CN100449244C

CN100449244C - Heat transfer system

Info

Publication number: CN100449244C
Application number: CNB2003801077852A
Authority: CN
Inventors: E·J·克罗利切克; 迈克尔·尼基特金; 老戴维·A·沃尔夫
Original assignee: Swales and Associates Inc
Current assignee: Northy Grumman Systems Inc; Nuoxi Gruman Innovation System Co ltd
Priority date: 2002-10-28
Filing date: 2003-10-28
Publication date: 2009-01-07
Anticipated expiration: 2023-10-28
Also published as: CN1771421A

Abstract

A thermodynamic system includes a cyclical heat exchange system and a heat transfer system coupled to the cyclic heat exchange system to cool a portion of the cyclical heat exchange system. The heat transfer system includes an evaporator including a wall configured to be coupled to a portion of the cyclical heat exchange system and a primary wick coupled to the wall and a condenser coupled to the evaporator to form a closed loop that houses a working fluid.

Description

Heat transfer system

The cross reference of related application

The application requires the priority of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/421737 (applying date is on October 28th, 2002), and this application is incorporated herein by reference.

Title is that the U.S. Provisional Application on October 28th, 2003 is incorporated herein by reference for " HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEM FOR A CYCLICAL HEATEXCHANGE SYSTEM " and the applying date.

The application is that title is " EVAPORATOR FOR A HEAT TRANSFERSYSTEM " and the applying date to be the part continuity of the utility model application on October 2nd, 2003, this utility model application requires the priority of U.S. Patent No. 60/415424 (applying date is on October 2nd, 2003), and this U.S. Patent No. 60/415424 also is incorporated herein by reference.

The application is the part continuity of U. S. application No.10/602022, the applying date of this U. S. application No.10/602022 is on June 24th, 2003, it requires the priority of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/391006 (applying date is on June 24th, 2002), and the application is the part continuity of U. S. application No.09/896561, the applying date of this U. S. application No.09/896561 is June 29 calendar year 2001, and it requires the priority of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/215588 (applying date is on June 30th, 2000).All these applications all are incorporated herein by reference.

Technical field

This specification relates to the heat transfer system that is used for the cycle heat exchange system.

Background technology

Heat transfer system is used for from one (thermal source) to another place (heat sink) transmission heat.Heat transfer system can be used in the earth or universe purposes.For example, heat transfer system can be integrated in the artificial satellite equipment, and this artificial satellite is worked in weightlessness or low-gravity environment.As another example, heat transfer system can be used in the electronic equipment, and this electronic equipment needs cooling usually in operating process.

Loop circuit heat pipe (LHP) and capillarity pumping loop (CPL) are passive two-phase heat transfer systems.They respectively comprise: evaporimeter, this evaporimeter and thermal source thermally coupled; Condenser, this condenser and heat sink thermally coupled; Fluid, this fluid flow between evaporimeter and condenser; And the fluid reservoir that is used for fluid expansion.Fluid in heat transfer system can be called working fluid.Evaporimeter comprises the first imbibition core and comprises the core of fluid flowing passage.The heat that evaporimeter obtains sends condenser to and is discharged by this condenser.The capillarity pressure that forms in the pore imbibition core of these system's utilizations in evaporimeter promotes working fluid from evaporimeter to condenser with the circulation of Returning evaporimeter.Main distinction feature between LHP and CPL is the position of loop storage tank, and this loop storage tank is used for being stored in the too much fluid that operating process is discharged from loop.Usually, the position of the storage tank of CPL is away from evaporimeter, and the storage tank of LHP and evaporimeter alignment by union.

Summary of the invention

The invention provides a kind of heat transfer system of the cycle heat exchange system that is used to utilize thermodynamic cycle and works, this heat transfer system comprises: evaporimeter, this evaporimeter comprise and are used for wall that is connected with the part of cycle heat exchange system and the first imbibition core that is connected with this wall; And condenser, this condenser is connected with described evaporimeter, so that form the closed loop that holds working fluid.

The present invention also provides a kind of thermodynamic system, comprising: utilize thermodynamic cycle and the cycle heat exchange system of working; And heat transfer system, this heat transfer system is connected with the cycle heat exchange system, so that the part of cool cycles heat-exchange system, this heat transfer system comprises: evaporimeter, this evaporimeter comprise and are used for a wall that is connected with the part of cycle heat exchange system and the first imbibition core that is connected with this wall; And condenser, this condenser is connected with described evaporimeter, so that form the closed loop that holds working fluid.

