CN100520314C - Movable earth surface runoff observer - Google Patents
Movable earth surface runoff observer Download PDFInfo
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- CN100520314C CN100520314C CNB2006101632409A CN200610163240A CN100520314C CN 100520314 C CN100520314 C CN 100520314C CN B2006101632409 A CNB2006101632409 A CN B2006101632409A CN 200610163240 A CN200610163240 A CN 200610163240A CN 100520314 C CN100520314 C CN 100520314C
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Abstract
The invention relates to a transportable surface runoff observation installment, which is suitable to observe the surface runoff under each kind of field condition. The installment is mainly composed by the runoff collecting device, the runoff sample gathering installment, the runoff quantity recognizer, the data measurement system, rainproof guarantees shielding five parts. Using the equipment can carry on the immediate determinant under each kind of area, the different land utilization way, the different management measure, the different slope, the slope length surface runoff. Compares with the traditional runoff plot observation, the invention has transportable, directly carries on the observation, the high sample gathering accuracy under the natural condition of local growth runoff, the construction cost low, the use factor high, the application scope observation to the unit time runoff intensity merit and so on; compared with the existing transportable runoff observation installment, it has the merit of satisfying the open country great current capacity runoff observation, the simple installment and operation, the electronic record, the high observation accuracy, the few breakdown and so on. The installment installs easy to operate, the real result, the lower construction cost, is suitable for to promote.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of agricultural production technologies.Be a kind of movable earth surface runoff observer, be applicable to the observation of rainwash under the various field conditions.
Technical background
Soil erosion is one of major casualty in the world, and it destroys land resource, causes yield-power decline and alluvial; Consume limited water resources, form disasters such as arid, flood, cause the deterioration of the ecological environment, human existence and development in serious threat, become various countries' question of common concern.Be that developing country or developed country all exist this problem of soil erosion to some extent, and the trend that develops of the direction that worsens of oriented continuation.According to FAO's estimation, the land area of soil erosion takes place up to 2,500 ten thousand square kilometres in the whole world, accounts for 16.7% of the land total area, 26,000,000,000 tons in annual loss soil.China's soil erosion area is 3,560,000 square kilometres, accounts for 1/3rd of area.Soil erosion has become one of main reason that causes land deterioration, and the sustainable development of valuable table soil resource and society in serious threat.
To earlier 1900s, the soil erosion just has been subjected to people's attention, and the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and the U.S. take the lead in having carried out soil Erosion Research.Wanting to understand soil erosion harm is is also prevented and treated, at first to illustrate the soil erosion rule and and all factors of influence between relation, this just needs one to weigh a quantitative indices that corrodes, and the quantitative Analysis soil loss amount is one of scientific basis of utilization rationally and management land resource.Soil erodibility is the important indicator of quantitative Analysis soil losses, is the important parameter of prognosis of soil erosion.The research of soil erodibility starts from twentieth century thirties, existing till now more than 70 year history.1963, U.S. Olson and Wischmeier proposed to have the soil loss amount that soil erodibility index-the unit rain agent of erosion is caused of practicality on the standard sub-district.The standard sub-district, i.e. 9% the gradient, straight plowing is done, clear continuously leisure, the runoff plots that 22.13m is long ploughed.The U.S. is because the U.S.'s most of sub-district length of grade is 22.13m as the standard sub-district.9% the gradient is then near the intermediate value of observational data, the empirical parameter of on medium gradient, measuring, and extrapolation is used for relaxing less relatively than the steep gradient time error.Runoff plots is the important observation method of research slope soil erosion, and the mensuration of silt content is accurately to calculate the key of soil loss amount.Olson and Wischmeier calculate 8 fallow land sub-districts and 20 crop field sub-district soil erodibilities.And with this basic standard as soil erodibility.The soil erodibility that this definition is determined different climatic regions, different time erosion data can directly compare.In addition, this method is to be foundation with the soil losses data, has considered rainfall erosivity simultaneously, and with other erosion factor restriction under equal conditions, therefore can directly estimate soil loss amount with this index, and this also is a final purpose of studying soil erodibility.Just be based on this, the soil erodibility quantitative criterion of the U.S. is based upon on the district observation data base.And adopted by countries in the world gradually, the standard runoff plots had become the main means of China's soil loss monitoring and research in the last few years.
