CN100479250C - 燃料处理方法和系统 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种用于固体氧化物燃料电池组的燃料处理方法,包含步骤:(a)给甲烷化反应器提供包含甲醇和/或二甲醚的进料流,该反应器中装有用于甲醇和/或二甲醚的甲烷化作用的催化材料;(b)在甲烷化反应器中绝热条件下处理该进料流,生成包含甲烷的流出物燃料;(c)将包含甲烷的流出物燃料送至固体燃料电池组的阳极,该电池组包含至少一个固体氧化物燃料电池;(d)给该固体氧化物燃料电池组的阴极提供含氧气体;以及(e)在该固体氧化物燃料电池中将包含甲烷的燃料与含氧气体转化为电。
Description
本发明涉及一种处理包含含氧碳氢化合物的燃料的方法,所述燃料用于固体氧化物燃料电池。具体而言,本发明涉及对作为固体氧化物燃料电池燃料的甲醇和/或二甲醚的处理方法以及用于实施该燃料处理方法的系统。
发明背景
将甲醇和二甲醚(DME)用作固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的燃料是公知的。它们是用在SOFC中的令人感兴趣的燃料,这些SOFC与热电设备相结合,例如那些要作为船用装置的辅助电力单元的设备。这类设备中的燃料处理步骤很可能非常简单,最终仅是将甲醇或DME蒸发并注入SOFC的阳极室。
然而,这种方法会产生大量问题和缺点:
Saunders,G.J.等(Formulating liquid hydrocarbon fuels for SOFCs,第23-26页,Journal of Power Sources第131卷第1-2期第1-367页(2004年5月14日)提到以最活泼的Ni金属陶瓷为阳极材料,在SOFC的阳极室内的普遍条件下,于甲醇易于形成碳。Saunders等的研究结果表明只有两种液体,甲醇和甲酸可以直接加到镍金属陶瓷阳极上而无严重的碳阻塞。尽管那样,也有少量的碳沉积,可以通过向燃料中添加少量空气或水来防止该碳沉积。
SOFC设备中碳的形成可以通过下列可逆反应进行:
反应[2]称作Boudouard反应。按照反应[3]和[4],甲醇和二甲醚都能分解成CO:
由于CO极具活性,因此知道不发生反应[2]的温度及气体组成范围很重要。如Nielsen,J.R.所做的进一步描述(Catalytic SteamReforming,Springer Verlag,Berlin 1984),对此可用“平衡气体原理”进行研究,假设甲烷化作用/蒸汽重整(反应[5])及变换反应(反应[6])都处于平衡状态。
Sasaki,K.and Teraoka,Y.(Equilibria in Fuel Cell Gases,SolidOxide Fuel Cell VIII(SOFC VIII)会议卷第1225-1239页2003-07)已经研究了避免碳的形成所需的水量。
DME在SOFCs中的直接使用也已经被以下人士的文章报导,Dokiya,M.等(Partial Oxidation Reforming of Dry Diesel Oil,Dimethyl-Ether and Methane using SOFC,Solid Oxide Fuel CellsVIII(SOFC VIII)会议卷第1260-1265页,2003-07,The ElectrochemicalSociety);和Tatemi,A.等(Power Generating Property of DirectDimethyl Ether SOFC using LaGaO3基Perovskite Electrolyte,SolidOxide Fuel Cells VIII(SOFC VIII)会议卷第1266-1275页,2003-07,TheElectrochemical Society)。一个缺点是所得开路电压明显低于用氢作为SOFC燃料所得的开路电压。然而,提到在所述的短期实验中仅观察到少量碳。没有提到用于将DME预热至超过600℃的阳极操作温度的手段。
