CN100518837C - 基于离子电渗疗法的电血液透析法及其使用的透析管 - Google Patents
基于离子电渗疗法的电血液透析法及其使用的透析管 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明的范围是施加电流或与血液透析管和系统一起使用一种离子电渗系统(也可将本发明的方法用于腹膜透析或其它类似方法)以从血液、血浆或血清或其它体液中除去有害分子并提高该过程的效率。可将本发明的透析管用于患有尿毒症的患者,将所述的透析管固定在常规的血液透析机上并额外向置于透析管中的电极或置于常规透析管的电极连接体施加电流。当启动该系统时,血液或其它体液中的分子迁移到血液透析液中。带电的离子和不带电的分子随着电渗流一起移动。为了防止pH改变的影响,已消毒的电极优选由银/氯化银制成。为了提供电势梯度,也可使用其它设备。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种透析管和/或透析方法,该透析管和/或透析方法在肾功能不全的患者所用的常规/经典血液透析法中增加了额外的离子电渗步骤。
背景技术
血液透析法主要是利用被动扩散,将尿素和一些其它毒性化合物从血液中除去并使之进入血液透析液的方法。在这种方法中,使用半透膜作为透析膜。血液在血液透析膜的一侧不断循环的同时,另一侧的血液透析液也在不断循环。在这个过程中,在血液中存在的高浓度的尿素,依靠浓度梯度,穿过膜从血液进入血液透析液。因此,血液中的尿素浓度随时间而降低。在常规的血液透析法中,患者与血液透析机相连约4个小时,而且即使在最理想的情况下,尿素浓度通常只能降低到初始水平的50%。
在离子电渗疗法中,由于电流的作用(产生电势差),根据施加的电流和电荷,离子(带有净电荷或部分带电的分子或原子)可被带到膜的另一侧,这一过程是可以控制的。在膜的两侧设置电极或类似设备,这样,可根据需要调整施加的电流或电势。溶液/血液中的离子根据其电荷进行迁移而且其运动与电流相对应。例如,带正电的离子向阴极一侧迁移,反之亦然。当带电离子根据电流进行迁移时,它们同时带动不带电的分子随着迁移的分子一起移动。在这种情况下,所述分子从膜的一侧到另一侧的迁移产生了流动,这样就发生了湍流(称为电渗流)1。因此,不带电粒子(原子/分子)也可由于被带进涡流或这种流动中而穿过膜,而且这种穿过膜的速度比被动扩散穿过膜的速度快很多。
发明内容
本发明利用电势从血液中除去尿素,从而提高了血液透析性能。类似地,本发明还涉及诸如腹膜透析等方法或涉及在急性或慢性中毒病例中需要将一些化合物或分子(带电或不带电的原子或分子、元素或离子)从血液(血液、血浆或血清)中除去并使之进入透析液中的方法。使用所述的透析管和/或透析方法,能够增强血液透析法的效率并减少所述透析法的总时间。迄今为止没有使用过类似的方法和/或透析管。
附图说明:
图1显示本发明的离子电渗法与常规血液透析法降低血液中尿素水平的结果;
图2显示联合使用常规的血液透析管和建议的离子电渗法的系统;
图3显示将电极附加于常规的血液透析管的模型。
具体实施方式
当研究尿素的分子结构时,可以看到在其分子上存在局部电荷。根据我们进行的实验,观察到的尿素转移速率比被动扩散和阴极电渗透高,所述阴极电渗透是当尿素由于分子上存在局部正电荷而位于阳极一侧时进行的。也有可能是电渗电流部分地影响了这种转移。然而,在这种转移的过程中,如果存在其它小而带电的分子如钾和钠,则转移速率降低;但这种转移还是比常规方法的量大得多而且速度快得多。使用得自尿毒症患者的人血重复进行了上述实验,并且得到了类似的结果。使用本发明时,血液透析法的时间更短,同时,效果也好得多(血液更干净)。
使用人血、血液透析液和本发明新设计的透析管以蠕动泵重复以前实施过的扩散实验。在对采集自通过透析管的血液的样品进行分析中,发现当使用离子电渗方法时,血液中尿素水平的降低速率比常规血液透析结果提高了3至5倍。换句话说,常规的血液透析过程需要4小时,而本发明的离子电渗方法使所需时间减少至约30分钟,而且效果好得多(图1)。
如果将常规的血液透析管和建议的离子电渗法一起使用,系统如图2所示。用作将尿素从血液中除去的血液透析管的管包括存储室(图2中的1和图3中的1);由于将电极放置管中(图2中的A和B以及图3中的A和B),可施加电流,并且可将其设计为用于常规血液透析管。