The standard runoff plots constitutes (1) by following components and encloses the ridge: in order to stop runoff turnover sub-district, and the set ridge of enclosing, it is high 20～30 centimetres, and 30～50 centimetres of buried depths are made with concrete or sand-cement slurry masonry; (2) water leg and gutter: effect is to collect the runoff plots runoff, and draws and deliver in the gutter; (3) shunting bucket: be run-off and sediment discharge measurement device, open tap hole in bucket wall middle and upper part, one of them hole links to each other with next one shunting bucket, generally needs secondary or three grades of shuntings, and container adopts sheet metal to make, and container bottom is established osculum, and draining and row are husky; (4) runoff discharge channel and hidden pipe: give off the area of observation coverage in order to water and silt after will measuring.General observation subdistrict is made up of one or more districts group observation subdistrict.Method of testing.In a rainfall, runoff that each runoff plots produces and silt are compiled to flow into by water leg earlier to be shunted in the bucket, after treating that rainfall end and sub-district stop runoff yield, promptly read water level H by the river gage survey that is installed in the runoff bucket, then the water in the pond is stirred evenly, flat sampling thief is placed at the place in the 0.4H depth of water, from runoff Chi Si angle and central authorities respectively water sampling insert the sample bottle for five groups, deliver the laboratory and carry out interior assay.
Utilize standard closure sub-district runoff recording geometry to utilize the soil erosion under mode and the farming way to manage to observe to different soils well.Finding in application also has a lot of drawbacks, and for example the place is fixed, and is bigger to land destruction when building observation field; The cost height, operating cost is big, and generally building a soil and water losses observation field needs more than 200,000 yuan at least; Closed sub-district area is many about 100 square metres, and soil can only be taked manually to plough in the farming sub-district, and is bigger with land for growing field crops mechanical cultivation actual variance; Owing to limited by the place, be difficult to carry out the gradient, length of grade observation; Because place and equipment are fixed, and are subject to nature and artificial destruction etc.
Observe closed sub-district have above drawback at the standard runoff, the water and soil conservation scholar had carried out deep exploration in aspect such as runoff observation method and equipment in the open air in recent years.U.S. Cruse (2001) has developed the removable runoff observation device of sectional type (Divider collector), the sub-district is still adopted closed, utilize the sheet metal of detachable recycling to replace cement plate, shunt water leg placing shunting bucket ground level under to replace with as for the sectional type on the face of land.Its advantage is to be suitable for open-air zonule (＜50m
2) runoff observation, installs simply relatively, the measurement result precision is higher, and is detachable, removable, the runoff that can be used under the open-air virtual condition is observed, and can be used for the observation under disposable rainfall or the rainmaking.But also have many deficiencies, the observation area is less, and each water leg all needs level-off during installation, it is bigger influenced by surface water tension force, all need equipment is cleared up after each rainfall, be unsuitable for the big or bigger observation of runoff intensity of sediment charge, use limited.Chinese scholar has also obtained certain achievement at the runoff observation device, " a kind of runoff rate dot type analyzer " (patent No.: ZL03269640.X) representative the most with invention such as Cao Jiansheng (2004), this device is being under the prerequisite of power with the mechanical clock, by special drive disk assembly, realized that recording chart is when doing uniform circular motion, also carry out the uniform motion on the vertical direction, thereby with in the flow sensor switching process by special-purpose pulse producer---mechanical pulsing signal that " cam disc+dot type recording pointer " produces is reflected on the recording chart with the form of spiral curve, when realizing that water flow process is monitored automatically, reduced the replacing frequency of recording chart.Should be based on the dot type self-recording flow measuring instrument of tipping bucket method, the discharge process of tested current can be passed through tipping bucket type flow sensor, cam dot type pulse producer and dot type recording apparatus, form with spiral curve is reflected on the recording chart, has finished the automatic monitoring task of current preferably.Can be widely used in slope runoff sub-district, interflow, underground crack undercurrent, and in the current monitoring of the multiple no pressures such as base flow of small watershed, low water head, low discharge; The problem that exists mainly is, need regularly change recording chart, can only be used for the runoff observation of low discharge, and the maximum observation of per minute run-off be 3kg only, it is reported the field sometimes the per minute run-off therefore also do not reach open-air various situation and observe requirement up to 30kg.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is on the basis of the relative merits of using for reference fixing and removable runoff observation device both at home and abroad, in conjunction with northeast black soil region farmland ridge culture and soil erosion feature, in the practice of black soil region farmland soil and water losses observation, design voluntarily and update, developed a kind of packaged type rainwash observation device.
