CN100459268C - Hydrogen storage-based rechargeable fuel cell system - Google Patents
Hydrogen storage-based rechargeable fuel cell system Download PDFInfo
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- CN100459268C CN100459268C CNB2004800259985A CN200480025998A CN100459268C CN 100459268 C CN100459268 C CN 100459268C CN B2004800259985 A CNB2004800259985 A CN B2004800259985A CN 200480025998 A CN200480025998 A CN 200480025998A CN 100459268 C CN100459268 C CN 100459268C
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/065—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants by dissolution of metals or alloys; by dehydriding metallic substances
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/30—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/18—Regenerative fuel cells, e.g. redox flow batteries or secondary fuel cells
- H01M8/184—Regeneration by electrochemical means
- H01M8/186—Regeneration by electrochemical means by electrolytic decomposition of the electrolytic solution or the formed water product
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/06—Integration with other chemical processes
- C01B2203/066—Integration with other chemical processes with fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
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Abstract
An electrochemical system for converting electrical energy into chemical energy and chemical energy into electrical energy. The electrochemical system comprises a means for converting electrical energy into chemical energy, and a means for converting chemical energy into electrical energy, wherein the means for converting electrical energy into chemical energy and the means for converting chemical energy into electrical energy share a common electrode. In various embodiments, the present invention provides a hydrogen generator/fuel cell hybrid system. In various embodiments, the common electrode functions as a hydrogen source for the fuel cell, an active electrode for the hydrogen generator, and a portion or all of the common electrode is an anode of the fuel cell. Hydrogen, oxygen, and water may be recycled in the system.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates generally to the fuel cell technology field.More specifically, the present invention relates to hybrid fuel cell system, the hydrogen storage material solid hydrogen source of battery that acts as a fuel wherein, galvanic anode and as the active electrode of hydrogen generator acts as a fuel.
Background technology
The potential energy that reduces significantly of fuel cell technology uses and discharge of poisonous waste.Fuel cell can carry out efficient energy conversion, and it can use in transportation or fixation application.As for transport applications, fuel cell has been represented the promising substitute that uses the vehicle of traditional combustion engine, traditional combustion in IC engine fossil fuel such as gasoline or diesel oil.Internal combustion engine produces deleterious particle and increase greenhouse gas in our atmosphere.On the other hand, fuel-cell vehicle is a fuel with pure hydrogen, and only with the form discharge water and the energy of electrical power and heat energy.In addition, fuel cell vehicles can be the twice of conventional truck efficient.Internal combustion engine is the power of powered vehicle with the power conversion less than about 20% that comprises in the gasoline.The vehicle that is driven by hydrogen fuel cell is more efficiently, utilizes the fuel energy greater than about 40% to about 50%.If fuel cell is driven by pure hydrogen, it can have the potentiality of about 70% to about 80% efficient.
Generally speaking, fuel cell is by the chemical reaction produce power, and this reaction is converted into water with hydrogen fuel and oxygen, produces electric current and heat in reaction.The operation of fuel cell is very similar to the storage battery with continuous updating reactant.Although storage battery can recharge by electricity consumption stream, fuel cell uses hydrogen and oxygen to fill again.Traditional fuel-cell vehicle can use pure hydrogen, hydrocarbon fuel or solid-state material.Thereby fuel cell pack uses the hydrogen that is provided by fuels sources to produce electric current is one or more electric notor power supply that vehicle is moved.Fuel cell pack can comprise hundreds of individual fuel cell.In many cases, use storage battery to store the electric energy that produces by other system such as regeneration brake system in fuel cell pack and the vehicle.The energy that is stored in the storage battery can also be used to driving electrical system additional in electric notor and the vehicle.Can use air compressor to provide oxygen to fuel cell from environment.Provide the amount of the oxygen to the fuel cell pack to depend on the watt level that vehicle is required.The electric weight that fuel cell produces depends on to it provides how much hydrogen and air.
