mode can avoid wooden horse to attack in addition.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the special equipment field of the quantum secret communication in the communications field, specifically a kind of unidirectional, stable, fast phase difference quantum key delivering method and system thereof.
Technical background
Quantum secret communication is to be proved to be unique communication mode that is perfectly safe at present.Utilizing single photon to transmit quantum information bit, its fail safe as information carrier can not cloning theorem be guaranteed by uncertainty principle in the quantum mechanics and unknown quantum state.This quantum cryptography that is perfectly safe will at first be applied to fields such as military affairs, national security, and become the new battlefield that the various countries scientist contends.
Be divided into polarization encoder/Polarization Detection according to the coding and decoding mode in existing quantum secret communication system, phase code/interference detects, three kinds of coded systems such as time encoding/time decoder.Owing in standard traffic optical fiber, have birefringence effect, therefore utilize the polarization encoder decoding process to be difficult to utilize optical fiber to grow distance and transmit; The time encoding decoding process has just obtained report experimentally, and its fail safe does not obtain proof and do not see that customs director's Distance Transmission report is arranged; Use phase code, owing to utilize time-division multiplex technology, two coherent pulses have experienced identical optical path difference in light path, effectively overcome quantum state is subjected to external environment condition in transmission course interference, therefore in the remote fiber quantum key distribution system, often utilize phase code/interference detection mode.But at transmitting terminal and receiving terminal since the factors such as vibrations of fiber birefringence effect and environment to make receiving terminal interfere unstable, and, limited transmission range like this because the phase-modulator of receiving terminal has the insertion loss of 3dB.Though at present the transmitted in both directions mode has good stable, this security of system is poor, be easy to be subjected to wooden horse attacks, and speed is low, and autgmentability is poor; And its fail safe of one-way transmission mode is good, the speed height, and the characteristics that autgmentability is strong have obtained extensive studies.In the quanta cryptology technique application study, mainly study in the following areas at present: 1. increase transmission range, utilize the quantum relaying, improve light emitted efficient and single quantum detection efficient etc.2. improve transmission rate, will reduce the error rate simultaneously.3. miniaturization and integrated.4. expanded application field, digital signature for example, the authentication agreement, quantum is raised capital by floating shares etc.5. improve because the safety issue that real system causes.
The phase difference system utilizes on the time two pulses to carry out phase code at transmitting terminal, utilize the response results of two detectors to decode at receiving terminal, thereby the phase-modulator that has saved receiving terminal has reduced the insertion loss of circuit and has improved efficiency of transmission widely; But external environment condition is received extremely easily by this system when transmitting terminal carries out phase modulated and receiving terminal interference detection interference, stability is very poor.Though the fiber waveguide integrated technology that grows up at present can be avoided these factors to a certain extent, its complex process costs an arm and a leg.So in practice, utilize the phase place of single photon or polarization state to carry out coding and decoding, because the influence of the imperfect and environmental factor of device (for example temperature shakes etc.) makes photon states inconsistent at transmitting terminal and receiving terminal, causing correctly like this, modulation goes out quantum information.Intrinsic insertion loss in device and the light path has simultaneously limited transmission range, and the architectural characteristic of key distribution system directly influences the transmission rate of quantized code.Therefore, stable in quantum key distribution system, modulation demodulation system is that quanta cryptology technique is moved towards one of key technology of practical application fast and efficiently.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art and shortcoming, a kind of unidirectional, stable, fast phase difference component quantum key distribution method and system is provided.
The present invention realizes its goal of the invention by following technology.
The present invention at first provides a kind of phase difference quantum key delivering method, realizes the stable phase angle modulation at transmitting terminal, reaches output stable quantity subcode; Utilize phase difference-faraday-Michelson device can stablize, receive fast quantum information at receiving terminal.Comprise quantized code modulate emission method and quantized code receiving demodulation method, described quantized code modulate emission method may further comprise the steps:
1. continuous laser being modulated to constant duration is Δ t coherent pulse light;
7. on pulsed light, load phase-modulated information;
3. pulsed light is decayed to single quantum state, emission light pulse quantized code;
Described quantized code receiving demodulation method may further comprise the steps:
1. receive the light pulse quantized code, and light pulse is divided into two light signals reflects respectively;
7. make two light signals its optical path difference Δ l in reflection process back and forth satisfy Δ l/c=Δ t;
3. interfere according to the phase characteristic of two light signals, and according to the entrained signal of result of interference decision photon: when two continuous impulses have identical phase place, measurement result is " 0 ", when the phase phasic difference of two continuous impulses be ± during π, measurement result is " 1 ";
4. set up the sequence 0,1 of random secret as code book according to measurement result.
