CN100498636C - Maximum power tracking capture photovoltaic control method with self-adaptive search algorithm - Google Patents
Maximum power tracking capture photovoltaic control method with self-adaptive search algorithm Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a maximal power tracing and catching photovoltaic controlled method with self-adaptive searching algorithm, which comprises the following steps: setting initial step-length; moThe invention discloses a maximal power tracing and catching photovoltaic controlled method with self-adaptive searching algorithm, which comprises the following steps: setting initial step-length; monitoring the voltage and the current of the i time solar battery array; evaluating the i time power; getting voltage change quantity delta Ui and power change delta Pi of the i time and the i-1 time; nitoring the voltage and the current of the i time solar battery array; evaluating the i time power; getting voltage change quantity delta Ui and power change delta Pi of the i time and the i-1 time; judging whether the delta Ui is 0; backing to sample if delta Ui=0; evaluating slope delta Pi/delta Ui of P-V curve if delta Ui is not equal to 0; judging whether delta Pi/delta Ui absolute value is njudging whether the delta Ui is 0; backing to sample if delta Ui=0; evaluating slope delta Pi/delta Ui of P-V curve if delta Ui is not equal to 0; judging whether delta Pi/delta Ui absolute value is not less than the setting accuracy E; un-changing dutycycle of buck circuit switching tube if |delta Pi/delta Vi|<E; backing to sample; adjusting the dutycycle if |delta Pi/delta Vi>=E. This invention ot less than the setting accuracy E; un-changing dutycycle of buck circuit switching tube if |delta Pi/delta Vi|<E; backing to sample; adjusting the dutycycle if |delta Pi/delta Vi>=E. This invention does not need device to test light intensity and temperature, which can decrease the cost of solar electric power generation system. does not need device to test light intensity and temperature, which can decrease the cost of solar electric power generation system.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of specialized control equipment in the solar photovoltaic generation system, belong to the technical field that Power Electronic Technique combines with control technology.
Background technology
Along with The development in society and economy, the spending rate of the energy and resource is more and more faster.Energy savings; the protection environment has become the necessary condition of human kind sustainable development; people's notice is just turning to the development and utilization of regenerative resource by conventional energy resources, and sun power is as a kind of regenerative resource of flood tide, and solar electrical energy generation has become global evolution one of technology very rapidly.Solar cell is that a kind of photovoltaic effect of utilizing changes luminous energy the device of electric energy into, and basic structure is a large tracts of land diode.The phenomenon that material absorbing luminous energy produces electromotive force is called photovoltaic effect, is called for short photovoltaic effect.
We know that intensity of sunshine is the function of physical environment, are subject to the influence of weather, thus solar cell power system be at random, unsettled.This has just determined it can not to resemble the operation characteristic of conventional constant voltage electric power system that works to describe with fairly simple data, and is complicated more a lot of than the electric power system of conventional electrical network to its control.The transformation efficiency of general simultaneously monocrystalline silicon commonly used or polysilicon solar cell is lower.Therefore, the research that solar maximum power is followed the tracks of is the matter of utmost importance of research solar electrical energy generation.In the last few years, people had carried out deep research to the maximal power tracing technology, had now obtained multiple algorithm: decide methods such as voltage-tracing method, perturbation observation, increment conductance method.
1, decide the voltage-tracing method:
The method is that the maximum power point (mpp) of photovoltaic array is roughly corresponding to certain constant voltage according to when intensity of sunshine is higher.Be that people only need the production firm place to obtain U
MaxData and the output voltage clamper that makes array are in U
MaxValue gets final product, and in fact is exactly MPPT (maximum power point is with Maximum Power Point Tracking) control is reduced to voltage stabilizing control, and this has just constituted the MPPT control of deciding the voltage-tracing mode.Adopt and decide voltage-tracing, be expected to obtain the electric energy of as many as 20% for general photovoltaic system than not having more advantages with the direct coupling working method of deciding voltage-tracing.But this tracking has been ignored the influence of factors such as temperature, work-yard, environment to solar battery array output.Also a little development have been arranged though decide the voltage-tracing method at these influences, for example manual adjustments mode, microprocessor data query forms mode etc., its shortcoming is still fairly obvious: control accuracy is poor, make especially for sooner or later and four seasons difference variation significantly regional; Must manual intervention could well move.More difficult expectation environmental change influence.
