CN111162905B - Quantum key distribution system and decoding method thereof - Google Patents
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- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
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- H04B10/70—Photonic quantum communication
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- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
- H04L9/0816—Key establishment, i.e. cryptographic processes or cryptographic protocols whereby a shared secret becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent use
- H04L9/0852—Quantum cryptography
- H04L9/0858—Details about key distillation or coding, e.g. reconciliation, error correction, privacy amplification, polarisation coding or phase coding
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Abstract
A quantum key distribution system and a decoding method, the system includes: preparing quantum light by a transmitting end, carrying out random quantum state modulation on the quantum light, attenuating the modulated quantum light into single photons and sending the single photons into a channel; the receiving end carries out random quantum state demodulation on the single photon, interferes the demodulated photon, and detects the interfered photon by using a single photon detector. The decoding method comprises the following steps: judging whether a single photon detector in a system receiving end outputs a detection signal or not; if no detection signal is output, the output of the receiving end random number generation module is kept unchanged; if the detection signal is output, the receiving end random number generation module updates the random number output, loads the random number output to the decoding driving module, and decodes the signal detected by the single photon detector next time by using the new decoding random number. The method can greatly reduce the complexity of decoding drive and the random number demand of a receiving end, reduce the production cost and simultaneously improve the coding and decoding rate of the quantum key distribution system.
Description
Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to the field of quantum communication and information security, and in particular, to a quantum key distribution system and a decoding method thereof.
Background
Research on quantum secure communication is currently focused mainly on the distribution of quantum keys. Nowadays, because of the opening of Intenet and various local area networks, the wide application of electronic payment systems in banking services, and the like, security becomes one of the first considered problems, which provides a huge space for the application of quantum key distribution systems, the practicality of quantum secret communication technology has been an obvious trend, and quantum secret communication technology will be applied to practical secret communication systems. In the related technology, the random number demand is large in the decoding process of the receiving end of the quantum key distribution system, and the decoding drive is complex.
Disclosure of Invention
Technical problem to be solved
In view of the above technical problems, the present disclosure provides a quantum key distribution system and a decoding method thereof, which are used to solve at least the above technical problems.
(II) technical scheme
According to a first aspect of the embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a decoding method for decoding of a quantum key distribution system, the method including: preparing quantum light, and carrying out random quantum state modulation on the quantum light; attenuating the modulated quantum light into single photons; carrying out random quantum state demodulation on the single photon, and interfering the demodulated photon; detecting the interfered photons by using a single photon detector, and judging whether the single photon detector outputs a detection signal or not; and if so, updating the decoding random number required in the random quantum state demodulation process to obtain a new decoding random number, and decoding the photons detected next time by the single photon detector according to the new decoding random number.
Optionally, preparing the quantum light comprises: generating a narrow pulse light source; and carrying out random intensity modulation on the narrow pulse light source to obtain quantum light comprising a signal state, a decoy state and a vacuum state.
Optionally, the random quantum state modulation of the quantum light comprises: the quantum light is subjected to phase modulation of 0 or pi/2 or pi or 3 pi/2.
Optionally, the performing random quantum state demodulation on the single photon comprises: and carrying out 0 or pi/2 phase demodulation on the single photon.
Optionally, the performing random quantum state demodulation on the single photon comprises: and carrying out phase demodulation of 0 or pi/2 or pi or 3 pi/2 on the single photon.
According to a second aspect of the embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a quantum key distribution system, including a transmitting end and a receiving end, where the transmitting end and the receiving end are connected through a quantum channel, and the transmitting end includes: the quantum light preparation module is used for preparing quantum light; a first interferometer for performing random quantum state modulation on quantum light; the encoding driving module is used for driving the first interferometer to carry out random quantum state modulation on the quantum light; the optical attenuator is used for attenuating the modulated quantum light into single photons; the first circulator is used for transmitting the single photon to a receiving end; the receiving end includes: the second circulator is used for receiving the single photons transmitted by the first circulator; the second interferometer is used for carrying out random quantum state demodulation on the single photons and carrying out interference on the demodulated photons; the decoding driving module is used for driving the second interferometer to carry out random quantum state demodulation on the single photon; the single photon detector is used for detecting the photons after interference; and the random number generation module is used for updating the decoding random number required in the random quantum state demodulation process after the single-photon detector outputs the detection signal to obtain a new decoding random number, and loading the new decoding random number to the decoding driving module so that the decoding driving module drives the second interferometer to decode the photons detected next time by the single-photon detector according to the new decoding random number.