Different with energy stored in storage battery is subject to it, as long as fuel is provided, fuel cell just can produce power.Although battery electric vehicle is used the electric energy that is stored in the external source in the storage battery, yet fuel-cell vehicle produces the electric energy of oneself.Fuel cell can also provide energy density or the current density bigger than the traditional storage battery that is used for electric automobile.This can make fuel-cell vehicle equipment make in the petrol-driven vehicles more elaborate and more powerful electronic system than now.Such as, the increase of vehicle control number of sensors can improve operation and braking system, makes vehicle safer.
Pluralities of fuel fuel cell vehicle method for designing concentrates on uses hydrocarbon or pure fuel, such as methyl alcohol, natural gas and petroleum distillate.Use the vehicle of these kind of fuel to need reformer, it becomes hydrogen, carbon dioxide and the water that is used for fuel cell in order to interrupt hydrocarbon fuel.The hydrogen that is produced by reformer is not pure, and this has reduced the efficient of fuel cell.Increasing reformer is converted into hydrogen with hydrocarbon fuel the gross efficiency of fuel cell is reduced to about 30%-40%.Although the same carbon monoxide that all produces with internal combustion engine of this system, the amount of the carbon monoxide that is produced by fuel cell still less.In this system, such as, can at first be exposed in the vaporizer from the methyl alcohol of tanks, vaporizer produces the methyl alcohol and the air-flow of vaporization.Qi Hua methyl alcohol is exposed in the reformer then, produces hydrogen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.Then fuel is cleaned to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.Hydrogen is used by fuel cell, and carbon dioxide is disposed in the air.Use the shortcoming of hydrocarbon fuel to comprise: (1) vehicle-mounted reformer has increased complexity, cost and the maintenance cost of fuel cell system; (2), will reduce fuel cell performance gradually if reformer makes carbon monoxide enter anode of fuel cell; (3) reformer produces a spot of greenhouse gas and other air pollutants; And the transient operation of (4) reformer.
About fuel cell, also there are many other challenges, such as on-board hydrogen storage, fail safe, pack effectiveness, fuel recycle provides hydrogen to the user, cold climate operation, cost and popular acceptable.Use current storage system (such as compression or liquified hydrogen), be difficult in vehicle-mounted enough hydrogen on the fuel-cell vehicle so that it can image-tape has so far away that the orthodox car of full fuel tank walks like that.Hydrogen disperses and only has the hydrogen of less weight can be stored in the onboard fuel jar of reasonable size very much.This problem can solve by increasing hydrogen storage pressure, uses additional press device but this method has increased safety problem and needed, and this has increased cost, weight, charging efficiency and safety problem.
Exist great demand to overcome above-mentioned shortcoming of the prior art.Needed is to substitute traditional combustion engine and use safe, the efficiently and cheaply substitute of hydrocarbon fuel as the fuel cell of its fuels sources.Exist need greatly to seek effectively, efficiently mode continue to produce and storage hydrogen so that continuous operation to be provided.And then needed is that the source obtains energy and it is stored in rechargeable fuel cell system in the system internally.
Summary of the invention
In order to satisfy demand above-mentioned, the present invention has described the fuel cell system based on the hydrogen storage that can fill again by a plurality of embodiment.In a plurality of embodiment, the new design of hydrogen generator/fuel cell hybrid systems is disclosed, wherein hydrogen storage material has following three functions: (1) is used for the solid hydrogen source of fuel cell component; (2) be used for the active electrode of hydrogen generation part; And (3) part or all electrode plays the effect of the anode of fuel cell component.By using this design, realized real rechargeable fuel cell.Hydrogen generator/fuel cell hybrid systems based on advanced solid fuel material has also been described in various embodiments.
In a plurality of embodiment, the invention provides a kind of electro-chemical systems that electric energy is converted into chemical energy and chemical energy is converted into electric energy of being used for.This system comprises device that converts electrical energy into chemical energy and the device that chemical energy is converted to electric energy.In one embodiment, the device that electric energy is converted into chemical energy is a solid-state hydrogen storage material, and the device that chemical energy is converted into electric energy is a fuel cell.Hydrogen, oxygen and water can carry out recirculation in this system.