The present invention also provides a kind of method of temperature that is used to control a zone of cycle heat exchange system, and this method comprises: the wall of evaporimeter is connected to the cycle heat exchange system so that the part of cool cycles heat-exchange system; Condenser is connected to evaporimeter so that form a closed loop, is used to hold working fluid and is used for conducting heat from the described part of cycle heat exchange system.

Embodiment can comprise one or more following aspects.For example, condenser comprises steam-gas inlet and liquid outlet, and vapor line that the fluid connection is provided between vapor outlet port and the steam-gas inlet and the liquid return pipeline that provides fluid to be communicated with between liquid outlet and liquid-inlet are provided heat transfer system.

Evaporimeter comprises: the liquid baffle wall, and this liquid baffle wall is held working fluid in its inboard, and only along the flows inside of liquid baffle wall, wherein, the first imbibition core is between the inboard of heated wall and liquid baffle wall for this working fluid; Steam is removed conduit, and this steam is removed the interface place of conduit between the first imbibition core and heated wall, and steam is removed conduit and extended to vapor outlet port; And the liquid flow conduit, this liquid flow conduit is between the liquid baffle wall and the first imbibition core, and the liquid flow conduit receives the liquid from liquid-inlet.

Working fluid moves by heat transfer system passively.

Working fluid moves by heat transfer system under the situation of not using outside pumping.

When working fluid passed through one or more evaporimeters, condenser, vapor line and liquid return pipeline or circulates in described one or more evaporimeters, condenser, vapor line and liquid return pipeline, the working fluid in heat transfer system changed between liquid and steam.

Working fluid moves by heat transfer system passively.

Working fluid utilizes the imbibition core and moves by heat transfer system.

Heat transfer system also comprises fin, and this fin and condenser thermally coupled are so that to the external environment heat release.

In another general aspect, thermodynamic system comprises cycle heat exchange system and heat transfer system, and this heat transfer system is connected with the cycle heat exchange system, so that the part of cool cycles heat-exchange system.Heat transfer system comprises: evaporimeter, this evaporimeter comprise the first imbibition core of being arranged to the wall that is connected with the part of cycle heat exchange system and being connected with wall; And condenser, this condenser is connected with evaporimeter, so that form the closed loop that holds working fluid.

Embodiment can comprise one or more following features.Evaporimeter and cycle heat exchange system are integral.Evaporimeter is connected with the portion of hot of cycle heat exchange system.The cycle heat exchange system comprises Stirling (stirling) heat-exchange system.The cycle heat exchange system comprises refrigeration system.Heat transfer system is connected with the hot side of cycle heat exchange system.The thermodynamic system heat transfer system is connected with the cold side of cycle heat exchange system.

In another general aspect, a kind of method of utilizing said system.

Evaporimeter can use at any two-phase heat transfer system that is used for land or universe purposes.For example, heat transfer system can be used in electronic equipment (this electronic equipment needs cooling in the course of the work usually) or is used for the laser diode purposes.

The planar shaped evaporimeter can be used for any heat transfer system when thermal source forms flat surface.Annular evaporator can be used for any heat transfer system when thermal source forms cylindrical surface.

When being used for the land purposes, using the heat transfer system of annular evaporator can utilize gravity, thereby make LHP be applicable to a large amount of manufacturings.The land purposes is specified the orientation of generating surface and heat sink usually; Annular evaporator utilizes gravity work.

Heat transfer system provides the system of the hot efficient and space-efficient that is used for the cool cycles heat-exchange system, is connected with the space because the evaporimeter of heat transfer system carries out thermally coupled with the part of the cycle heat exchange system of being cooled off by heat transfer system.For example, when the part that will cool off (being also referred to as thermal source) when having column geometry, heat transfer system can comprise annular evaporator.Use heat transfer system to make it possible to utilize cylindricality cycle heat exchange system, this cycle heat exchange system can be used in the commercial practical application of cabin cooling.

The thermal source of evaporimeter or condenser and cycle heat exchange system is integrated to reduce Package size.On the other hand, when evaporimeter or condenser clamp are on thermal source, be convenient to dispose and change parts.

Heat transfer system can be used to cool off the cycle heat exchange system with column geometry, for example free piston stirling circulation.Heat transfer system provides the high efficiency fluid pipeline connection that is connected with the annular condenser assembly of same efficient packing (vapor phase and subcooled liquid return pipeline connector).

Heat transfer system comprises condenser, and this condenser is efficiently packed as the flat condenser, and this flat condenser forms annular section, and the air heat exchange surface element of extension (for example corrugated fin) is installed on this annular section.