Adopt the phase difference quantum key distribution system of said method, comprise signal modulate emission end and signal demodulate reception end, described signal modulate emission end mainly comprises: continuous laser source; Being used for continuous laser is modulated to constant duration is Δ t coherent pulse light intensity modulator; Paired pulses light carries out the Polarization Controller of Polarization Control; On pulsed light, load the phase regulator of phase-modulated information; With the optical attenuator that pulsed light is decayed to single quantum state; Described signal demodulate reception end adopts phase difference-faraday-Michelson receiving system.Adopt this mode simple in structure, used device is less, and is cheap, good stability.
In actual applications, quantized code modulate emission method is specific as follows:
1. by intensity modulator continuous laser being modulated to constant duration is Δ t coherent pulse light;
7. pulsed light is controlled laggard applying aspect modulator through polarizer and is loaded phase-modulated information { 0, π };
3. by optical attenuator pulsed light is decayed to single quantum state, decaying to average photon number is μ=0.1, emission light pulse quantized code.
The quantized code receiving demodulation method is specific as follows:
1. pulse its blanking time that arrives the recipient for Δ t through circulator, incide 2 * 2 fiber couplers, each pulse is divided into two to enter interferometer respectively long then, galianconism is reflected by faraday rotation mirror endways;
7. interferometer two arms are unequal, and light is its optical path difference Δ l=2n (L2-L1) in reflection process back and forth, makes optical path difference satisfy Δ l/c=Δ t;
3. interfere through pulsed light phase characteristic according to two-beam in coupler of long-armed pulsed light with the process galianconism, when two continuous impulse light had identical phase place, photon arrived first detector from a coupler arm wherein; When the phase phasic difference of two continuous impulses was π, photon arrived second detector from the other arm of coupler; If first explorer response, second detector does not respond, and arranges measurement result so and is " 0 ", if second explorer response, first detector does not respond, and arranges measurement result so and is " 1 ", if two detectors do not respond or response simultaneously, abandon the result so; Detect the state of continuous two quantized codes according to the result of detection of two detectors;
4. set up the sequence 0,1 of random secret as code book according to measurement result the recipient.
The present invention also does further improvement to said method and system.Described quantized code modulate emission method 7. further comprising the steps of between the step:
Adopt the phase difference quantum key distribution system of said method, comprise signal modulate emission end and signal demodulate reception end, described signal modulate emission end mainly comprises: continuous laser source; Being used for continuous laser is modulated to constant duration is Δ t coherent pulse light intensity modulator; The four port polarization beam apparatus that pulsed light are divided into level and vertical two bundle polarised lights; Be used for loading on a branch of therein pulsed light the phase regulator of phase-modulated information; Be used for another bundle plane of polarization and revolve the faraday rotation mirror that turn 90 degrees; Pulsed light is decayed to the optical attenuator of single quantum state; And optical fiber; Described signal demodulate reception end adopts phase difference-faraday-Michelson receiving system.This divided beams mode makes two-beam enter phase-modulator with identical polarization state respectively, thereby has avoided Waveguide Phase Modulator to cause the phase modulated instability owing to polarization is relevant.
In the practical application, described quantized code modulate emission method is specific as follows:
1. by intensity modulator continuous laser being modulated to constant duration is Δ t coherent pulse light;
Wherein a branch of light directly enters phase-modulator, loads phase-modulated information, and a branch of in addition light is through the faraday rotation mirror effect, and plane of polarization revolves and turn 90 degrees, and enters phase-modulator from an other end then;
3. by optical attenuator pulsed light is decayed to single quantum state, decaying to average photon number is μ=0.1, emission light pulse quantized code.