In a plurality of embodiment, the advanced hydrogen storage material composite material of improved hydrogen storage capability (as have) is as solid hydrogen source, and the anode of the battery component that also acts as a fuel simultaneously.In such system, do not need the hydrogen source that separates.In addition, hydrogen storage material plays the effect of the active electrode of hydrogen generating assembly, so that water easily charges into hydrogen in the hydrogen storage material again.Owing to the multiple action of hydrogen-storage electrode, improved the charging efficiency of described system.In addition, use compression hydrogen and independently store up the hydrogen parts, the fail safe of system is provided by cancellation.
In one embodiment, advanced composite material with improved hydrogen storage capability can use, such as metal, metal hydride, conducting polymer, metal hydride/carbon, other kind binary/trielement composite material, nano composite material, pottery and organic hydride, but be not limited in these.In system of the present invention, can use traditional and novel solid-state fuel cell materials.The system that solid-state fuel cell materials makes electrochemistry produce electrical power is improved, and has overcome the restriction of traditional storage battery and fuel cell technology simultaneously.
In another embodiment, the invention provides electro-chemical systems, this system provides improved performance parameter, such as owing to having used solid fuel to improve energy density, reduced and filled number of times again and reduced safety problem.
In yet another embodiment, the invention provides electro-chemical systems, it has improved design flexibility, can use in transport applications, dwelling house application, commercial and industrial facility and large-scale power generation applications.
In yet another embodiment, fuel cell component of the present invention is an electrochemical appliance, it comprises a pair of or many positive plate and minus plates to separating, and is arranged on the electrolyte between positive plate and the minus plate, and air transport device from air to one or more minus plate that carry.The free energy that this fuel cell will be formed the chemical reaction generation that takes place between the chemical reactivity material of battery is converted into electric energy.In a plurality of embodiment, anode comprises solid-state hydrogen storage material, and negative electrode comprises loose structure, and air can be effective as oxidant and supply to wherein.
Description of drawings
These of system of the present invention and further feature, aspect and advantage can be better understood by the detailed description of after this carrying out with reference to accompanying drawing, wherein:
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram that electric energy is converted into chemical energy and chemical energy is converted into the electro-chemical systems of electric energy of being used for according to an exemplary embodiments of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the diagram according to the reaction of filling solid-state hydrogen storage material again of an exemplary embodiments of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the diagram of filling the hydride hydrogen-storing material again according to an exemplary embodiments of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram according to the electro-chemical systems shown in Figure 1 in transport applications of an exemplary embodiments of the present invention.
Embodiment
As required, at these embodiments of the invention openly at length, still, it should be understood that these disclosed embodiment only are can multiple modification and the exemplary embodiments of the present invention that embodies of other optional mode.Specific 26S Proteasome Structure and Function details disclosed herein can not be interpreted as restrictive, and only is the basis as claim, and those skilled in the art uses representative basis of the present invention in many ways as instruction.In institute's drawings attached, use similar Reference numeral to represent similar element.Electro-chemical systems as described below is applicable to general electrical production, transport applications, compact power, family expenses and commercial power production, high-power generating and other application that can benefit from use such system.
Referring now to Fig. 1, that Reference numeral 20 shows is an embodiment who comprises the electro-chemical systems of fuel cell/hydrogen generator Mixed Design.This electro-chemical systems can be operated and be used for electric energy is converted into chemical energy, and chemical energy is converted into electric energy.This system comprises and is used for device that electric energy is converted into the device of chemical energy and is used for chemical energy is converted into electric energy.In one embodiment, the device that is used for electric energy is converted into chemical energy is a solid-state hydrogen storage material, and the device that is used for chemical energy is converted into electric energy is a fuel cell.Hydrogen circulates in this system.