Heat transfer system and efficient heat transfer mechanism (evaporation and condensation) combination is so that the fluid (helium) of Stirling circulation is connected with final heat sink (surrounding air).Therefore, obviously improved the efficient (for example up to 50%) of Stirling circulation.

The evaporimeter of heat transfer system and condenser can independent design and optimizations.This makes the cycle heat exchange system have the installation of arbitrary number to select.And heat transfer system is insensitive to gravity direction, because the imbibition core is included in the evaporimeter.

Heat transfer system to be providing the efficient cooling to cabin (for example refrigerator or automatic vending machine) than inner wrapping and commercial acceptable cost,

According to an embodiment, annular evaporator is clipped in the cycle heat exchange system, and with the thermally coupled of thermally conductive grease compound so that easy I﹠ M.According to another embodiment, be installed in the cycle heat exchange system to the annular evaporator interference fit, so that assembling easily improves the thermal efficiency simultaneously.According to going back an embodiment, annular evaporator and cycle heat exchange system form one, so that further improve the thermal efficiency.

Heat transfer system comprises condenser, and this condenser has the inside and outside annular section of fin shape, so as in less packaging space to the air efficient heat transfer.Condenser is can rolling bonding or form by extrusion process.

Change over planar shaped " flat " geometry (can be wound in belt shape) by the common column geometry with the LHP evaporimeter, loop circuit heat pipe of the present invention provides the efficient packing to the cylindricality refrigerator.

To introduce the packing of heat transfer system with reference to several example embodiment, but be not intended to be limited to these example embodiment.Although describedly be used to cool off cabin (for example refrigerating plant of family expenses refrigerator, automatic vending machine or point of sale), those skilled in the art will recognize that compactness, energy efficiency is high and environment amenable multiple other favourable purposes of utilizing the refrigerating plant of described heat transfer system.

To know further feature and advantage by specification and accompanying drawing.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of heat-transfer system.

Fig. 2 is the view of the embodiment of the heat-transfer system that schematically illustrates of Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is the flow chart that utilizes the step of heat-transfer system transmission heat.

Fig. 4 is the temperature profile that is illustrated in each parts of heat-transfer system in the handling process of Fig. 3.

Fig. 5 A is the view of three hole main evaporators shown in the heat-transfer system of Fig. 1.

Fig. 5 B is the cutaway view of main evaporator along the 5B-5B of Fig. 5 A.

Fig. 6 is the view that can be integrated in four hole main evaporators in the heat-transfer system shown in Figure 1.

Fig. 7 is the schematic diagram of the embodiment of heat-transfer system.

Fig. 8 A, 8B, 9A and 9B are to use the perspective view of the application of heat-transfer system.

Fig. 8 C is the cutaway view of fluid circuit along the 8C-8C of Fig. 8 A.

Fig. 8 D and 9C are respectively the schematic diagrames of embodiment of the heat-transfer system of Fig. 8 A and 9A.

Figure 10 is the cutaway view of plane evaporimeter;

Figure 11 is the axial cutaway view of annular evaporator.

Figure 12 is the radial cross-section of the annular evaporator of Figure 11.

Figure 13 is the enlarged drawing of the part in the radial cross-section of annular evaporator of Figure 12.

Figure 14 A is the perspective view of the annular evaporator of Figure 11.

Figure 14 B is the partial cutaway vertical view of the annular evaporator of Figure 14 A.

Figure 14 C is the amplification view of a part of the annular evaporator of Figure 14 B.

Figure 14 D is the cutaway view of the annular evaporator 14D-14D along the line of Figure 14 B.

Figure 14 E and 14F are the enlarged drawings of a part of the annular evaporator of Figure 14 D.

Figure 14 G is the partially cutaway view of the annular evaporator of Figure 14 A.

Figure 14 H is the partial cutaway detailed perspective of the annular evaporator of Figure 14 G.

Figure 15 A is the plane detail drawing of liquid baffle wall of housing ring component that forms the annular evaporator of Figure 14 A.

Figure 15 B is the cutaway view of the liquid baffle wall 15B-15B along the line of Figure 15 A.

Figure 16 A is the perspective view of the first imbibition core of the annular evaporator of Figure 14 A.

Figure 16 B is the vertical view of the first imbibition core of Figure 16 A.

Figure 16 C is the cutaway view of the first imbibition core 16C-16C along the line of Figure 16 B.

Figure 16 D is the enlarged drawing of a part of the first imbibition core of Figure 16 C.

Figure 17 A is the perspective view of heated wall of annular ring that forms the annular evaporator of Figure 14 A.