Above-mentioned two the described phase difference-faraday of system-Michelson receiving systems mainly comprise: circulator; Be used for that light pulse is divided into two light signals and two light signals be merged into 2 * 2 fiber couplers of a light signal; Michelson's interferometer; Be installed in the faraday rotation mirror that the long and short arm end of Michelson's interferometer is used for reflected light signal respectively; With two detectors that are used for receiving optical signals.Receiving terminal, utilize phase difference-faraday-Michelson receive mode, polarization state in the reflection process is orthogonal back and forth because light is at faraday-Michelson's interferometer, therefore can eliminate because the birefringence of optical fiber and the vibration influence of environment can obtain stable interference effect like this.The phase difference mode has saved the phase-modulator of receiving terminal simultaneously, can reduce the loss of receiving terminal and the noise that phase-modulator brings like this, thereby is carrying out having reduced the error rate and raising transmission range when single quantum state transmits greatly.This system has overcome that to exist receiving terminal to insert loss in the two M-Z phase modulation systems of non-equiarm big, instability, the shortcoming that the photon utilization ratio is low.Overcome conventional phase differential system transmitting terminal, the unsettled characteristics of receiving terminal.Therefore have advantages such as stable, quick, be particularly suitable for the actual amount quantum key distribution.
The present invention has following outstanding substantive distinguishing features and obvious improvement with respect to prior art:
1. the present invention has improved the method and system that transmits and receives of phase difference quantum key, has realized unidirectional, stable, quantum key distribution fast;
2. apparatus of the present invention have overcome existing phase difference system and are subjected to external environment condition easily and disturb the shortcoming of poor stability;
3. existing optical device by improving the system light path structure, reaches stable, transmits and receives quantum information fast, and system building is with low cost;
4. have very high communication security, avoid the information content to be stolen.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is the system construction drawing of the embodiment of the invention 1 transmitting terminal;
Fig. 2 is the system construction drawing of the embodiment of the invention 2 transmitting terminals;
Fig. 3 is the system construction drawing of receiving terminal of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the fundamental diagram of embodiment 1;
Fig. 5 is the fundamental diagram of embodiment 1.
Embodiment
The present invention is described further below in conjunction with accompanying drawing.The transmitting terminal of system of the present invention can adopt the stable quantized code of dual mode emission.
Signal modulate emission end 1 ' as shown in Figure 1, the Laser Modulation of utilizing intensity modulator 12 ' that continuous laser source 11 ' is sent is that constant duration is a Δ t coherent pulse light, enters four port polarization beam apparatus 16 ' then and is divided into level and vertical two bundle polarised lights.Wherein a branch of light directly enters phase-modulator 18 ', a branch of in addition light is through faraday rotation mirror 17 ' effect, and plane of polarization revolves and turn 90 degrees, and enters phase-modulator 18 ' from an other end then, design optical fiber 19 ' distance makes this two-beam arrive phase-modulator 18 ' simultaneously.Because the identical light path of this two-beam experience, so they are synthetic again in polarization beam apparatus 16 ' port.Therefore according to phase-modulated information { 0, π }, output random quantity subcode decays to single quantum state μ=0.1 by optical attenuator 14 ' with it then.This divided beams mode makes two-beam enter phase-modulator 18 ' with identical polarization state respectively, thereby has avoided Waveguide Phase Modulator to cause the phase modulated instability owing to polarization is relevant.
System's receiving demodulation end 2 of described system, as shown in Figure 3, be that Δ t is through circulator 21 pulse its blanking time that arrives the recipient, incide fiber coupler 22 then each pulse be divided into two and enter long-armed L2 of interferometer and galianconism L1 respectively, endways by faraday rotation mirror 23,24 reflections, because interferometer two arm L1, L2 be unequal, light its optical path difference Δ l=2n (L2-L1) and satisfy Δ l/c=Δ t in reflection process back and forth.Therefore interfere with the pulse generation that Δ t afterpulse is told through the pulse meeting of long-armed L2,, interfere, arrive detector 25 or 26 according to result of interference decision photon according to their phase characteristic because former and later two impulse phases are independent through galianconism L1.