Electro-chemical systems 20 comprises hydrogen generator parts 22 and fuel cell component 24, and these parts are by common electrode structure and functionally link together.Fuel cell component 24 comprises as the anode of negative pole 26 with as anodal fuel battery negative pole 28.Anode and negative electrode can be spaced from each other by the fuel cell membranes such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) 30.Although the structure and material of fuel cell can change, fuel cell component 24 be in catalytic environment chemical bond hydrogen and oxidant to produce the current energy reforming unit of direct current output.In a kind of fuel cell of form, fuel battery negative pole 28 and material limit the passage of oxidant, and negative pole 26 and material limit the passage of fuel.Fuel battery negative pole 28 is preferably microcellular structure, liquid is not easy to or can not freely flows by this microcellular structure, but oxygen can enter and by this microcellular structure under pressure, thus with oxygen supply to be supported in the chemical reactions that take place in the fuel cell component 24.Wrap oxygen containing gas and can deliver into fuel battery negative pole 28 by negative electrode supply line 32.In one embodiment, surrounding air can be used as oxygen source.
Proton exchange membrane 30 (electrolyte) separates the negative electrode 28 and negative pole 26 materials of fuel cell.Proton exchange membrane 30 is conducted cations and is stoped electronics to pass through.Because the restriction of the thermal property of membrane material, the fuel cell that uses proton exchange membrane 30 carries out work in relatively low temperature under such as about 100 ℃.PEM 30 fuel cells also have high power density, can change its output rapidly and satisfy the variation of power needs, and be applicable in those application that need to start fast.Anode 26 and negative electrode 28 provide the internal flow path between fuel cell component 24 internal currents and a plurality of current collector 31, itself so that be connected to one or more external loading 33.In the course of work of fuel cell component 24, because the effect of catalyst can produce electronics by decomposing hydrogen molecule and atom, described then electronics is sent to one or more external loading 33 by current collector 31.The operating voltage maximum of the monocell in the fuel cell component 24 can be about 1V.Thus, a plurality of monocells can be connected or be together in parallel to be obtained enough big load voltage, and this will be described hereinafter in detail.Each layer in the fuel cell component 24 comprises that anode 26, electrolyte 30 and negative electrode 28 conduct electricity, or electron conduction or ionic conduction.
Hydrogen generation part 22 in the hybrid system provides energy storage capacity, and shares the electrode 26 in the fuel cell component 24.Hydrogen generation part 22 further comprises electrode 34 and dividing plate 36.The structure of hydrogen generation part 22 is generally the battery that comprises that one or more is same, and each battery comprises electrode 34, electrode 26 and dividing plate 36.Electrode 26 comprises hydrogen storage material 38 and brings into play multiple action: (1) is used for the solid hydrogen source of fuel cell component 24; (2) be used for the active electrode 26 of hydrogen generation part 22; And (3) part or all electrode plays the effect of the anode of fuel cell component 24.
Electrochemical hydrogen generation part 22 has storage characteristics, it is characterized in that and to receive direct current (DC) electric energy in the charging stage, thereby change solid-state material into rich hydrogen form, keep energy to exist in the charging maintenance stage, answer the needs of fuel cell component 24 to discharge energy stored at discharge regime then with the chemical energy form.Hydrogen generation part 22 can fill character this three phases of repeatable operation in rational life cycle again based on it.Electric energy can provide the source supply of electric energy by external source, regeneration brake system and any other.Solid-state material can fill with hydrogen by applying external voltage again.By using this design, realized real rechargeable fuel cell and the hydrogen source that do not separate.
A difference between fuel cell component 24 and the hydrogen generation part 22 is that hydrogen generation part 22 only has limited amount storage power when filling again, and as long as provide fuel and oxidant to it, fuel cell component 24 just will continue to produce electrical power output.
In order to produce electric energy, fuel cell component needs hydrogen and oxygen.Compare with any hydrocarbon fuel, the hydrogen Unit Weight comprises more chemical energy.Electro-chemical systems of the present invention 20 uses the solid-state material that can store hydrogen, for example but be not limited to the binary/trielement composite material, nano composite material of conducting polymer, pottery, metal, metal hydride, organic hydride, binary or other kind, carbon nano-structured, hydride slurry and other any advanced composite material with hydrogen storage capacity.In practice of the present invention, can use tradition and novel solid-state fuels as common electrode 26.