Figure 17 B is the vertical view of the heated wall of Figure 17 A.

Figure 17 C is the cutaway view of the heated wall 17C-17C along the line of Figure 17 B.

Figure 17 D is the enlarged drawing of a part of the heated wall of Figure 17 C.

The perspective view of Figure 18 A ring that to be the heated wall that makes Figure 17 A separate with the liquid baffle wall of Figure 15 A.

Figure 18 B is the vertical view of the ring of Figure 18 A.

Figure 18 C is the cutaway view of the ring 18C-18C along the line of Figure 18 B.

Figure 18 D is the enlarged drawing of a part of the ring of Figure 18 C.

Figure 19 A is the perspective view of ring of the annular evaporator of Figure 14 A.

Figure 19 B is the vertical view of the ring of Figure 19 A.

Figure 19 C is the cutaway view of the ring of Figure 19 B along 19C-19C.

Figure 19 D is the enlarged drawing of a part of the ring of Figure 19 C.

Figure 20 is the perspective view that can utilize the cycle heat exchange system of heat transfer system cooling.

Figure 21 is the cutaway view of cycle heat exchange system (for example cycle heat exchange system of Figure 20).

Figure 22 is the side view of cycle heat exchange system (for example cycle heat exchange system of Figure 20).

Figure 23 is the schematic diagram that comprises cycle heat exchange system first embodiment of cycle heat exchange system and heat transfer system.

Figure 24 is the schematic diagram that comprises cycle heat exchange system second embodiment of cycle heat exchange system and heat transfer system.

Figure 25 is to use the schematic diagram according to the heat transfer system of the evaporimeter of the principle design of Figure 10-13.

Figure 26 is the Function Decomposition figure of the heat transfer system of Figure 25.

Figure 27 is the broken section detail drawing of evaporimeter that is used for the heat transfer system of Figure 25.

Figure 28 is the perspective view of heat exchanger that is used for the heat transfer system of Figure 25.

Figure 29 is the curve map of the heat source temperature of cycle heat exchange system with respect to the surface area of the interface between the thermal source of heat transfer system and cycle heat exchange system.

Figure 30 is the plan view from above that is contained in cycle heat exchange system part heat transfer system on every side.

Figure 31 is the partial cutaway front view that is contained in this cycle heat exchange components of system as directed heat transfer system on every side (31-31 along the line) of Figure 30.

Figure 32 is the partial cutaway front view (at 3200 places) of the interface between the heat transfer system of Figure 30 and cycle heat exchange system.

Figure 33 is mounted in the perspective upper view of the heat transfer system in the cycle heat exchange system.

Figure 34 is the lower perspective view that is installed in the heat transfer system in the cycle heat exchange system of Figure 33.

Figure 35 is the partial sectional view of the interface between the evaporimeter of heat-exchange system and cycle heat exchange system, and wherein, evaporimeter is clipped in the cycle heat exchange system.

Figure 36 is the side view that is used for evaporimeter is clipped in the clip in the cycle heat exchange system of Figure 35.

Figure 37 is the partial sectional view of the interface between the evaporimeter of heat-exchange system and cycle heat exchange system, and wherein, interface forms by the interference fit between evaporimeter and the heat-exchange system.

Figure 38 is the partial sectional view of the interface between the evaporimeter of heat-exchange system and cycle heat exchange system, and wherein, interface forms by making evaporimeter and cycle heat exchange system form one.

Figure 39 is the vertical view of the condenser of heat transfer system.

Figure 40 is the partial sectional view of the condenser 40-40 along the line of Figure 39.

Figure 41-the 43rd has the cross sectional detail of the condenser of stepped construction.

Figure 44 is the cross sectional detail with condenser of extrusion structure.

Figure 45 is detailed perspective and the cutaway view with condenser of extrusion structure.

Figure 46 is the cutaway view that is contained in a side of cycle heat exchange system heat transfer system on every side.

In each accompanying drawing, same reference numerals is represented similar elements.

The specific embodiment

As mentioned above, in loop circuit heat pipe (LHP), storage tank and evaporimeter alignment by union, therefore, storage tank is connected with hydraulic pressure with the evaporimeter thermally coupled by the conduit of heat pipe shape.Like this, can be pumped to evaporimeter, thereby guarantee the first imbibition core fully wetting or " starting filling " in starting process of evaporimeter from the liquid of storage tank.In addition, the design of LHP has also reduced the consumption of liquid from the first imbibition core of evaporimeter in the stable state of the evaporimeter in heat-transfer system or the transient operation process.And steam and/or non-condensable gases bubble (NCG bubble) core by heat pipe shape conduit from evaporimeter is expelled to storage tank.