Optionally, the first interferometer or the second interferometer comprises: two ports on the same side of the 2 multiplied by 2 optical splitter are used as the input end and the output end of the first interferometer or the second interferometer, one port of the two ports on the other side is connected with a Faraday reflector, and the other port is sequentially connected with a phase modulator and the Faraday reflector to form two interference arms.
Optionally, the first interferometer or the second interferometer comprises: and two ports on the same side of the 2 multiplied by 2 optical splitter are used as the input end and the output end of the first interferometer or the second interferometer, one port in the two ports on the other side is connected with the Faraday reflector, and the other port is sequentially connected with the 1 multiplied by 2 polarization optical splitter, the Faraday rotator mirror and the phase modulator, wherein the 1 multiplied by 2 polarization optical splitter, the Faraday rotator mirror and the phase modulator are connected in a ring shape.
Optionally, the first interferometer or the second interferometer comprises: the optical system comprises a 1 × 2 optical splitter, a phase modulator and a 2 × 1 optical combiner, wherein one output port of the 1 × 2 optical splitter is connected to one input port of the 2 × 1 optical combiner through the phase modulator, and the other output port of the 1 × 2 optical splitter is directly connected to the other input port of the 2 × 1 optical combiner.
Optionally, the optical attenuator comprises at least one of a fixed optical attenuator and an electrically controlled optical attenuator.
(III) advantageous effects
The utility model provides a quantum key distribution system and decoding method thereof, beneficial effect is:
1. the decoding method adopts the idea of supplying according to the detection result of the single-photon detector, when the single-photon detector has the detection signal, the new decoding random number is replaced, most of quantum light is lost before reaching the single-photon detector due to the particularity of quantum light of a quantum key distribution system, and the detection efficiency of the single-photon detector is added, so that the random number required by final decoding is very less than the repetition frequency of the system, the decoding driving complexity and the random number demand of a receiving end are greatly reduced, and the production cost is reduced.
2. The interferometer of the quantum key distribution system is reasonably designed, so that the interferometer can perform self-adaptive compensation on the polarization state in the quantum optical signal, the polarization robustness of the quantum key distribution system is ensured, and meanwhile, the coding and decoding rate of the quantum key distribution system can be improved.
Drawings
For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the present disclosure, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. Wherein:
fig. 1 schematically illustrates a block diagram of a quantum key distribution system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a block diagram of an F-M interferometer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a block diagram of an F-S-M interferometer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a block diagram of an M-Z interferometer according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure;
fig. 5 schematically shows a flowchart of a decoding method of a quantum key distribution system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
Detailed Description
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present disclosure will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the description is illustrative only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. In the following detailed description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the disclosure. It may be evident, however, that one or more embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. Moreover, in the following description, descriptions of well-known structures and techniques are omitted so as to not unnecessarily obscure the concepts of the present disclosure.
The quantum key distribution system and the decoding method of the receiving end are provided in the embodiments of the present disclosure, so as to simplify the control difficulty of electronics, which is not only beneficial to improving the encoding and decoding rate of the quantum key distribution system, but also beneficial to reducing the equipment cost.
Fig. 1 schematically shows a block diagram of a quantum key distribution system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in fig. 1, the quantum key distribution system includes a transmitting end and a receiving end, and the transmitting end and the receiving end may be connected through a quantum channel.
The transmitting end may include, for example, transmitting end control logic, a quantum light preparation module, an encoding driver module, a first interferometer, an optical attenuator, and a first circulator. The quantum light preparation module is sequentially connected with the first interferometer, the optical attenuator and the circulator.
The transmitting end control logic is respectively connected with the quantum light preparation module, the coding driving module and the optical attenuator so as to carry out relevant logic control on the quantum light preparation module, the coding driving module and the optical attenuator.
The quantum light preparation module is used for preparing quantum light. In a feasible manner of this embodiment, the quantum light preparation module may be formed by a laser alone, or by a laser connected to an intensity modulator.