Solid-state hydrogen storage material has improved energy density significantly, and is very good for transport applications.Different with traditional hydrogen-air fuel cell that need fill hydrogen fuel again, fuel of the present invention can obtain regeneration by recharging and provide water.Fuel of the present invention also is solid-state, and it can be handled and store safely.Solid fuel has two functions of carrying out simultaneously, and promptly energy stores and the energy generation.Thus, hydrogen fuel can be filled and provide simultaneously to hybrid system again, and the power density of output depends on its energy storage capacity.In other words, the generation of electrical power combines with the storage of energy.
The solid-state material that is suitable for using in the present invention's practice should be able to absorb a large amount of hydrogen, and this material also should be able to keep the structural intergrity of height and repeatedly fill/putting hydrogen absorption characteristic good in the circulation.In other words, the integrality of structure should not influence capacity, and solid-state material should have advantages of higher stability in the repeatedly circulation that hydrogen absorbs.
As described above, in practice of the present invention, can use multiple solid-state material.In an example, found that metal hydride can be used for hydrogen of the present invention and take place and stocking system.Metal hydride material can provide following multiple function: (1) is used for the solid hydrogen source of fuel cell component 24; (2) be used for the active electrode 26 of hydrogen generation part 22; And (3) part or all electrode plays the effect of the anode of fuel cell component 24.Metal hydride can have chemical general formula M
xH
y, wherein M is a metal, such as comprising nickel, magnesium, aluminium, lithium, boron, zirconium and titanium.H is a hydrogen.The example that is used for metal hydride of the present invention includes but not limited to LaNi
5, FeTi, FeTiMn, ZrMn
2, Ti, WO
3, V
2O
5, NaAlH
4, LiBH
4And composition thereof.Solid is quite high such as the volume of hydrogen density of metal hydride, thereby makes it become fine and close storage medium.In addition, by becoming solid,, improved fail safe thus unless apply heat otherwise hydrogen can not come out by desorption in conjunction with hydrogen.
The absorption of hydrogen or desorption need increase or remove heat.Can be by making solid-state hydrogen-rich materials contact heat or carry out heat insulation processing, thus the generation of control hydrogen.Can be provided with heating/cooling duct be used for to/increase/remove heat from the structure that comprises solid-state material.The contiguous solid-state material shell of heating surface can be set so that good heat-conductive characteristic to be provided.When fuel cell component 24 during to electro-chemical systems 20 demand hydrogen, heat is applied on the hydrogen storage material.The release of controlled hydrogen manufacturing in the structure of pressurization.When the pressure of the hydrogen on the negative pole 26 is higher, do not need to discharge hydrogen.
Hydride generally stores the hydrogen that percentage by weight is approximately 1%-7%, and has the higher volumetric storage density that is higher than liquid or solid hydrogen.Use under pressure in the process of solid-state material absorption hydrogen, hydride absorbs hydrogen and discharges heat.When reducing pressure and applying heat, the hydrogen of storage discharges from solid-state material.Can select solid-state hydrogen storage material based on the speed of weight, hydrogen capacity, hydrogen absorption/desorption, the temperature of hydrogenation/dehydrogenation, the pressure and the cyclical stability of hydrogenation/dehydrogenation.
With reference to Fig. 2, two electrochemical reactions take place in the hydrogen generation part 22 of hybrid system 20, an electrochemical reaction takes place at anode 26, an electrochemical reaction takes place at negative electrode 34.Overall reaction is represented with square frame 40.On the electrode (anode 26) of hydrogen generation part 22, electronics combines with hydrogen and reactive group (R) and forms the hydrogen storage material (square frame 42) that fills again.On another electrode (negative electrode 34), water decomposition is oxygen and proton, and it is transmitted through the electrolyte (square frame 44) of proton conductive.Reaction shown in Figure 2 be hydrogen storage material fill reaction again.This fills reaction again electric energy is converted into chemical energy.