Need (just before the evaporimeter energy supply of LHP) there be liquid in common LHP in storage tank before starting.But, when when the working fluid in LHP is in supercriticality before the starting LHP, before starting, in storage tank, will there be liquid.Supercriticality is the state of the temperature as LHP when being higher than the critical-temperature of working fluid.The critical-temperature of fluid is the maximum temperature when fluid can show as liquid-steam balance.For example, when working fluid is cryogen (just the boiling point of fluid is lower than-150 ℃) or working fluid when being the fluid (just the boiling point of fluid is lower than the temperature of LHP working environment) that is lower than environment temperature, LHP may be in supercriticality.

Common LHP needs also to make that the liquid of Returning evaporimeter is cold excessively, just is cooled to the temperature that is lower than the working fluid boiling point.Such restrictive condition makes and can not operate LHP being lower than under the situation of environment temperature.For example, when working fluid was cryogen, LHP worked in temperature is higher than the environment of fluid boiling point probably.

With reference to figure 1, heat-transfer system 100 is designed to overcome the restriction of common LHP.Heat-transfer system 100 comprises heat transfer system 105 and starting loading system 110.Starting loading system 110 is used for the fluid of heat transfer system 105 is transformed into liquid, thereby heat transfer system 105 is started filling.In this manual, term " fluid " is a generic term, and it is meant as the liquid under saturation balance and the material of steam.

Heat transfer system 105 comprises main evaporator 115 and condenser 120, and this condenser 120 is connected with main evaporator 115 with vapor line 130 by liquid line 125.Condenser 120 and heat sink 165 thermal communications, and main evaporator 115 and thermal source Qin 116 thermal communications., system 105 can also comprise hot tank 147, this hot tank 147 is connected with vapor line 130, is used for holding as required additonal pressure.Particularly, hot tank 147 has increased the volume of system 100.When the temperature of working fluid was higher than its critical-temperature (maximum temperature when working fluid can show liquid-steam balance just), its pressure was directly proportional with material (charging) in the system 100, was inversely proportional to the volume of system.Increase volume by hot tank 147 and will reduce charge pressure.

Main evaporator 115 comprises container 117, and this container 117 holds the first imbibition core 140, and core 135 is determined in this first imbibition core 140.Main evaporator 115 comprises bayonet socket (bayonet) pipe 142 and the second imbibition core 145 in core 135.Bayonet tube 142, the first imbibition core 140 and the second imbibition core 145 have been determined fluid passage 143, first steam channel 144 and second steam channel 146.The second imbibition core 145 provides control mutually, and just the liquid in core 135 is separated, and described in U.S. Patent application No.09/896561 (applying date is 6/29/01), the document is whole to be incorporated herein by reference.As shown in the figure, main evaporator 115 has three holes: enter liquid-inlet 137 in the fluid passage 143, from second steam channel 146 enter the vapor line 130 vapor outlet port 132 and from fluid passage 143 (and the first possible steam channel 144, the fluid issuing 139 that comes out as hereinafter described).Also will be with reference to figure 5A and 5B and introduces the structure of three hole evaporimeters in detail in the back.

Starting loading system 110 comprise second or the starting that are connected with vapor line 130 annotate evaporimeter 150 and with the storage tank 155 of these second evaporimeter, 150 alignment by union.Storage tank 155 is connected with the core 135 of main evaporator 115 with second condenser 122 by second fluid circuit 160.Second fluid circuit 160 is connected with the fluid issuing 139 of main evaporator 115.Starting loading system 110 also comprises the control thermal source Qsp 151 with second evaporimeter, 150 thermal communications.

Second evaporimeter 150 comprises container 152, and this container 152 is equipped with the first imbibition core 190, and core 185 is determined in this first imbibition core 190.Second evaporimeter 150 comprises bayonet tube 153 and passes conduit 175 and stretch into the second imbibition core 180 in the storage tank 155 from core 185.The second imbibition core 180 provides the capillarity between the storage tank 155 and second evaporimeter 150 to connect.Bayonet tube 153, the first imbibition core 190 and the second imbibition core 180 have been determined the fluid passage 182, first steam channel 181 that is connected with storage tank 155 and second steam channel 183 that is connected with vapor line 130 that are connected with fluid circuit 160.Storage tank 155 is connected with hydraulic pressure with core 185 thermally coupleds of second evaporimeter 150 with first steam channel 181 by fluid passage 182, the second imbibition core 180.The steam and/or the NCG bubble that are produced by the core 185 of second evaporimeter 150 enter storage tank 155 by first steam channel 181, and condensable liquid returns second evaporimeter 150 by the second imbibition core 180 from storage tank 155.The first imbibition core 190 makes the liquid in the core 185 be connected with thermal source Qsp 151 hydraulic pressure, thereby the liquid on the outer surface that makes the imbibition core 190 of winning when second evaporimeter 150 heats can evaporate and be formed on the steam in second steam channel 183.