2, perturbation observation:
The perturbation observation is to realize one of method that MPPT is commonly used at present.Disturbance output voltage values (the U of its principle elder generation
Pv+ Δ U), measure its variable power again, compare,, represent that then perturbation direction is correct if performance number increases with power before the disturbance, can be towards same (+Δ U) direction disturbance; If the performance number after the disturbance less than disturbance before, then to opposite (Δ U) direction disturbance.Specifically be i voltage U (i) and the electric current I (i) constantly of measuring solar cell earlier, calculate i power P (i) constantly by P (i)=U (i) * I (i); Then with i-1 constantly power ratio regulate the working point of the battery of sun power according to comparative result.Introduce an electric U of reference here
REF, after comparing, regulate reference voltage, make it to move closer to the voltage of maximum power point.When regulating the working point of sun power, regulate according to this reference voltage.The great advantage of this method is that it is simple in structure, and measured parameter is few, can be controlled by the more general photovoltaic system maximal power tracing that is applied to.Also there is very big deficiency in the perturbation observation: method of perturbation makes the working point cause the part power loss, and the given of initial value and tracing step to have considerable influence to hunting zone and speed at the additional oscillatory operation of array maximum power point; Method of perturbation is arrow preface (" the erroneous judgement ") phenomenon that is in operation of generating routine sometimes, thereby makes the working point away from maximum power point.
3, increment conductance method:
The perturbation observation makes it to move closer to maximum power point voltage and realizes the solar cell maximal power tracing by adjusting quiescent potential.But this method does not also know maximum power point is roughly in what direction.The increment conductance method has been avoided the blindness of perturbation observation, can judge the relation between quiescent potential and the maximum power point voltage.By solar cell array P-U curve maximum of points P as can be known
MaxThe slope at place is zero, so have:
P＝U×I
Suppose that maximum power point voltage is U
Max, then at U
MaxThe place has
Following formula is the condition that will reach maximum power point, and promptly when the variable quantity of output conductance equaled the negative value of output conductance, array worked in maximum power point.If unequal, to judge that then dP/dU is greater than zero or less than zero.
These three kinds of situations also promptly should be arranged:
As U＜U
MaxThe time, dI/dU 〉-I/U
Work as U〉U
MaxThe time, dI/dU＜-I/U
Work as U=U
MaxThe time, dI/dU=-I/U
Can according to dI/dU and-relation between the I/U adjusts quiescent potential, thereby realizes maximal power tracing.
This control method is: judge at first whether dU is 0.If dU=0, dI=0 then thinks and finds maximum power point, does not need to adjust.If dU=0, current change quantity are not 0, according to the positive negative justification reference voltage of dI.If dU is not 0, then reference voltage is adjusted according to above three equations.
Find out from above analysis: adopting the increment conductance method, no longer is blindly to the adjustment of quiescent potential, promptly measures and relatively, dopes the approximate location of maximum power point by each, adjusts according to the result again.Like this, even faster the time, situation can not occur away from power points in climate change yet.By contrast as can be known:
When solar cell was carried out maximal power tracing, increment conductance method effect was better.But, need the data of record more, so must adopt high speed processor because its calculated amount is bigger.