据我们所知,在工业生产设备中,这种预热必须在进/出热交换器中进行,费用最有效以及最便利是采用钢制。如果将干甲醇或DME用作SOFC的进料,这种热交换器易于形成碳并且金属易于粉化。
当蒸汽重整这些燃料时,相对于使用甲烷,使用甲醇或DME的另一个缺点是涉及反应热。甲烷的蒸汽重整在反应式5中给出,甲醇和DME的重整反应分别在反应式7和8中给出:
由于重整过程的吸热性质,燃料在阳极室内的重整(内重整)有助于冷却电池组。然而,甲醇和DME重整反应所吸收的热量远远少于甲烷蒸汽重整,因此由甲醇或DME对电池组提供的冷却效率较低。
本发明的燃料处理方法描述了一种方法布局,通过将甲醇或DME绝热转化为甲烷、CO、CO2和水的混合物来克服上述所有问题。
本发明的一个目的提供一种燃料处理方法,用于固体氧化物燃料电池,经该方法在甲醇或DME在固体氧化物燃料电池中转化之前将其绝热转化为甲烷、CO、CO2和水的混合物。
发明概述
本发明因此提供一种用于固体氧化物燃料电池组的燃料处理方法,包含步骤:
(a)给甲烷化反应器提供包含甲醇和/或二甲醚的进料流,该反应器中装有用于甲醇和/或二甲醚的甲烷化作用的催化材料;
(b)在甲烷化反应器中绝热条件下处理该进料流,生成包含甲烷的流出物燃料;
(c)将包含甲烷的流出物燃料送至固体燃料电池组的阳极,该电池组包含至少一个固体氧化物燃料电池;
(d)给该固体氧化物燃料电池组的阴极提供含氧气体;
(e)在该固体氧化物燃料电池中将包含甲烷的燃料与含氧气体转化为电。
本发明还提供一种用于该燃料处理方法中的燃料处理系统,包含甲烷化反应器,该反应器含有用于甲醇和/或二甲醚甲烷化作用的催化材料;以及包含至少一个固体燃料电池的固体氧化物燃料电池组,该固体氧化物燃料电池组与甲烷化反应器串连并置于其下游。
附图简述
图1是基于甲烷的传统燃料处理系统的示意图。
图2是基于甲醇的燃料处理系统的示意图。
图3是基于甲醇的对比燃料处理体系的示意图。
发明详述
本发明的燃料处理方法中,甲醇和/或DME被绝热转化为甲烷、一氧化碳、二氧化碳和水的混合物。以这种方式,流向甲烷化反应器的进料流所含甲醇或DME中所含的部分化学能被转化,使甲烷化反应器全面升温。这免除了对热交换器的需要,这种热交换器通常需要用于将SOFC燃料加热到阳极入口所需的温度。此外,甲醇和/或二甲醚被转化成甲烷,与可能由进料形成的一氧化碳相比,甲烷极不易于积碳。
甲烷化反应中氧和碳之比(O/C比)非常重要,因为这个比例给碳沉积提供了可能性指示。甲醇和DME经反应[3]和[4]分解成一氧化碳,而一氧化碳又经Boudouard反应[2]分解成碳。O/C比对甲醇为1,而对DME为0.5,这些比例的变化取决于温度,并且一定程度上取决于所用催化剂的类型。在特定温度下,O/C比通常有最小值,在该最小值以上能避免碳的形成。在本发明的燃料处理系统中,通过在工艺中提供过量氧来提高O/C比。该工艺通过将氧从阴极空气经燃料电池电解质运送到阳极废气来进行。该阳极废气经喷射器和甲烷化反应器再循环回阳极入口。也可以通过将大量的水加入系统来提高O/C比。
同时,不必在SOFC中加入过量阴极空气来除去转化为甲烷化反应器中潜热的化学能,从而提高了系统的整体电效率。
图1是基于甲烷的传统燃料处理系统的示意图。将天然气形式的甲烷在热交换器E1中预热,然后在加氢脱硫单元中经氧化锌在400℃脱硫,其后在预重整器中将存在于天然气中的高级烃预重整。这免除了这些高级烃在升高的温度下经脱氢形成不饱和化合物的风险。当加热至所需的电池组进口温度时,这些不饱和化合物(主要是烯烃)易于形成碳。用鼓风机部分循环阳极气体来提供预重整所需的水(和CO2),该循环气体热交换器E2内经历中间冷却。