Storage tank 155 cold skews (cold-biased), therefore, it cools off by low-temperature receiver, and when not heating, this low-temperature receiver will make it work under the temperature of the operating temperature that is lower than heat transfer system 105.In one embodiment, the storage tank 155 and second condenser 122 and heat sink 165 thermal communications, this heat sink 165 and condenser 120 thermal communications.For example, storage tank 155 can utilize device in parallel (shunt) 170 and be installed on the heat sink 165, and this parallel connection device 170 can be made by aluminium or any Heat Conduction Material.Like this, the temperature of the temperature following condenser 120 of storage tank 155.

Fig. 2 has represented the example of the embodiment of heat-transfer system 100.In this embodiment,

condenser

120 and 122 is installed on the subcolling condenser 200, and this subcolling condenser 200 conducts heat to heat sink 165 from condenser 120,122 as refrigerator.In addition, in the embodiment of Fig. 2, pipeline 125,130,160 twines, so that reduce the required space of heat-transfer system 100.

Although not shown among Fig. 1 and 2, element (for example storage tank 155 and main evaporator 115) can be equipped with temperature sensor, and this temperature sensor can be used for diagnosis or test purpose.

Also with reference to figure 3, system 100 carry out be used for from thermal source Qin 116 transmission heats and be used to guarantee main evaporator 115 before starting by the wetting program 300 of liquid.When heat transfer system 105 was in supercriticality, program 300 was particularly useful.Before start program 300, system 100 is filled with the specified pressure working fluid of (being called " charge pressure ").

At first, storage tank 155 is by for example being installed in the cold skew (step 305) that becomes on the heat sink 165 with this storage tank 155.Storage tank 155 can coldly be offset to the critical-temperature that temperature is lower than working fluid, and as previously mentioned, this critical-temperature is the maximum temperature that working fluid can show as liquid-steam balance.For example, when fluid was ethane, its critical-temperature was 33 ℃, and storage tank 155 is cooled to and is lower than 33 ℃.When the temperature of storage tank 155 was reduced to the critical-temperature that is lower than working fluid, storage tank 155 parts were full of the liquid condensate that is formed by working fluid.In storage tank 155, form second imbibition core 180 and the first imbibition core 190 (step 310) of liquid with wetting second evaporimeter 150.

Simultaneously, give starting loading system 110 energy supplies (step 315) so that strengthen or the circulation of starting fluid heat transfer system 105 by applying heat to second evaporimeter 150 from thermal source Qsp 151.Because the capillarity pressure at the interface place between the first imbibition core 190 and second steam channel 183, the steam of being exported by second evaporimeter 150 comes pumping (step 320) by vapor line 130 and condenser 120.When steam arrived condenser 120, it was transformed into liquid (step 325).Be pumped into the main evaporator 115 (step 330) of heat transfer system 105 with being formed at liquid in the condenser 120.When main evaporator 115 is in than the higher temperature of the critical-temperature of fluid, enter the liquid evaporation and the cooling main evaporator 115 of main evaporator 115.Continue this processing (step 315-330), thereby make main evaporator 115 reach design temperature point (step 335), at this design temperature point, main evaporator can keep liquid, and wetted, so that come work as the capillarity pump.In one embodiment, the design temperature point is the temperature that storage tank 155 coolings reach.In another embodiment, the design temperature point is the temperature that is lower than the working fluid critical-temperature.In going back an embodiment, the design temperature point is to reach the higher temperature of temperature than storage tank 155 coolings.

When reaching design temperature point (step 335), system 100 works (step 340) under holotype, and wherein, the heat that imposes on main evaporator 115 from thermal source Qin 116 is transmitted by heat transfer system 105.Specifically, in holotype, main evaporator 115 forms the capillarity pumping, so that promote the circulation of working fluid by heat transfer system 105.Also have, in holotype, the design temperature point of storage tank 155 reduces.The cooldown rate of heat transfer system 105 depends on the cold skew of storage tank 155 in the holotype process, because the temperature of main evaporator 115 is closely followed the temperature of storage tank 155.In addition, although do not need, heater also can be used for further controlling or regulating in the holotype process temperature of storage tank 155.And in holotype, the energy that imposes on second evaporimeter 150 by thermal source Qsp 151 reduces, and therefore makes heat transfer system 105 be reduced to the normal working temperature of fluid.For example, in holotype, remain on the value that equals or exceeds heat condition described below from the heat load of thermal source Qsp 151 to second evaporimeters 150.In one embodiment, from the heat load of thermal source Qsp remain from thermal source Qin 116 impose on main evaporator 115 heat load about 5 to 10%.