Adjust determining of factor U: in perturbation observation and increment conductance method, all the problem of factor U is adjusted in design.The value of Δ U with can realize well that maximal power tracing is in close relations.Δ U is provided with too big, causes tracking accuracy not enough, and Working Points of Solar Battery will be all the time near maximum power point; Δ U is provided with too little, though improved tracking accuracy, tracking velocity is very slow, and system can waste a lot of energy.At present, Δ U defines a lot of methods, mainly is divided into two big classes: fixing Δ U; Changes delta U.Fixedly the Δ U search method simplicity of design of following the tracks of, calculate easily, but because the output power of solar cell exists non-linearly, the contradiction between tracking accuracy and the tracking velocity is difficult to solve preferably.The Δ U that changes then constantly adjusts Δ U according to the result of each measurements and calculations.When away from maximum power point, increase Δ U and accelerate tracking velocity; When near maximum power point, reduce Δ U, improve tracking accuracy.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome the shortcoming of prior art, a kind of contradiction of having improved between MPPT tracking velocity and the tracking accuracy has been proposed, can realize rapidly and accurately the sun power peak power output is followed the tracks of, based on the maximum power tracking capture photovoltaic control method with self-adaptive search algorithm of the change step-size in search of increment conductance method.
Purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
Have the maximum power tracking capture photovoltaic control method of self-adaptive search algorithm, comprise the steps:
(1) sets initial step-length;
(2) voltage and current of monitoring i solar battery array is constantly obtained i power constantly, thereby obtains the i moment and i-1 voltage variety Δ U constantly
iWith variable power Δ P
i
(3) judge Δ U
iWhether be 0, if Δ U
i=0, then continue to return the sampling i+1 voltage and current of solar battery array constantly;
(4) if Δ U
i≠ 0, obtain P-U slope of a curve Δ P
i/ Δ U
i, judge Δ P
i/ Δ U
iWhether absolute value is less than the precision E that sets, if the absolute value of slope variation amount | Δ P
i/ Δ U
i|＜E, find maximum power point, do not change the dutycycle of Buck contactor pipe, continue to return the sampling i+1 voltage and current of solar battery array constantly;
(5) if | Δ P
i/ Δ U
i| 〉=E, do not find maximum power point, adjust dutycycle;
(6) repeating step (2) judges to step (5) whether i+1 reaches peak power constantly;
Described adjustment dutycycle is according to following step adjustment:
A is provided with initial amount of duty cycle adjustment K
1Be constant;
B is provided with the adaptable search factor K
2(i) be regulated quantity, the adaptable search factor K
2(i) be used for regulating next dutycycle constantly, at the maximum power point left side, K
2(i)〉0; At maximum power point the right, K
2(i)＜0, when sampled point when maximum power point is far away, | K
2(i) | bigger, choose the Boltzmann function and determine K
2(i);
C is according to formula △ D
i=K
1+ K
2The change in duty cycle amount △ D that (i) can obtain adjusting
iThereby, try to achieve i+1 dutycycle D constantly
I+1=D
i+ △ D
i
Described initial dutycycle amount of duty cycle adjustment K
1Be preferably 0.5.
The principle of the invention: on the basis of increment conductance method, introduce the Boltzmann function, adopt adaptive algorithm to improve search speed and hunting zone.In general the output power of solar cell changes with temperature and intensity variations, and the solar battery array output power rises with temperature and descends, and increases with light intensity.Because the variation of external environment is at random, the P-U curve is many curves that drift is unknown, therefore can not determine maximum power point by a fixing transport function, can only follow the tracks of peak power according to variable power trend.Under certain illumination and temperature conditions, controlled plant is a solar battery array.
With respect to prior art, the present invention has following advantage:
Adopt discrete variable, the integral and calculating to voltage is changed at i+1 sample constantly, the variable quantity of trying to achieve power by delay component changes the difference power that calculates the i moment and the i+1 moment into.The numerical value of the voltage and current of each sampling solar cell all is the numerical value that changes along with the change of external environment, do not need instrument to test light intensity and temperature, the working condition of tracking solar array real-time not only, and reduced the cost of solar generating system.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 self-adaptation search algorithm control flow chart;
Fig. 2 self-adaptation is searched and is calculated the algorithm controls block diagram;
Fig. 3 has the charge controller system chart of the photovoltaic maximal power tracing of self-adaptive search algorithm.