The stage of filling can excessively discharge oxygen again at this.Oxygen can be discharged and enter atmosphere or recirculation enters fuel cell component 22, and it combines with hydrogen and generates water there.Filling again of hybrid system 20 caused generating the water and the oxygen that can carry out recirculation.Electro-chemical systems 20 can cool off with drainage management with suitable performance function.The water that is produced by fuel cell component 24 can carry out recirculation, gets back to hydrogen generation part 22 by holding vessel, and it is used to fill solid fuel again with electric current there.The only enough limited uses of heat by fuel cell component 24 generations.The liquid of only depositing in the hybrid system is water, thus limiting part generation etching problem.Water management in the proton exchange membrane 30 is crucial for the efficient performance.Because film must be an aquation, so fuel cell component 24 must just can carry out work under the condition unlike its generation faster at the accessory substance evaporation of water.
Hydrogen or gas are different with using, but by using solid-state hydrogen storage material and refilling system 20, need not store a large amount of fuel in electro-chemical systems 20.If necessary, can in system 20, add entry, and hydrogen, oxygen and water can circulate.Systematic function depends on employed material.Hydrogen is released in the operation that applies needs to system 20, and chemical energy is converted into device (such as the fuel cell component 24) consumption of electric energy, and system 20 is by supplying the power and water energy to hydrogen generation part 22 and filling then.The work of system 20 is similar with the battery system of the reactant with continuous updating.This electro-chemical systems 20 can also fill when power output again.
With reference to Fig. 3, metal hydride is an example of the solid-state hydrogen storage material of potentialization.For electric energy is converted into chemical energy, two electrochemical reactions take place in the hydrogen generation part 22 of hybrid system 20, an electrochemical reaction takes place at anode 26, an electrochemical reaction takes place at negative electrode 34.Overall reaction is presented in the square frame 50.Under acid condition, on metal hydride cell (negative electrode 34), electronics combines with hydrogen and metal and generates metal hydride (square frame 52).On another electrode (anode 26), water decomposition is oxygen and proton, and it is transferred the electrolyte (square frame 54) by proton conductive.Reaction shown in Figure 3 be metal fill reaction again.If metallic compound is a solid-state material, fuel cell component 24 consumes the hydrogen that discharges from metal hydride so, and stays metal in electrode.Electrochemical reaction taking place filling, chemistry takes place in the fuel battery operation process discharge again in the operation.Fuel battery operation uses and consumes hydrogen, thereby causes metal hydride to discharge more hydrogen.When hydrogen has been consumed and during only remaining metal, uses power and water to compress into row and fill again and makes it become metal hydride again.
Water is described as hydrogen source above, still, water is not limitative examples of the present invention.In other example, wherein hydrogen source can comprise methyl alcohol, sodium borohydride, cyclohexanol and aniline.
With reference to Fig. 4, in a limiting examples, electro-chemical systems 20 of the present invention can be used for transport applications.The reforming unit of chemical energy to electrical energy (such as fuel cell component 24) can be configured to monocell separately, perhaps is configured to fuel cell pack.In pile structure, the monocell of predetermined quantity couples together one by one, so that corresponding high output voltage to be provided.In an example, fuel cell pack can comprise hundreds of monocells.Pile to form by series connection or these batteries that are connected in parallel, can produce the enough big voltage and current that is used for powered vehicle.Can use fuel and oxidant gas interconnection material spaced apart from each other between adjacent cell, to realize being connected in series, the anode 26 of a battery is connected with negative electrode 28 electronics of adjacent cell.Generally speaking, each fuel cell only produces the voltage of about 1V, himself is not enough to be effectively the vehicle power supply.Can use fuel cell pack to increase total voltage output, come to be effectively the vehicle power supply thereby produce enough big energy.
By structural connection fuel cell pack and electric energy reforming unit (such as hydrogen generation part 22), thereby obtained improved design flexibility to chemical energy.By the demand of cancellation to independent storage hydrogen parts, fail safe and reliability are improved.Water is an example of hydrogen source, and water can be used as fluid storage in water store tank 60.The water that can store q.s to be providing sufficient hydrogen, thereby makes vehicle obtain suitable driving distance.The water that is produced by fuel cell component 24 can be stored in the holding vessel 60, and is recycled to hydrogen generation part 22.