The first interferometer is used for carrying out random quantum state modulation on quantum light and comprises an interference light path and an encoder, the encoding driving module is connected to the encoder, and the encoder is driven to carry out random quantum state modulation on the quantum light. The interference light path is used for interfering the input quantum light.
The optical attenuator is used for attenuating the modulated quantum light into single photons. In a feasible manner of this embodiment, the optical attenuator may include at least one of a fixed optical attenuator and an electrically controlled optical attenuator, for example, if the fixed optical attenuator or the electrically controlled optical attenuator is used alone to attenuate the quantum light into a single photon, only one optical attenuator may be used in the system.
The first circulator is used for transmitting a single photon to a receiving end. The single photon enters the quantum channel after entering the first circulator, so that the Trojan horse attack at the emission end can be prevented.
The receiving end can comprise receiving end control logic, a second circulator, a second interferometer, a decoding driving module and a single photon detector, for example.
The second circulator is used for receiving the single photons transmitted by the transmitting end through the quantum channel, and the single photons enter the interferometer after entering the second circulator, so that the attack of the Trojan horse at the transmitting end can be prevented.
The second interferometer is used for carrying out random quantum state demodulation on the single photons and interfering the demodulated signals and comprises an interference light path and a decoder, the decoding driving module is connected to the decoder, and the codec is driven to carry out random quantum state demodulation on the single photons. And the interference light path is used for interfering the demodulated single photons.
The single photon detector is used for detecting the photons after interference. The number of the single photon detectors is connected with one or two single photon detectors according to the requirement, and in order to save cost in practice, one single photon detector can be used for replacing two single photon detectors in a time-sharing multiplexing mode.
The random number generation module is used for updating the decoding random number required in the random quantum state demodulation process after the single-photon detector outputs the detection signal to obtain a new decoding random number, sending the new decoding random number to the decoding driving module, driving a decoder in the second interferometer, updating the decoding phase of the next detection according to the new decoding random number, and decoding the photons of the next detection of the single-photon detector.
And the receiving end control logic is respectively connected to the single photon detector and the decoding driver.
In a feasible manner of this embodiment, the first interferometer and the second interferometer may be F-M interferometers, and the schematic structural diagram of the interference optical path thereof is shown in fig. 2, and may include: a 2X 2 optical splitter (50: 50 optical splitter), a Faraday mirror, and a phase modulator. Two ports on the same side of the 2 x 2 optical splitter are used as an input end and an output end of the F-M interferometer, and one Faraday reflector is connected with one port of the two ports on the other side of the 2 x 2 optical splitter to form one interference arm, and the other port of the two ports is sequentially connected with the phase modulator and the Faraday reflector to form the other interference arm. The phase modulator may be a waveguide type phase modulator, a piezoelectric ceramic phase modulator, or the like, and the disclosure is not limited thereto. The optical pulse entering the F-M interferometer is first divided into two wave packets with equal polarization by a 2 × 2 optical splitter, and the two wave packets enter the long arm and the short arm of the unequal-arm interferometer, respectively. If the same structure is adopted at the receiving end, the polarization states of the two optical pulse wave packets for interference can be ensured to be always the same. Therefore, the interferometer can be self-adaptively compensated no matter how the polarization state in the channel changes, and therefore the polarization robustness of the quantum key distribution system is guaranteed.
In another feasible manner of this embodiment, the first interferometer and the second interferometer may be F-S-M interferometers, and the schematic structural diagram of the interference optical path thereof is shown in fig. 3, and may include: the two ports on the same side of the 2 multiplied by 2 optical splitter are used as the input end and the output end of the F-S-M interferometer, one port of the two ports on the other side is connected with the Faraday reflector, and the other port is sequentially connected with the 1 multiplied by 2 polarization optical splitter, the Faraday rotator and the phase modulator, wherein the 1 multiplied by 2 polarization optical splitter, the Faraday rotator and the phase modulator are connected in a ring shape, and the 2 multiplied by 2 optical splitter is connected with the 1 multiplied by 2 polarization optical splitter. The phase modulator may be a waveguide type phase modulator, a piezoelectric ceramic phase modulator, or the like, and the disclosure is not limited thereto. The optical pulse entering the F-S-M interferometer is first divided into two wave packets with equal polarization by a 2 × 2 optical splitter, and the two wave packets enter the long arm and the short arm of the unequal-arm interferometer, respectively. If the same structure is adopted at the receiving end, the polarization states of the two optical pulse wave packets for interference can be ensured to be always the same. Therefore, the F-S-M interferometer inherits the stability in the prior art on the optical polarization characteristic, and simultaneously two parts of the light pulse in the long arm pass through the phase modulator simultaneously, so that the round-trip time between the phase modulator and the Faraday reflector in the long arm of the F-M interferometer is shortened, and higher system coding and decoding speed can be supported; moreover, both parts of the optical pulse pass through the phase modulator once, which is equivalent to that the whole optical pulse passes through the phase modulator only once, and the insertion loss is also superior to that of the F-M interferometer.