预重整器的流出物包含甲烷,并且在热交换器E2中用循环阳极废气经热交换将其预热至阳极组的入口温度,然后将流出物送往阳极。甲烷的重整在阳极室中按照反应式[5]进行,并且由于该反应是吸热的,电池组内发生冷却。
将压缩空气传送到阴极。用过量阴极空气使电池组保持绝热,该阴极空气在热交换器E3中用阴极废气经热交换预热。阴极空气也为电池组提供冷却。
不循环回重整器的阳极废气与阴极废气最终在催化燃烧器中燃烧。来自催化燃烧器的废气中的废热,为在热交换器E1中预热天然气的起始期间水在热交换器E6中转化为蒸汽提供热量;并为空间加热或其它目的提供热量。
除了SOFC组本身以及某种程度上的热阳极循环鼓风机之外,已知所有这些列出的组件都用于天然气燃料处理过程中。
在具有此性质的传统工艺中,用甲醇或DME代替天然气将减少可从甲醇或DME的吸热重整反应(内重整)获得的电池组冷却量。因此,为降低电池组温度,需要用已经提供的量之外的阴极空气来进一步冷却。随之,将需要相当大的热交换器E3。空气压缩步骤中损失的电能也将增加。
图2是基于甲醇的燃料处理系统的示意图,图示本发明的一种实施方式。各种处理步骤同样可用于基于DME的燃料处理系统。用泵P1将甲醇压缩,然后用催化燃烧器废气中的废热将其在热交换器E1中蒸发。离开热交换器E1的气态甲醇充当喷射器X1的原动力,之后将它传送到甲烷化反应器R1。甲烷化反应器R1可以具有例如300℃的进口温度和例如540℃的出口温度。将来自固体氧化物燃料电池阳极的包含H2、H2O、CO、CO2和CH4的废气经喷射器X1部分循环回甲烷化反应器R1。甲烷化反应器R1装有对甲醇的分解和甲烷化有活性的催化剂。甲醇和DME的甲烷化反应如下:
在甲烷化反应器中,将甲醇转化成CH4、H2、H2O、CO和CO2的混合物;并且将甲烷化反应器R1的流出物传送到SOFC组的阳极。阳极入口温度至少为400℃,优选至少500℃。
将压缩空气传送到阴极。用过量压缩阴极空气使电池组保持绝热,该阴极空气在热交换器E3中用阴极废气经热交换预热至通常约650℃的温度。
将剩余的未循环回喷射器X1的阳极废气传送到催化燃烧器,在此将它与阴极废气一起燃烧。以通常约700℃的出口温度操作该催化燃烧器。来自催化燃烧器的废气中的废热为甲醇在热交换器E1中的蒸发提供热量。
在本发明的一个实施方式中,将20%的阳极废气循环回喷射器X1,而将80%传送至催化燃烧器。20%的阳极废气循环有助于提高整体电效率;同时由于较高的质量流量,在阳极室内提供更好的流量分布。此外,也提高了至甲烷化反应器的入口处的O/C比。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,无阳极废气循环。在此情形下,不需要喷射器X1,并且干甲醇随后在甲烷化反应器R1中与具有极少量晶体的Ni催化剂、或者与钌或其它贵金属基甲烷化催化剂反应。
可用于甲烷化反应器中的催化剂是本领域中公知对甲烷或DME的分解和甲烷化都有活性的常规催化剂,例如镍或含贵金属催化剂。一种适宜的含贵金属催化剂例如是含钌催化剂。
在本发明的另一个实施方式中,将一种对甲醇的分解和甲醇重整有活性的催化剂装入甲烷化反应器中对甲醇甲烷化有活性的催化剂的上游。
图3是燃料处理对比系统的示意图,从图2所示的过程中省去了甲烷化反应器而保留阳极废气循环。在这种布局中,需要在热交换器E2中预热进入阳极的入口气体,因为不然进入阳极的入口气体的温度就会变得过低。当该燃料处理系统以阳极废气循环量仅为20%操作时,该循环量对应与图2中所示本发明燃料处理系统相似的O/C比,热交换器E2易于积碳。
对图1-3的燃料处理系统中的热交换器E1和E2的效率和负荷以及空气压缩机E3的功进行对比。主要结果汇总于表1中。