Can use air compressor unit 62 to provide oxidant to the negative electrode 28 of fuel cell component 24 by surrounding environment.The magnitude of current that fuel cell pack produces depends on to it provides how much hydrogen and air.Air compressor unit 62 is in order to be supplied to the speed of fuel cell pack according to power demand control air.Fuel-cell vehicle can be driven by one or more electric notor 64.In an example, electric notor is used to drive each wheel of automobile.Can use 66 pairs of fuel cells of control module/hydrogen generator electro-chemical systems 20, water store tank 60, air compressor unit 62, one or more electric notor 64 and any additional parts and system control.
Use fuel cell component 22 chemical energy to be converted into the electric energy that is used for powered vehicle.When vehicle did not move, electric energy was used for filling solid-state hydrogen storage material again, with powered vehicle once more.Electro-chemical systems 20 of the present invention has the discharge capability of two-forty, quick charge and enough voltage adaptations.
Be apparent that, provide in this system according to the present invention to be used for electric energy is converted into chemical energy and chemical energy is converted into the electro-chemical systems that electric energy makes hydrogen recirculation simultaneously.Although system of the present invention is described in conjunction with its preferred embodiment and example, other embodiment can realize similar function and/or obtain similar effect with example.So embodiment that these are equal to and example are all within the spirit and scope that the present invention and claim subsequently are intended to cover.
Claims (9)
1, a kind of being used for is converted into electric energy chemical energy and chemical energy is converted into the electro-chemical systems of electric energy, comprising:
Be used for electric energy is converted into first conversion system of chemical energy; With
Be used for chemical energy is converted into second conversion system of electric energy;
Wherein said first conversion system and described second conversion system are shared a common electrode; And
Wherein said common electrode be hydrogen storage material and described hydrogen storage material comprise conducting polymer, pottery, organic hydride and carbon nano-structured at least a.
2, system according to claim 1, wherein said common electrode is the hydrogen source of second conversion system, the active electrode of first conversion system, and part or all of described common electrode is the anode of second conversion system.
3, system according to claim 1, wherein hydrogen, oxygen and water carry out recirculation in described system.
4, system according to claim 1, wherein said first conversion system receives electric energy on charging stage operability ground, keep energy to exist in the charging maintenance stage, and discharge stored energy according to the need for equipment that chemical energy is converted into electric energy at discharge regime with the chemical energy form.
5, system according to claim 4, wherein the electric energy that receives in the charging stage is supplied with by internal source voltage, external voltage source or regeneration brake system.
6, system according to claim 1, wherein said electro-chemical systems can use in transport applications, dwelling house application, commercial and industrial facility and large-scale power generation applications.
7, a kind of generator comprises:
Operability ground is converted into electric energy the hydrogen generator of chemical energy;
Operability ground is converted into chemical energy the fuel cell of electric energy; And
The common electrode that is used for hydrogen generator and fuel cell, wherein said common electrode be hydrogen storage material and described hydrogen storage material comprise conducting polymer, pottery, organic hydride and carbon nano-structured at least a; And
Wherein said common electrode is the solid hydrogen source of fuel cell, the active electrode of hydrogen generator and the anode of fuel cell.
8, generator according to claim 7, wherein said hydrogen generator receives electric energy in the charging stage, make hydrogen generator get back to the form of Fu Qing, keep energy to exist in the charging maintenance stage, and the demand of fuel cell discharges energy stored at discharge regime with the chemical energy form.