This device is mainly formed first, runoff gathering-device, closed sub-district that high 40cm baffle plate surrounds and the metal funnel 26 of high 28cm, interior Φ 70mm, the pvc pipe 1 of wall thickness 3.0mm by five parts; Second portion, runoff sample collecting apparatus, Φ 115mm, high 130mm, the first buffering stainless steel tempering tank 23 of wall thickness 1.5mm has the streamlined base projections 11 that makes progress, have the equidistant teeth top outlet of 16 high 18mm at stainless steel tempering tank 23 coboundarys, Φ 35mm, long 10mm connecting pipe 4, Φ 60mm, high 90mm, the second buffering stainless steel tempering tank 24 of wall thickness 1.0mm, the flexible pipe 5 of Φ 20mm, sample collection bottle 6; Third part, the run-off determinator, Φ 200mm, wall thickness 5.0mm, the PVC collection tube 7 of high 170mm, the Φ 60mm mouth of pipe 12, stainless steel inclination bucket (TippingBucket) 19, stainless steel tilts bucket 19 by long 500mm, wall thickness 1.5mm cuts in the middle of the stainless-steel tube of Φ 200mm and is processed into, and is middle with a wall thickness 1.5mm, the stainless steel garden shape baffle plate 21 of Φ 200mm is divided into two isometric(al) device chambers with stainless steel inclination bucket 19, stainless steel inclination bucket 19 lower central are welded with Φ 16mm, the horizontal metal bar of long 240mm, and bearing 15 is equipped with at horizontal metal bar two ends No. 7, and support by the vertical M8 screw rod 16 of high 120mm, screw rod 16 is fixed on thick 2mm, and long 250mm is on the horizontal corrosion resistant plate 22 of wide 200mm, 18 four jiaos of horizontal corrosion resistant plate 22 and fixed base plates are connected in order to regulate the M6 screw rod 17 that horizontal corrosion resistant plate 22 is in horizontality with 4, on stainless steel tilts the lower horizontal steel plate 22 at bucket 19 two ends two rubber plugs 20 are installed; The 4th part, the data metering system, in the middle of tilting bucket 19, stainless steel connects a long 100mm, the stainless-steel tube of Φ 10mm is upwards installed the energy-saving bulb 14 of a 4V0.02A, in stainless steel main body frame 2 upper ends of 25mm * 25mm power switch 10 is installed, 14 on power switch 10 and bulb are connected to 4V chargeable lithium cell one joint, bulb 14 positive upper end 5mm install a light source inductor 13, and link to each other with SL-304 type electronic data registering instrument 9, and data-out port 8 is arranged on the electronic data registering instrument 9; The 5th part: rainproof protective cover, at device main body frame 2 upper top covers with the transparent plexiglass plate 25 of thick 2mm is housed all around.
Final goal of the present invention is to develop a kind of packaged type rainwash observation device that is suitable under the various open-air land occupation conditions, utilizes this device directly to measure the runoff district of various areas, runoff district, the different gradient under the different control measures, runoff district of length of grade etc.Can realize following main observation:
(1), the runoff in different area zone observation
Utilize detachable baffle plate to surround the observation area, a runoff collection funnel is installed in the lower end, link to each other, observe with observation device.Compare with the standard sub-district, the zone that surrounds is a state of nature, and observed result more can reflect truth, and device need not be placed under the face of land destruction soil of promptly need not digging pit.