因此,在所述图中,标记1显示血液的入口处而标记2显示血液的出口处。标记3和4显示血液透析液的入口处和出口处。标记5显示血液透析管的透析膜。标记B代表阳极,标记A代表阴极。因此,当使用该系统时,血液和血液透析液不断循环并施加了电流,最终可将尿素以更快的速度转移到血液透析液中。标记A和B分别为由Ag和AgCl制成的电极或者为了达到同样的目的,可将所述电极设计为不同的形状和组成。如果需要,B可以使用Ag,而A使用AgCl。可以使用紫外线或氧化乙烯消毒方法对电极进行消毒。
另一方面,尽管为了防止电极对pH值的影响,使用的消毒电极组成(图2中的A和B以及图3中的A和B)优选为Ag/AgCl,所述的电极也可以由铂、铜、金、钢、石墨、钒、钨等制成;电极的组成、尺寸、设计布局、连接点以及它们在透析管的内部和外部的位置并不是电极的决定性因素和独特性质。也可使用一些能形成电势梯度的设备。
在实验中,当使用电血液透析法时,对血液以及血液透析液中钠和钾的水平进行了分析。当使用该方法时,血液中钠和钾的水平也下降了。对于一些其它离子和未带电的分子,结果也有可能大致相同。为了避免出现一些可能的新问题,需要调整血液透析液中的离子和其它物质。必须根据患者的需要制备血液透析液。或者,可将从该血液透析管流出的血液与另一透析管相连,同样,可利用逆向电流置换离子,这样可解决所述问题。为了避免出现任何可能的新问题,可根据患者的需求来制备(在起始时和在补充期间)血液透析液。
另外,通过使用孔径较小的膜可克服这些新问题,即由离子电渗法导致的诸如电解质和/或渗透压不平衡或类似不良后果。在使用合为一体的两层膜时,第一层膜可使有害的尿素穿过而第二层膜不能使其它分子穿过。通过对两层膜施加电流或者对第二层膜施用常规方法(只使用浓度梯度)可避免可能出现的问题。
到目前为止,没有任何已公开的研究和实验提及如下内容:尝试使用类似本发明人这里提出的系统,将施加电流或电势和电势梯度效应用于血液透析法或腹膜透析法或从血液或其它体液中除去有害的分子、离子等。在该项研究中,就缩短持续时间和提高结果的质量而言,增添离子电渗步骤是已知医学技术领域前沿的革命性设计。在文献中,没有进行过这方面的研究和探讨。
本发明除了在治疗尿毒症方面速度快和质量好之外,还具有在急性和慢性中毒中除去有害的/不需要的非极性物质、尤其是极性物质的巨大潜力。相似地,通过使用电流和本发明的透析管,可将血液中有害的成分/物质除去并使之进入血液透析液中。本发明人从文献得知低于0.5mA/cm2的电流不能对血液或体细胞造成损伤1。由于这个原因,为了得到积极的效果,低于0.5mA/cm2的电流是可接受的。可以按照需要选择电流大小。对于所述系统,可以施加直流电或交流电、正方形波、正弦波、三角形波或甚至不同的频率和/或通电时间。在所述系统中,电子流/电流并不与任何体细胞直接接触;因此,可以大于前述文献中的电流强度。然而,由于使用高电流可能损害血细胞,所以不推荐使用高电流。
另外,由于Ag/AgCl电极不影响pH值,所以发明人建议使用Ag/AgCl电极。电极可由不同的化合物制成或者也可以使用具有相似功能的类似设备。可简单地将电极附加于常规的血液透析管的血液和血液透析液的入口处(图3)。如果使用可获得的常规的血液透析管,图3中显示了电极的可供选择的布置。在该模型中,如前所述,可将电极附加于血液入口处和血液透析液部分,并可对使用的常规血液透析管作最小的改进(在该模型中,可使用不同组成的电极或具有相似功能的一些设备)。需要对电极本身进行消毒。在图3中,标记1、2、3、4和5与图2显示的标记意义相同。
结果,本发明可避免肾功能不全的患者被长时间与血液透析机束缚在一起。它可使尿素、肌酸和一些毒性化合物以更好的方式排出血液。另外,在急性和慢性中毒中,该方法将不需要的元素从患者的血流中除去的潜力为医学领域提供了非常有价值的设备。
除了电极及其类似设备,本发明的透析管在形状和尺寸方面与在常规血液透析法中使用的透析管非常类似。透析管的不同,例如仅仅表面积不同或膜的孔径不同,其不能单独作为用于本发明目的的所述设备区别性的定量评价。电极和/或一些具有类似功能的设备的大小、组成或位置(例如一个位于血液流入侧,而另一个位于透析一侧或透析液中)并不限制其对专利权的适用性。
另外,透析液的组成、透析膜的特性(颜色、质地、胶乳或生物组织、孔径大小、选择性等)、方式、血流强度和血流方向、透析液、用于前后相连的透析管的数量也不是本发明的决定性因素和独特性质。
参考文献