Its decode procedure is as follows: because two continuous impulses are highly relevant in time, be Δ t its blanking time.Phase difference-faraday-Michelson receiving system, the optical path difference Δ l of its two arm L1, L2 and interpulse period Δ t following relation is arranged: Δ l/c=Δ t.Therefore continuous two pulses can interfere in coupler 22, its result of interference determined photon arrive two detectors 25,26 one of them.When two continuous impulses had identical phase place, photon arrived first detector 25 from coupler 22 arm wherein; When the phase phasic difference of two continuous impulses was π, photon arrived second detector 26 from the other arm of coupler; If 25 responses of first detector, second detector 26 does not respond, and arranges measurement result so and is " 0 ".If 26 responses of second detector, first detector 25 does not respond, and arranges measurement result so and is " 1 ".If two detectors do not respond or response simultaneously, abandon the result so.Can detect the state of continuous two quantized codes like this according to the result of detection of two detectors.Therefore set up the sequence 0,1 of random secret as code book the recipient.
Light path as shown in Figure 4, at transmitting terminal, Alice uses 0 or π random phase modulation to each pulse, prescribed phases is 0 o'clock indication code " 0 ", indication code when phase place is π " 1 ".Pass the signal to receiving terminal by optical fiber 10, at receiving terminal, Bob measures with detector each corresponding photon section time of advent, and D2 does not respond if detector D1 responds, then indication code " 0 "; Otherwise D 1 does not respond if detector D2 responds, then indication code " 1 "; If two detectors respond simultaneously or do not respond, then abandon record.Bob sets up code book according to the explorer response situation of oneself, telling Alice to detect photon on those time periods on the overt channel, so Alice removes the part that Bob does not detect, sets up code book then.Bob at will discloses some bit then, confirm to have or not error code for Alice, and the size of the error rate, if the error rate is in certain scope at last, remaining bit sequence gives over to code book.Last Alice and Bob on classical channel by error correction, and then the amplification of maintaining secrecy.
Embodiment 2
Signal modulate emission end 1 as shown in Figure 2, the Laser Modulation of directly utilizing intensity modulator 12 that continuous laser source 11 is sent is Δ t coherent pulse light for constant duration, through the laggard applying aspect modulator 14 of polarizer 13 controls.After loading phase-modulated information { 0, π }, it is decayed to single quantum state μ=0.1 through optical attenuator 15.Adopt this mode simple in structure, used device is less, and is cheap, good stability.Described system receiving terminal and embodiment 1 are identical.
Light path as shown in Figure 5, at transmitting terminal, Alice uses 0 or π random phase modulation to each pulse, prescribed phases is 0 o'clock indication code " 0 ", indication code when phase place is π " 1 ".Pass the signal to receiving terminal by optical fiber 10, at receiving terminal, Bob measures with detector each corresponding photon section time of advent, and D2 does not respond if detector D1 responds, then indication code " 0 "; Otherwise D1 does not respond if detector D2 responds, then indication code " 1 "; If two detectors respond simultaneously or do not respond, then abandon record.Bob sets up code book according to the explorer response situation of oneself, telling Alice to detect photon on those time periods on the overt channel, so Alice removes the part that Bob does not detect, sets up code book then.Bob at will discloses some bit then, confirm to have or not error code for Alice, and the size of the error rate, if the error rate is in certain scope at last, remaining bit sequence gives over to code book.Last Alice and Bob on classical channel by error correction, and then the amplification of maintaining secrecy.
Claims (9)
1. a phase difference quantum key delivering method comprises quantized code modulate emission method and quantized code receiving demodulation method, it is characterized in that described quantized code modulate emission method may further comprise the steps:
1. continuous laser being modulated to constant duration is Δ t coherent pulse light;
2. on pulsed light, load phase-modulated information;
3. pulsed light is decayed to single quantum state, emission light pulse quantized code;
Described quantized code receiving demodulation method may further comprise the steps:
1. receive the light pulse quantized code, and light pulse is divided into two light signals reflects respectively;
Two light signals its optical path difference Δ l in reflection process is back and forth satisfied: Δ l/c=Δ t, c is the light velocity;
3. interfere according to the phase characteristic of two light signals, and according to the entrained signal of result of interference decision photon: when two continuous impulses have identical phase place, measurement result is " 0 ", and when the phase phasic difference of two continuous impulses was π, measurement result was " 1 ";
4. set up the sequence 0,1 of random secret as code book according to measurement result.