Embodiment
The present invention is further illustrated below in conjunction with embodiment, but the scope of protection of present invention is not limited to the scope of embodiment statement.
The present invention adopts maximum power tracking capture photovoltaic control to realize the peak power output of solar array is followed the tracks of and realize charging and discharging of accumulator is controlled.The structure of its controller as shown in Figure 3.Circuit mainly is made up of following components: solar battery array (PV) 1, Buck converter circuit 2; Electric current, voltage sensor 4, driving circuit 5, single-chip microcomputer 6, latch 7, eprom memory 8, and some peripheral circuits are formed.
The electric current and voltage of solar battery array 1 output is respectively through current sensor voltage sensor 4, simultaneously electric current and voltage signal is converted to the voltage signal less than 5V.This group signal is sent into the A/D mouth of single-chip microcomputer 6, carries out analyzing and processing by 6 pairs of input signals of single-chip microcomputer, and the high-speed output hso .2 by single-chip microcomputer produces the PWM ripple again, and through driving circuit 5, the switching tube that drives Buck transducer 2 is to accumulator 3 chargings.Recently regulate the output of solar battery array by the duty of adjusting switching tube, realize tracking Control the solar battery array peak power output.In addition, because single-chip microcomputer inside does not have ROM7, need the expansion external ROM, the eight bit data bus is connected as external ROM with eprom memory 8 by latch 7.
By the P-U curve of formula P=U * I and solar cell as can be known:
Work as dP/dU〉0, system operates in the peak power left side.
When dP/dU＜0, system operates in peak power the right.
Work as dP/dU=0, system operates in maximum power point.
Utilize above condition, adjacent time interval (i-1) constantly and sample the respectively voltage and the electric current of solar battery array of the i moment, then slope dP/dU can be expressed as:
Wherein: P (i)=U (i) * I (i).
Dutycycle by continuous by-pass cock pipe is known by last surface analysis that up to Δ P/ Δ U=0 system operates in maximum power point when Δ P/ Δ U=0.We realize MPPT control at last by the dutycycle of continuous adjustment switching tube thus.
Fig. 2 be at certain solar cell at certain illumination and the design philosophy block diagram under the temperature conditions, controlled plant is a solar battery array.Among Fig. 2, U
iBe solar cell input voltage, P
iOutput power for solar cell.U
oBe initial voltage.Δ U
iBe voltage variety.K
1Be initial duty cycle regulated quantity, K
2(i) be the adaptable search factor.Sign function solves the different problem of maximum power point both sides rate of curve direction.This loop only needs a multiplier and a divider, and project organization is simple.The control block diagram is a variable with solar cell P-U slope of a curve mainly, tries to achieve the variation delta U of sampled voltage next time then
iAt first solar cell is carried out modeling, by P=U * I and formula
Try to achieve the P that concerns of output power and output voltage
i=f (U
i).Delay component is obtained (i-1) power P constantly
I-1, calculate the variation delta P of power
iObtain i slope variation constantly by the division link, obtain the adaptable search factor K according to self-adaptive search algorithm then
2(i).By initial duty cycle regulated quantity K
1, the adaptable search factor K
2(i) and sign function try to achieve Δ U
iThereby, can obtain i+1 voltage U constantly
I+1According to this thought,, find peak power up to trying to achieve dP/dU=0.Consider that the output voltage of solar cell and electric current along with light intensity and variation of temperature and change, according to the principle in Single-chip Controlling loop, are converted into discrete variable to continuous variable, see Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 is the program flow diagram of the maximal power tracing of the self-adaptive search algorithm of the design's employing.Among the figure, controlling object is a solar battery array, and concrete control method comprises the steps: as shown in Figure 1
(1) sets initial step length.