1-M.J.Pikal,“电渗流在经皮的离子电渗疗法中的应用(The roleof electro-osmotic flow in transdermal iontophoresis)”,《高级药物释放综论(Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews)》,46,281-305,2001。
Claims (10)
1、一种电血液透析管,其能使分子或物质在血液或血浆与血液透析液之间转移,所述的血液透析液的浓度按照患者的需要制备,该电血液透析管具有:膜、所述血液或血浆在其中循环的血液或血浆室、所述血液透析液在其中循环的血液透析液室,所述血液或血浆室与所述血液透析液室是隔开的,其特征在于,该电血液透析管具有如下布置的一电极和带有相反电荷的另一电极,所述一电极位于血液流入侧,所述另一电极位于透析一侧或透析液中。
2、如权利要求1所述的电血液透析管,其特征在于,所述一电极和带有相反电荷的所述另一电极具有如下四种布置之一:1)所述一电极位于所述血液或血浆室中,带有相反电荷的所述另一电极位于所述血液透析液室中;2)所述一电极位于所述血液或血浆室的入口处,带有相反电荷的所述另一电极位于所述血液透析液室中;3)所述一电极位于所述血液或血浆室的入口处,带有相反电荷的所述另一电极位于所述血液透析液室的入口处;4)所述一电极位于所述血液或血浆室的入口处,带有相反电荷的所述另一电极位于所述血液透析液室的出口处。
3、如权利要求1或2所述的电血液透析管,其特征在于所述电极由选自以下的材料制成:银、氯化银、铂、铜、金、钢、石墨、钒、钨。
4、如权利要求1或2所述的电血液透析管,其特征在于,位于所述血液或血浆室中的电极为银电极,位于所述血液透析液室中的电极为氯化银电极。
5、如权利要求1或2所述的电血液透析管,其特征在于,使用能形成电流的装置代替所述的电极。
6、如权利要求1或2所述的电血液透析管,其特征在于该电血液透析管还具有孔径较小的膜以防止除了尿素以外的一些必需离子和不带电分子流进所述血液透析液。
7、如权利要求1或2所述的电血液透析管,其特征在于,为了从血液中除去带电或未带电的原子或分子,将阳极(B)置于所述透析液室出口处,将阴极(A)置于所述血液或血浆室入口处。
8、如权利要求1或2所述的电血液透析管,其特征在于,将阳极(B)置于所述血液或血浆室中,将阴极(A)置于所述血液透析液室中。
9、如权利要求1或2所述的电血液透析管,其特征在于,所施加的电流低于0.5mA/cm2。
10、如权利要求1或2所述的电血液透析管,其特征在于,所述电血液透析管具有第二透析管,从第一透析管排出的血液与其相通,该第二透析管与第一透析管具有相同的结构,利用向第二透析管施加逆向电流,将从第一透析管中排出的钠、钾和一些必需离子补充回血液或血浆,所述的第二透析管也具有根据欲补充的离子和物质而制备的血液透析液。
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CN105771011A (zh) * | 2016-01-31 | 2016-07-20 | 陈雯 | 肾炎治疗周期透析装置 |
US20190374780A1 (en) * | 2016-09-09 | 2019-12-12 | The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Arkansas | Medical implants powered by reverse electrodialysis |
US10933184B2 (en) * | 2016-09-30 | 2021-03-02 | Us Kidney Research Corporation | Dialysate free artificial kidney device |
US12023490B2 (en) | 2018-05-15 | 2024-07-02 | Rain Scientific, Inc. | Device, system and method for killing viruses in blood through electrode wires |
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US8057680B2 (en) | 2011-11-15 |
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