表1
传统系统(图1) | 本发明系统(图2) | 省略了甲烷化步骤的系统(图3) | |
电效率(%) | 55.5 | 51.6 | 50.6 |
总效率(%) | 83.6 | 84.6 | 82.1 |
进料流率(Nm<sup>3</sup>/h-kg/h) | 40.8 | 87.6 | 89.3 |
E1(kW) | 9.8 | 31.6 | 29.9 |
E2(kW) | 23.4 | - | 30.8 |
E3(kW) | 557.0 | 568.2 | 692.8 |
空气压缩机(kW) | 29.6 | 24.5 | 29.9 |
在于燃料电池组中进一步处理之前,将甲醇或DME转化为甲烷有若干优点。随碳的形成而带来各种问题的可能性减小。不需要用于将气体加热到进入阳极入口处所需温度的热交换器(E2)。提高了电效率并降低了组合热交换器的负荷及空气压缩机的功。
在图1所示的传统系统中需要投资与预重整器相同大小的甲醇甲烷化反应器。然而,高效催化剂可使所需反应器的体积减小,这也是因为甲醇不含硫,而硫对催化剂是剧毒物。
当将DME用作该燃料处理方法的进料时获得类似的优点。由于DME通常在压力(5.9barg环境条件)下传送,因此它是液体燃料,可以省去图2和3中所示的燃料泵P1。与使用甲醇相比,这是一个优点。
Claims (9)
1.一种在固体氧化物燃料电池组中处理燃料产生电的方法,包含步骤:
(a)给甲烷化反应器提供包含甲醇和/或二甲醚的进料流,该反应器中装有用于甲醇和/或二甲醚的分解和甲烷化作用的催化材料;
(b)在甲烷化反应器中绝热条件下处理该进料流,生成包含甲烷的流出物燃料;
(c)将包含甲烷的流出物燃料送至固体氧化物燃料电池组的阳极,该电池组包含至少一个固体氧化物燃料电池;
(d)给该固体氧化物燃料电池组的阴极提供含氧气体;以及
(e)在该固体氧化物燃料电池组中将包含甲烷的燃料与含氧气体转化为电。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中将包含甲醇的进料流在供到甲烷化反应器之前汽化。
3.根据权利要求1或2的方法,其中将固体氧化物燃料电池组的阳极处产生的废气部分循环至位于甲烷化反应器上游的喷射器。
4.根据权利要求3的方法,其中将20%的阳极废气循环至喷射器。
5.根据权利要求1的方法,其中催化材料包含对甲醇和/或二甲醚的分解具有活性的催化剂。
6.根据权利要求1或5的方法,其中催化材料是含有镍或钌或其它贵金属的催化剂。
7.用于根据权利要求1的方法处理燃料以产生电的系统,包含:甲烷化反应器,该反应器含有用于甲醇和/或二甲醚分解和甲烷化作用的催化材料;以及包含至少一个固体氧化物燃料电池的固体氧化物燃料电池组,该固体氧化物燃料电池组与甲烷化反应器串连并置于其下游。
8.根据权利要求7的系统,包含与甲烷化反应器串连并位于其上游的喷射器。
9.根据权利要求8的系统,包含循环装置,用于将固体氧化物燃料电池组阳极处产生的废气传送到喷射器。
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US8123826B2 (en) * | 2006-11-08 | 2012-02-28 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Process for the conversion of oil-based liquid fuels to a fuel mixture suitable for use in solid oxide fuel cell applications |
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