In a feasible manner of this embodiment, the first interferometer and the second interferometer may be M-Z interferometers, and a schematic structural diagram of an interference optical path thereof is shown in fig. 4, and may include: the optical system comprises a 1 × 2 optical splitter, a phase modulator and a 2 × 1 optical combiner, wherein one output port of the 1 × 2 optical splitter is connected to one input port of the 2 × 1 optical combiner through the phase modulator, and the other output port of the 1 × 2 optical splitter is directly connected to the other input port of the 2 × 1 optical combiner. The phase modulator may be a waveguide type phase modulator, a piezoelectric ceramic phase modulator, or the like, and the disclosure is not limited thereto.
Fig. 5 schematically shows a flowchart of a decoding method for the above-described quantum key distribution system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, and the method may include operations S501 to S505, for example.
S501, preparing quantum light, and carrying out random quantum state modulation on the quantum light.
In a feasible manner of this embodiment, the transmitting end may trigger the laser to emit signal light through a clock signal, where the signal light is generally a narrow pulse of the laser in the gain switching mode, and in the spoof state modulation scheme, the signal light emitted by the laser may further be randomly intensity-modulated by the intensity modulator to become a signal state, a spoof state, and a vacuum state, where the number of the spoof states may be one or more.
After the preparation is finished, the random quantum state modulation can be carried out on the quantum light through the encoder. In a feasible manner of the present embodiment, the quantum light may be modulated in four random phases, including phase modulation of 0 or pi/2 or pi or 3 pi/2.
And S502, attenuating the modulated quantum light into single photons.
In a feasible implementation manner, the modulated quantum light can be attenuated by the fixed optical attenuator and the electrically controlled optical attenuator together. In another feasible mode of the present embodiment, the modulated quantum light may also be attenuated by a fixed optical attenuator or an electrically controlled optical attenuator to obtain a single photon. Depending on the degree of attenuation of the attenuator.
S503, carrying out random quantum state demodulation on the single photon, and interfering the demodulated photon.
In a feasible mode of the embodiment, random demodulation of two phases is performed on the single photons, including phase demodulation of 0 or pi/2. In another feasible mode of the embodiment, four phases of random demodulation are carried out on the single-photon signals, including phase demodulation of 0 or pi/2 or pi or 3 pi/2.
And S504, judging whether the single-photon detector outputs a detection signal or not.
The single photon detector is used to detect the interfered photons, and if a detection signal output by the single photon detector is detected, operation S505 is performed.
And S505, updating the decoding random number in the random quantum state demodulation process to obtain a new decoding random number, and loading the new decoding random number to the decoding driving module.
When the single-photon detector outputs signals, the random number generation module updates the decoding random number required in the random quantum state demodulation process to obtain a new decoding random number, the new decoding random number is loaded to the decoding driving module, the new decoding random number updates the decoding phase of the next detection through the decoding driving module to complete the loading of decoding information, and the decoder decodes the signals of the next detection of the single-photon detector according to the new decoding random number.
The quantum key distribution system and the decoding method thereof provided by the embodiment of the disclosure adopt the idea of supplying according to the detection result of the single-photon detector, and when the single-photon detector has the detection signal, the decoding random number is updated, and due to the particularity of the quantum light of the quantum key distribution system, most of the quantum light is lost before reaching the single-photon detector, and the detection efficiency of the single-photon detector is added, so that the random number required by final decoding is very less than the repetition frequency of the system. The interferometer is reasonably designed, so that the interferometer can perform self-adaptive compensation on the polarization state in the quantum optical signal, the polarization robustness of the quantum key distribution system is ensured, and meanwhile, the coding and decoding rate of the quantum key distribution system can be improved.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that while the present disclosure has been shown and described with reference to certain exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure should not be limited to the above-described embodiments, but should be defined not only by the appended claims, but also by equivalents thereof.