In this particular embodiment, holotype is by judging that having reached design temperature point excites (step 335).In another embodiment, holotype can be At All Other Times or because other excimer thereby beginning.For example, holotype can begin afterwards or in the cold skew of storage tank (step 305) afterwards at starting loading system wetting (step 310).

Random time in the course of the work, heat transfer system 105 can experience following heat condition, for example by through the conduction of the heat of the first imbibition core 140 with impose on the additional heat on the liquid line 125 and the heat condition that forms.These two conditions all make and form steam in the hydraulic fluid side of evaporimeter.Specifically, conduct the liquid that can make in the core 135 through the heat of the first imbibition core 140 and form steam bubbles, in the time of in staying core 135, this steam bubbles will become liquid big and the blocking-up supply first imbibition core 140, thereby make main evaporator 115 lose efficacy.The additional heat (being called " additional heat gain ") of input liquid line 125 can make the liquid in the liquid line 125 form steam.

In order to reduce the adverse effect of above-mentioned heat condition, starting loading system 110 is worked under the situation of energy level Qsp 151 more than or equal to heat conduction and additional heat gain summation.As mentioned above, for example starting loading system can work under the 5-10% of the energy of heat transfer system 105.Particularly, comprise that the fluid of the combination of steam bubbles and liquid flows out core 135, so that be expelled in second fluid circuit 160 that leads to second condenser 122.Particularly, the steam that is formed in the core 135 directly enters fluid issuing hole 139 around bayonet tube 143.Be formed in first steam channel 144 steam by pass the second imbibition core 145 (when the aperture of the second imbibition core 145 when holding steam bubbles) or be passed in the second imbibition core 145 and enter fluid issuing hole 139 near the opening operation of the end of outlet openings 139, this opening provides the passage from first steam channel 144 to outlet opening 139.Bubble in second condenser, 122 condensed fluid, and push this fluid to storage tank 155, be used for introducing again heat transfer system 105.

Equally, in order to reduce to import the additional heat in the liquid line 125, second fluid circuit 160 and liquid line 125 can form coaxial configuration, and second fluid circuit 160 is around liquid line 125, and this liquid line 125 is separated with ambient heat.This embodiment will further be introduced with reference to figure 8A and 8B in the back.Because this structure, ambient heat can make and form steam bubbles in second fluid circuit 160, rather than in liquid line 125.As mentioned above, by the capillarity that produces at the second imbibition core, 145 places, fluid flows to second condenser 122 from main evaporator 115.The relatively lower temp of this fluid stream and second condenser 122 makes the steam bubbles in second fluid circuit 160 pass through condenser 122, and in this condenser 122, these steam bubbles are condensed into liquid, and are pumped in the storage tank 155.

Data have been represented among Fig. 4 by the test run acquisition.In this embodiment, before 410 times startings of temperature main evaporator 115, the temperature 400 of main evaporator 115 fully is higher than the temperature 405 of storage tank 155, these storage tank 155 cold design temperature points (step 305) that are offset to.When wetting starting loading system 110 (step 310), energy Qsp 450 imposes on second evaporimeter 150 (step 315) in the time 452, thereby make liquid be pumped to main evaporator 115 (step 330), the temperature 400 of main evaporator 115 reduces, and reaches the temperature 405 of storage tank 155 410 o'clock time up to it.When system 100 works under the LHP pattern (step 340), energy Qin 460 imposed on main evaporator 115 462 o'clock time.As shown in the figure, the energy Qin 460 that inputs to main evaporator 115 keeps relatively low, simultaneously main evaporator 115 cools down.The

temperature

470 and 475 of also having represented second fluid circuit 160 and liquid line 125 among the figure respectively.After the time 410,

temperature

470 and 475 is followed the temperature of main evaporator 115.And, because between second evaporimeter 150 and storage tank 155 thermal communication, the temperature 415 of second evaporimeter 150 is tightly followed the temperature 405 of storage tank 155.