(2), different lengths of grade, the observation of gradient erosion intensity
The northeast black soil region mostly is along the plantation of sloping ridge, length of grade, and the slope is slow, and the ridge is long many at 500-2000m, the longest reached at 4000m, it is its principal character that long slope is corroded.The fixed observer field is difficult to finish this observation.Adopting this device, is natural watershed divide (baffle plate) with the ridge platform, and choosing parallel several furrows is the observation area, at different lengths of grade one cover observation device is installed respectively, can observe the soil erosion of different lengths of grade simultaneously.To the observation of different gradient, can take same method, in same big zone, choose gradient difference but length identical be the observation area along sloping ridge with each furrow, observation device is installed respectively, observe.
(3), can carry out the manual simulation and corrode research
Runoff observation device and artificial rain system's combination are adopted in current research to erosion mechanism more, carry out the relation research of raininess, rain time etc. and erosion intensity, and in the past the employing combined with the standard runoff plots more.Adopt this device, can be placed in the natural region of any desire observation, directly observe, accomplish convenience, true, economic.
(4), realize unit interval runoff intensity observation
What this device adopted is SL-304 type electronic data registering instrument 9, realizes electronical record, and the computer data download can be minute be that chronomere carries out record to run-off, therefore can finish minute to the runoff intensity of unit and observe.Combine with hydrocone type rainfall scope simultaneously, also can finish the observation of rain time and runoff yield time, rainfall intensity and runoff intensity etc.Can realize the observation of open-air various rainwash flows, even the runoff intensity of may observe 40kg/min.
1. removable with the advantage that traditional standard runoff plots relatively has, the utilization ratio height; 2. the runoff under the natural situation is directly observed, the result is more true and reliable; 3. can finish observation to the unit interval runoff intensity; 4. simple installation, the equipment making cost is low; 5. the more approaching reality of sample, the sediment discharge measurement resultant error is little, and in 0.5%-10% sediment charge test of indoor configuration, the accuracy of collected specimens reaches 87.3%-95.6%; 6. observation scope is extensive, can finish open-air observation requirements; 7. realize observation automatically, the computer data download.
1. the advantage that relatively has with existing removable runoff observation device can satisfy the field runoff observation of flow greatly; 2. installation and easy and simple to handle; 3. electronical record is observed the accuracy height; 4. only gather the one-level sample, alleviate later stage work; 5. fault is few, the precision height.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1: 1-pvc pipe, 26-metal funnel.
Fig. 2: 1-pvc pipe, 2-stainless steel main body frame, 3-setting nut, 4-connecting pipe, 5-flexible pipe, 6-sample collection bottle, 7-PVC collection tube, 8-data-out port, 9-electronic data registering instrument, 10-power switch, 11-base projections, 12-mouth of pipe, 13-light source inductor, 14-bulb, 15-bearing, 16-screw rod, 17-screw rod, 18-fixed base plate, 19-stainless steel inclination bucket, 20-rubber plug, 21-stainless steel garden shape baffle plate, 22-horizontal steel plate, 23-the first buffering stainless steel tempering tank, 24-the second buffering stainless steel tempering tank, 25-poly (methyl methacrylate) plate.