2. phase difference quantum key delivering method according to claim 1 is characterized in that the 2. step of described quantized code modulate emission method is further comprising the steps of:
3. phase difference quantum key delivering method according to claim 1 is characterized in that described quantized code modulate emission method is specific as follows:
1. by intensity modulator continuous laser being modulated to constant duration is Δ t coherent pulse light;
2. pulsed light is controlled laggard applying aspect modulator through polarizer and is loaded phase-modulated information { 0, π };
3. by optical attenuator pulsed light is decayed to single quantum state, emission light pulse quantized code.
4. phase difference quantum key delivering method according to claim 2 is characterized in that described quantized code modulate emission method is specific as follows:
1. by intensity modulator continuous laser being modulated to constant duration is Δ t coherent pulse light;
Wherein a branch of light directly enters phase-modulator, loads phase-modulated information, and a branch of in addition light is through the faraday rotation mirror effect, and plane of polarization revolves and turn 90 degrees, and enters phase-modulator from an other end then;
3. by optical attenuator pulsed light is decayed to single quantum state, emission light pulse quantized code.
5. phase difference quantum key delivering method according to claim 1 is characterized in that described quantized code receiving demodulation method is specific as follows:
1. be that Δ t is through circulator pulse its blanking time that arrives the recipient, incide 2 * 2 fiber couplers, each pulse is divided into two and enters the long and short arm of interferometer respectively then, and the long-armed of interferometer is L2, galianconism is L1, is reflected by faraday rotation mirror endways;
2. interferometer two arms are unequal, and light is its optical path difference Δ l=2n (L2-L1) in reflection process back and forth, makes optical path difference satisfy Δ l/c=Δ t, n natural number;
3. interfere through pulsed light phase characteristic according to two-beam in coupler of long-armed pulsed light with the process galianconism, when two continuous impulse light had identical phase place, photon arrived first detector from a coupler arm wherein; When the phase phasic difference of two continuous impulses be ± during π, photon arrives second detector from the other arm of coupler; If first explorer response, second detector does not respond, and arranges measurement result so and is " 0 ", if second explorer response, first detector does not respond, and arranges measurement result so and is " 1 ", if two detectors do not respond or response simultaneously, abandon the result so; Detect the state of continuous two quantized codes according to the result of detection of two detectors;
4. set up the sequence 0,1 of random secret as code book according to measurement result the recipient.
6. according to claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 described phase difference quantum key delivering methods, it is characterized in that in the modulate emission process with impulse attenuation to average photon number being μ=0.1.
7. a phase difference quantum key distribution system that adopts the described method of claim 1 comprises signal modulate emission end (1) and signal demodulate reception end (2), it is characterized in that described signal modulate emission end (1) mainly comprises:
Continuous laser source (11);
Being used for continuous laser is modulated to constant duration is Δ t coherent pulse light intensity modulator (12);
Paired pulses light carries out the Polarization Controller (13) of Polarization Control;
On pulsed light, load the phase regulator (14) of phase-modulated information; With
Pulsed light is decayed to the optical attenuator (15) of single quantum state;
Described signal demodulate reception end (2) adopts phase difference-faraday-Michelson receiving system.
8. a phase difference quantum key distribution system that adopts the described method of claim 2 comprises signal modulate emission end (1 ') and signal demodulate reception end (2), it is characterized in that described signal modulate emission end (1 ') mainly comprises:
Continuous laser source (11 ');
Being used for continuous laser is modulated to constant duration is Δ t coherent pulse light intensity modulator (12 ');
The four port polarization beam apparatus (16 ') that pulsed light are divided into level and vertical two bundle polarised lights;
Be used for loading on a branch of therein pulsed light the phase regulator (18 ') of phase-modulated information;
Be used for another bundle plane of polarization and revolve the faraday rotation mirror (17 ') that turn 90 degrees;
Pulsed light is decayed to the optical attenuator (14 ') of single quantum state; And optical fiber (19 ');
Described signal demodulate reception end (2) adopts phase difference-faraday-Michelson receiving system.
9. according to claim 7 or 8 described phase difference quantum key distribution systems, it is characterized in that described phase difference-faraday-Michelson receiving system mainly comprises:
Circulator (21);
Be used for that light pulse is divided into two light signals and two light signals be merged into 2 * 2 fiber couplers (22) of a light signal;
Michelson's interferometer;
Be installed in the faraday rotation mirror (23) (24) that the long and short arm end of Michelson's interferometer is used for reflected light signal respectively; With
Two detectors (25) (26) that are used for receiving optical signals.
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