(2) voltage and current of monitoring i solar battery array is constantly obtained i power constantly according to formula P=U * 1, thereby obtains the i moment and i-1 voltage variety Δ U constantly
iWith variable power Δ P
i
(3) judge Δ U
iWhether be 0, if Δ U
i=0, then continue to return the sampling i+1 voltage and current of solar battery array constantly;
(4) if Δ U
i≠ 0, obtain P-U slope of a curve Δ P
i/ Δ U
i, judge Δ P
i/ Δ U
iWhether absolute value is less than the precision E that sets, if the absolute value of slope variation amount | Δ P
i/ Δ U
i|＜E thinks and finds maximum power point, does not change the dutycycle of Buck contactor pipe, continues to return the sampling i+1 voltage and current of solar battery array constantly;
(5) if | Δ P
i/ Δ U
i| 〉=E, think and do not find maximum power point that need to adjust dutycycle, this moment is according to slope variation amount Δ P
i/ Δ U
iObtain the adaptable search factor K
2(i), according to formula Δ D
i=K
1+ K
2The change in duty cycle amount that (i) can obtain adjusting, thus i+1 dutycycle D constantly tried to achieve
I+1=D
i+ Δ D
i
(6) repeating step (2) judges to step (5) whether i+1 reaches peak power constantly.
U
i, I
i, P
iBe respectively voltage, electric current, power that photovoltaic cell i exports constantly, K
1Be initial amount of duty cycle adjustment.
The process flow diagram parameter is provided with:
(1) choosing of precision E: shown in Figure 1, precision E chooses requirement according to system, if the numerical value that E chooses is bigger, the time of the maximum power point that finds is very fast, but can increase with the maximum power point deviation of reality.If the numerical value of E is less, situation is opposite.
(2) K
1And adaptable search factor K
2(i) be provided with: K
1Be initial amount of duty cycle adjustment, be constant.K
2(i) be adaptable search factor regulated quantity.(K
1+ K
2(i)) proportional with the step-length of sampled voltage.Because (K
1+ K
2(i)) be varied to ratio with sampling step length, therefore regulate dutycycle and be actually sampled voltage and electric current of regulating next moment, thereby regulate the output power of solar cell.The adaptable search factor K
2(i) be used for regulating next dutycycle constantly, at the maximum power point left side, K
2(i)〉0; At maximum power point the right, K
2(i)＜0.When sampled point when maximum power point is far away, | K
2(i) | bigger, | Δ D
i|=| K
1+ K
2(i) | be worth greatlyyer, tracking velocity is very fast.Move closer to maximum power point with sampled point, | K
2(i) | diminish gradually | Δ D
i|=| K
1+ K
2(i) | be worth more and more forr a short time, the sampled voltage step-length is more and more littler thereupon, and tracking accuracy is improved.
The P-U curve of solar cell as can be seen, on the right of maximum power point, slope variation is very fast, the adaptable search factor K
2(i) function curve will compare suddenly, and on the left side of maximum power point, slope variation is slower, the adaptable search factor K
2(i) function curve will compare gently.
The present invention chooses the Boltzmann function:
Wherein: A
1---the unlimited approaching minimum value of curve, get A
1=-10;
A
2---the unlimited approaching greatest measure of curve, get A
2=100;
x
0---the center of curve point, get x
0=-10;
Dx---time constant is got dx=3;
x
i---the solar battery array P-U slope of a curve that the i time sampling calculated.
By the Boltzmann function curve as can be seen: as solar cell P-U slope of a curve x
i＜0 o'clock, the adaptable search factor K
2(i)＜0, and slope curve change slowly.Otherwise, as slope x
i0 o'clock, the adaptable search factor K
2(i)〉0, and slope curve changes very fast.
The relation of dutycycle and output power: by solar battery array P-U curve as can be known, on the maximum power point left side, dutycycle increases on maximum power point the right with power, and dutycycle increases with maximum power point and reduces.