Embodiment
Install in the field of equipment: can adopt the mode of closed sub-district for the flat farmland, meadow, forest land done, substituting the shunting bucket with this device observes, the sub-district is sealed by the PVC plate of observation size with the high 40mm of dismountable thick 10mm, divide into the collection covering of the fan, pvc pipe 1 with an interior Φ 70mm wall thickness 3.0mm is connected with determinator, the length of pvc pipe 1 is decided on the gradient, accomplishes that bottom of device just reaches dirty naturally being as the criterion of rainwash energy; For the ridge culture farmland, with the ridge body is natural watershed divide, arrangement is the metal funnel 26 of 28cm with the height of furrow similar shape in furrow, pvc pipe 1 with an interior Φ 70mm wall thickness 3.0mm is connected with determinator, the length of pvc pipe 1 is decided on the gradient, accomplishes that bottom of device just reaches dirty naturally being as the criterion of rainwash energy.Under the above dual mode, all need device is installed on the level ground, artificial smooth installation ground after the stationary installation, is regulated horizontal steel plate 22 and is connected with 4 M6 screw rods of 18 of fixed base plates, and main device is up to the standard.With the first buffering stainless steel tempering tank 23 and the second buffering stainless steel tempering tank, 24 fills with water, regulate four M6 setting nuts 3 of upper end, they are up to the standard, accomplish that sample is even.Sample collecting flexible pipe 5 is connected with sample collection bottle 6..
The realization of observation process: after device installs, open the bulb power switch before each rainfall, enter observer state.Behind the rainfall runoff yield, runoff enters the runoff sample collecting apparatus by metal funnel 26 and pvc pipe 1, utilize the shunting principle of standard runoff observation on plots, runoff after the collection at first vertically injects the first buffering stainless steel tempering tank 23, being turned to the equidistant teeth top outlet that has 16 high 18mm after the abundant mixing with the streamlined base projections 11 that makes progress shunts, flow through connecting pipe 4 of 1/16 footpath injects the second buffering stainless steel tempering tank 24, after mixing also 1/10 shunting again, through flexible pipe 5, the sample that accounts for runoff volume 1/160 flow in the sample collection bottle 6 after fully mixed.Remaining 15/16 the footpath PVC collection tube 7 of flowing through injects the stainless steels bucket 19 that tilts, when weight surpasses aequum (1.24kg), stainless steel inclination bucket 19 overturns, the runoff that has injected is toppled over, bulb 14 also rotates thereupon, on put 13 sensitization of light source inductor once, and noted by electronic data registering instrument 9.In this simultaneously, the PVC collection tube 7 of flowing through is given the interior water filling of bucket of the other end, so moves in circles, and finishes a whole runoff yield process observation.After rainfall end runoff yield stops, utilizing laptop computer to be connected, after the data download, empty the data in the registering instrument with data-out port 8.Change sample bottle, take back the laboratory and be further analyzed.
Claims (1)
1, a kind of movable earth surface runoff observer is characterized in that being made up of following five parts: first, runoff gathering-device, the metal funnel (26) of closed sub-district that high 40cm baffle plate surrounds and high 28cm, interior Φ 70mm, the pvc pipe of wall thickness 3.0mm (1); Second portion, the runoff sample collecting apparatus, Φ 115mm, high 130mm, the first buffering stainless steel tempering tank (23) of wall thickness 1.5mm, has the streamlined base projections (11) that makes progress, have the equidistant teeth top outlet of 16 high 18mm at first buffering stainless steel tempering tank (23) coboundary, Φ 35mm, long 100mm connecting pipe (4), connecting pipe (4) one ends are connected with 1 equidistant teeth of coboundary top outlet of the first buffering stainless steel tempering tank (23), and connecting pipe (4) other end is positioned at Φ 60mm, high 90mm, the top of the second buffering stainless steel tempering tank (24) of wall thickness 1.0mm, the flexible pipe of Φ 20mm (5), flexible pipe (5) one ends are connected with the coboundary of the second buffering stainless steel tempering tank (23), and the other end is connected with sample collection bottle (6); Third part, the run-off determinator, Φ 200mm, wall thickness 5.0mm, the PVC collection tube (7) of high 170mm, Φ 60mm pvc pipe mouth (12) is left in PVC