9, generator according to claim 7, wherein said hydrogen generator use power and water to compress into and go and fill.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US61755003A | 2003-07-10 | 2003-07-10 | |
| US10/617,550 | 2003-07-10 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN1849724A CN1849724A (en) | 2006-10-18 |
| CN100459268C true CN100459268C (en) | 2009-02-04 |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2004800259985A Expired - Fee Related CN100459268C (en) | 2003-07-10 | 2004-06-28 | Hydrogen storage-based rechargeable fuel cell system |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1661199A2 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN100459268C (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2005008824A2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102004011554A1 (en) * | 2004-03-08 | 2005-09-29 | Micronas Gmbh | A fuel cell assembly |
| US8475969B2 (en) * | 2005-10-25 | 2013-07-02 | Honeywell International Inc. | High power density, ultra-light power generator |
| US20070141432A1 (en) * | 2005-12-21 | 2007-06-21 | General Electric Company | Third electrode frame structure and method related thereto |
| US20070141431A1 (en) * | 2005-12-21 | 2007-06-21 | General Electric Company | Fuel cell closed structure |
| US20070141456A1 (en) * | 2005-12-21 | 2007-06-21 | General Electric Company | Bipolar membrane |
| GB0614444D0 (en) * | 2006-07-20 | 2006-08-30 | Univ Bath | Hydrogen storage |
| EP2058649B1 (en) | 2007-11-06 | 2011-06-29 | Micronas GmbH | Sensor fuel cell |
| WO2011021141A1 (en) * | 2009-08-17 | 2011-02-24 | Jan Petrus Human | Fuel cell |
| DE102010001760A1 (en) | 2010-02-10 | 2011-08-11 | Robert Bosch GmbH, 70469 | Energy storage and power generation system |
| CN101794893B (en) * | 2010-03-08 | 2012-10-10 | 清华大学 | Hydrogen storing unit and coupled fuel cell |
| TW201403936A (en) * | 2012-07-13 | 2014-01-16 | shi-hang Zhou | Hydrogen-recyclable fuel cell |
| CN105576273B (en) * | 2015-12-11 | 2017-12-08 | 西安交通大学 | A kind of Reversible Cycle green energy resource converting system and conversion method |
| CN106356543B (en) * | 2016-12-01 | 2023-08-01 | 安徽师范大学 | Fuel cell |
| CN107394235B (en) * | 2017-07-13 | 2023-06-30 | 上海重塑能源科技有限公司 | Fuel cell auxiliary system |
| CN112432048A (en) * | 2020-11-13 | 2021-03-02 | 深圳中科微管科技有限公司 | High-safety hydrogen storage container |
| CN112928361B (en) * | 2021-02-03 | 2023-03-17 | 南开大学 | Optical energy storage zinc ion battery and preparation method thereof |
| CN112968448B (en) * | 2021-02-26 | 2022-02-01 | 清华四川能源互联网研究院 | Equipment capacity configuration method and related device |
| CN117869782A (en) * | 2024-01-12 | 2024-04-12 | 广东佳邑新能源科技有限公司 | Renewable energy comprehensive utilization system and method based on hydrogen production and hydrogen storage |
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| US3544377A (en) * | 1966-03-26 | 1970-12-01 | Eduard Justi | Oxygen-hydrogen storage battery cell |
| US20020106541A1 (en) * | 2000-11-07 | 2002-08-08 | Atsuo Yamada | Fuel cell and fuel cell system |
| CN1426127A (en) * | 2003-01-28 | 2003-06-25 | 天津大学 | Secondary oxygenhydrogen fuel cell |
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| DE19904202A1 (en) * | 1999-02-03 | 2000-08-10 | Forschungszentrum Juelich Gmbh | Fuel cell arrangement with electrolyzer and small hydride store has cooling element that cools line to hydride storage element and/or hydride storage element itself |
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- 2004-06-28 WO PCT/US2004/020728 patent/WO2005008824A2/en active Application Filing
- 2004-06-28 EP EP04756280A patent/EP1661199A2/en not_active Withdrawn
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| US3544377A (en) * | 1966-03-26 | 1970-12-01 | Eduard Justi | Oxygen-hydrogen storage battery cell |
| US20020106541A1 (en) * | 2000-11-07 | 2002-08-08 | Atsuo Yamada | Fuel cell and fuel cell system |
| CN1426127A (en) * | 2003-01-28 | 2003-06-25 | 天津大学 | Secondary oxygenhydrogen fuel cell |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2005008824A3 (en) | 2005-10-20 |
| WO2005008824A2 (en) | 2005-01-27 |
| CN1849724A (en) | 2006-10-18 |
| EP1661199A2 (en) | 2006-05-31 |
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