Embodiment 1:
As shown in Figure 3, controller voltage sensor model is that CHV-25P, current sensor model are PT-10P; Driving circuit 5 models are TLP-250; Single-chip microcomputer 6 models are 80C196KC; Eprom memory 8 models are 2864A; Latch 7 models are 74LS373.
Experiment adopts direct supply and series connection adjustable resistance to come the family curve of analog solar battery.Making output load obtain the voltage that peak power must proof load is that 1/2 of output voltage gets final product.K at first sets up an office in the experiment
1=0.5 after switch begins conducting the incipient stage input voltage decline by a big margin, dancing occurs, but the effect of very fast adaptive algorithm begins obviously, system is more and more near maximum power point, because the adaptable search factor K
2(i) adjusting, the absolute value of change in duty cycle amount | △ D|=|K
1+ K
2(i) | more and more littler, system's swing is also more and more littler, finally is stabilized in maximum power point.Experimental result shows:
(1) change of illumination and temperature is less to the experimental result influence.Do not need specifically to consider external environment and the voltage concrete corresponding relation on function because of self-adaptive search algorithm when this is main, as long as obtain the slope Δ P/ Δ U of power and voltage curve, as Δ P/ Δ U〉0 increase dutycycle; Δ P/ Δ U＜0 reduces dutycycle, up to | Δ P/ Δ U|＜E, think and find maximum power point.
(2) the curve incipient stage, system is far away from maximum power point, the adaptable search factor is bigger, the sampled voltage step-length is bigger, the variable quantity of power is big, when system moves closer to maximum power point, because the existence of the adaptable search factor, the sampled voltage step-length is more and more littler, and is last basicly stable near power points.
Employing has the controller of the variable step maximal power tracing algorithm design of the adaptable search factor, the numerical value of the voltage and current of each sampling solar cell all is the numerical value that changes along with the change of external environment, do not need instrument to test light intensity and temperature, not only can be in real time, fast, the accurate peak power output of tracking solar array, and reduced the cost of solar power system.
Claims (2)
1, the maximum power tracking capture photovoltaic control method that has self-adaptive search algorithm is characterized in that comprising the steps:
(1) sets initial step-length;
(2) voltage and current of monitoring i solar battery array is constantly obtained i power constantly, thereby obtains the i moment and i-1 voltage variety Δ U constantly
iWith variable power Δ P
i
(3) judge Δ U
iWhether be 0, if Δ U
i=0, then continue to return the sampling i+1 voltage and current of solar battery array constantly;
(4) if Δ U
i≠ 0, obtain P-U slope of a curve Δ P
i/ Δ U
i, judge Δ P
i/ Δ U
iWhether absolute value is less than the precision E that sets, if the absolute value of slope variation amount | Δ P
i/ Δ U
i|＜E, find maximum power point, do not change the dutycycle of Buck contactor pipe, continue to return the sampling i+1 voltage and current of solar battery array constantly;
(5) if | Δ P
i/ Δ U
i| 〉=E, do not find maximum power point, adjust dutycycle;
(6) repeating step (2) judges to step (5) whether i+1 reaches peak power constantly;
Described adjustment dutycycle is according to following step adjustment:
A is provided with initial amount of duty cycle adjustment K
1Be constant;
B is provided with the adaptable search factor K
2(i) be regulated quantity, the adaptable search factor K
2(i) be used for regulating next dutycycle constantly, at the maximum power point left side, K
2(i)〉0; At maximum power point the right, K
2(i)＜0, when sampled point when maximum power point is far away, | K
2(i) | bigger, choose the Boltzmann function and determine K
2(i);
C is according to formula Δ D
i=K
1+ K
2The change in duty cycle amount Δ D that (i) can obtain adjusting
iThereby, try to achieve i+1 dutycycle D constantly
I+1=D
i+ Δ D
i
2, the maximum power tracking capture photovoltaic control method with self-adaptive search algorithm according to claim 1 is characterized in that described initial amount of duty cycle adjustment K
1Be 0.5.
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