collection tube (7) lower end, pvc pipe mouth (12) lower end is a stainless steel inclination bucket (19), stainless steel tilts bucket (19) by long 500mm, wall thickness 1.5mm, cut in the middle of the stainless-steel tube of Φ 200mm and be processed into, middle with a wall thickness 1.5mm, the stainless steel circular baffle plate (21) of Φ 200mm is divided into two isometric(al) device chambers with stainless steel inclination bucket (19), stainless steel inclination bucket (a 19) lower central is welded with Φ 16mm, the horizontal metal bar of long 240mm, No. 7 bearings (15) are equipped with at horizontal metal bar two ends, and support by the M8 screw rod (16) of high 120mm, M8 screw rod (16) is fixed on thick 2mm, long 250mm, on the horizontal corrosion resistant plate (22) of wide 200mm, regulate the M6 screw rod (17) that horizontal corrosion resistant plates (22) are in horizontality with 4 and is connected for four jiaos between horizontal corrosion resistant plate (22) and fixed base plate (18), go up installation two rubber plugs (20) at the tilt lower horizontal corrosion resistant plate (22) at bucket (19) two ends of stainless steel; The 4th part, the data metering system, in the middle of tilting bucket (19), stainless steel connects a long 100mm, the stainless-steel tube of Φ 10mm, one 4V upwards is installed, 0.02A energy-saving bulb (14), power switch (10) is installed in stainless steel main body frame (2) upper end at 25mm * 25mm, be connected to 4V chargeable lithium cell one joint between power switch (10) and bulb (14), the positive upper end of bulb (14) 5mm installs a light source inductor (13), and link to each other with SL-304 type electronic data registering instrument (9), data-out port (8) is arranged on the electronic data registering instrument (9); The 5th part, rainproof protective cover is at stainless steel main body frame (2) upper top cover of movable earth surface runoff observer with the transparent plexiglass plate (25) of thick 2mm is housed all around.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2006101632409A CN100520314C (en) | 2006-12-14 | 2006-12-14 | Movable earth surface runoff observer |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CNB2006101632409A CN100520314C (en) | 2006-12-14 | 2006-12-14 | Movable earth surface runoff observer |
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| CN101067566A CN101067566A (en) | 2007-11-07 |
| CN100520314C true CN100520314C (en) | 2009-07-29 |
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| CNB2006101632409A Expired - Fee Related CN100520314C (en) | 2006-12-14 | 2006-12-14 | Movable earth surface runoff observer |
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Families Citing this family (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101839825A (en) * | 2009-03-20 | 2010-09-22 | 上海市环境科学研究院 | Runoff collection device for use in dry farmland |
| CN102087126B (en) * | 2010-11-12 | 2013-06-05 | 西北农林科技大学 | Method for measuring flow and mud content of artificial rainfall runoff plot and control system |
| CN102087176B (en) * | 2010-12-15 | 2012-07-11 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 | Device for acquiring samples of mixed surface runoff and sediment |
| CN102435250A (en) * | 2011-10-18 | 2012-05-02 | 辽宁省水土保持研究所 | Measuring method and implementation device for slope surface runoff |
| CN103487568A (en) * | 2013-09-25 | 2014-01-01 | 云南省农业科学院热区生态农业研究所 | Construction improvement method of surface runoff collection small area |
| CN105717276A (en) * | 2016-02-24 | 2016-06-29 | 中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所 | Field piece scale slope cropland water and soil loss monitoring system and monitoring method thereof |
| CN107085122B (en) * | 2017-06-08 | 2019-08-20 | 河海大学 | Universal rainwash real-time monitoring device |
| CN108132079B (en) * | 2017-12-22 | 2020-01-10 | 马鞍山合力仪表有限责任公司 | On-site flow detection device |
| CN109443436A (en) * | 2018-11-26 | 2019-03-08 | 黑龙江省水利科学研究院 | Slope runoff overall process automated watch-keeping facility |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5033310A (en) * | 1990-03-26 | 1991-07-23 | Graybeal Walter C | Manhole cover inflow test device |
| CN2636203Y (en) * | 2003-07-01 | 2004-08-25 | 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所 | Dot type measurer for radial-flow |
-
2006
- 2006-12-14 CN CNB2006101632409A patent/CN100520314C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5033310A (en) * | 1990-03-26 | 1991-07-23 | Graybeal Walter C | Manhole cover inflow test device |
| CN2636203Y (en) * | 2003-07-01 | 2004-08-25 | 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所 | Dot type measurer for radial-flow |
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