Claims (10)
1. A decoding method for decoding a quantum key distribution system, the method comprising:
preparing quantum light, and carrying out random quantum state modulation on the quantum light;
attenuating the modulated quantum light into single photons;
carrying out random quantum state demodulation on the single photon, and carrying out interference on the demodulated photon;
detecting the interfered photons by using a single photon detector, and judging whether the single photon detector at the receiving end of the quantum key distribution system outputs a detection signal or not;
if so, updating the random number output, loading the random number output to a decoding driver, and decoding a signal detected by the single-photon detector next time by using the new decoding random number.
2. The decoding method of claim 1, wherein the preparing quantum light comprises:
generating a narrow pulse light source;
and carrying out random intensity modulation on the narrow pulse light source to obtain the quantum light comprising a signal state, a decoy state and a vacuum state.
3. The decoding method of claim 1, wherein said randomly quantum-state modulating the quantum light comprises:
and carrying out phase modulation of 0 or pi/2 or pi or 3 pi/2 on the quantum light.
4. The decoding method of claim 1, wherein said performing random quantum state demodulation on said single photons comprises:
and carrying out 0 or pi/2 phase demodulation on the single photon.
5. The decoding method of claim 1, wherein said performing random quantum state demodulation on said single photons comprises:
and carrying out phase demodulation of 0 or pi/2 or pi or 3 pi/2 on the single photon.
6. A quantum key distribution system comprises a transmitting end and a receiving end, wherein the transmitting end and the receiving end are connected through a quantum channel, and the transmitting end comprises:
the quantum light preparation module is used for preparing quantum light;
a first interferometer for randomly quantum-state modulating the quantum light;
the encoding driving module is used for driving the first interferometer to perform random quantum state modulation on the quantum light;
the optical attenuator is used for attenuating the modulated quantum light into single photons;
a first circulator for transmitting the single photons to the quantum channel;
the receiving end includes:
the second circulator is used for receiving the single photon transmitted by the first circulator;
the second interferometer is used for carrying out random quantum state demodulation on the single photon and carrying out interference on the demodulated photon;
the decoding driving module is used for driving the second interferometer to carry out random quantum state demodulation on the single photon;
the single photon detector is used for detecting the photons after interference;
and the random number generation module is used for updating the decoding random number required in the random quantum state demodulation process after the single-photon detector outputs the detection signal to obtain a new decoding random number, and loading the new decoding random number to the decoding driving module so that the decoding driving module drives the second interferometer to decode the next detected photon of the single-photon detector according to the new decoding random number.
7. The quantum key distribution system of claim 6, wherein the first interferometer or the second interferometer comprises:
and two ports on the same side of the 2 multiplied by 2 optical splitter are used as the input end and the output end of the first interferometer or the second interferometer, one port in the two ports on the other side is connected with a Faraday reflector, and the other port is sequentially connected with a phase modulator and the Faraday reflector to form two interference arms.
8. The quantum key distribution system of claim 6, wherein the first interferometer or the second interferometer comprises:
and two ports on the same side of the 2 x 2 optical splitter are used as the input end and the output end of the first interferometer or the second interferometer, one port in the two ports on the other side is connected with the Faraday reflector, and the other port is sequentially connected with the 1 x 2 polarization optical splitter, the Faraday rotator mirror and the phase modulator, wherein the 1 x 2 polarization optical splitter, the Faraday rotator mirror and the phase modulator are connected in a ring shape.
9. The quantum key distribution system of claim 6, wherein the first interferometer or the second interferometer comprises: the optical coupler comprises a 1 × 2 optical splitter, a phase modulator and a 2 × 1 optical combiner, wherein one output port of the 1 × 2 optical splitter is connected to one input port of the 2 × 1 optical combiner through the phase modulator, and the other output port of the 1 × 2 optical splitter is directly connected to the other input port of the 2 × 1 optical combiner.
10. The quantum key distribution system of claim 6, wherein the optical attenuator comprises at least one of a fixed optical attenuator and an electrically controlled optical attenuator.
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