As mentioned above, in one embodiment, ethane can be as the fluid in the heat transfer system 105.Although the critical-temperature of ethane is 33 ℃, owing to top overall described reason, system can start under being 70 ℃ supercriticality when system temperature.Give second evaporimeter 150 because apply energy Qsp, so the temperature of condenser 120 and storage tank 155 reduces (between time 452 and 410) fast.Adjust heater and can be used for the temperature of storage tank 155 is controlled to be-10 ℃, so the temperature of condenser 120 is controlled to be-10 ℃.In order to start main evaporator 115 for 70 ℃ from supercritical temperature, the heat load or the energy that apply 10W input to second evaporimeter 150.In case main evaporator 115 starting filling inputs to the energy of second evaporimeter 150 and imposes on and energy by this adjustment heater can reduce from thermal source Qsp 151, so that the standard operation temperature that the temperature of system 100 is reduced to approximately-50 ℃.For example, in holotype, when the input energy Qin that applies 40W gave main evaporator 115, the energy Qsp that inputs to second evaporimeter 150 can be reduced to about 3W, worked down so that alleviate this 3W loss (as mentioned above) by heat condition at-45 ℃ simultaneously.As another example, main evaporator 115 can worked under the energy input from about 10W to about 40W, and the energy that imposes on second evaporimeter 150 is 5W, and the temperature 405 of storage tank 155 be about-45 ℃.

With reference to figure 5A and 5B, in one embodiment, main evaporator 115 is designed to three hole evaporimeters 500 (this three holes evaporimeter 500 is the design shown in Fig. 1).Usually, in three hole evaporimeters 500, liquid influent import 505 enters the core of being determined by the first imbibition core 540 510, and fluid flows to cold skew storage tank (for example storage tank 155) from core 510 by fluid issuing 512.Fluid and core 510 are packed in the container for example made of aluminum 515.Particularly, flow into fluid the cores 510 by in the bayonet tube 520 influent passages 521 from liquid-inlet 505, this fluid passage by and around bayonet tube 520.Fluid can flow through the second imbibition core 525 (for example second imbibition core 145 of evaporimeter 115) and the annular main line 535 of being made by wick material 530, and wick material 530 makes annular main line 535 separate with first steam channel 560.When the energy from thermal source Qin 116 imposes on evaporimeter 500, liquid enters the first imbibition core 540 and evaporation from core 510, thereby formation steam, this steam freely flows along second steam channel 565 that comprises one or more steam grooves 545, and outflow steam channel 550 enters vapor line 130.First steam channel, the 560 interior steam bubbles that are formed at core 510 are left core 510 by first steam channel 560, go forward side by side into fluid outlet 512.As mentioned above, when the aperture of the second imbibition core 525 when holding steam bubbles, the steam bubbles in first steam channel 560 can be passed through the second imbibition core 525.Also can select or in addition, the steam bubbles in first steam channel 560 can be by being formed at the opening of the second imbibition core 525 of any suitable location along the second imbibition core 525, so that enter fluid passage 521 or fluid issuing 512.

With reference to figure 6, in another embodiment, main evaporator 115 is designed to four hole evaporimeters 600, and it is in the design described in the U.S. Patent application No.09/896561 (applying date is 6/29/01).(focus on and the different aspect of three hole evaporation structures) that briefly liquid passes through fluid inlet 605 inflow evaporators 600, and flow through bayonet tube 610 and enter core 615.Liquid in core 615 enters the first imbibition core 620 and evaporation, thereby forms steam, and this steam freely flows along steam groove 625, and outflow vapor outlet port 630 enters vapor line 130.The second imbibition core 633 in core 615 makes the liquid of in-core separate with the steam or the bubble (producing this steam or bubble when the liquid in the core 615 heats) of in-core.Be loaded with the liquid effluent fluid outlet 640 of the bubble in the first-class circulation passage 635 that is formed in the second imbibition core 633, and the steam that forms or bubble flow out from vapor outlet port 645 in the steam channel 642 between the second imbibition core 633 and the first imbibition core 620.

Also with reference to figure 7, shown in the heat-transfer system 700, main evaporator is four hole evaporimeters 600.System 700 comprises one or more heat transfer systems 705 and a starting loading system 710, and this starting loading system 710 is used for the fluid in the heat transfer system 705 is transformed into liquid, so that starting filling heat transfer system 705.Four hole evaporimeters 600 are connected with one or more condensers 715 with fluid circuit 725 by vapor line 720.Starting loading system 710 comprises cold skew storage tank 730, and this storage tank 730 is connected and thermally coupled with starting filling evaporimeter 735 hydraulic pressure.

The design of heat-transfer system 100 is considered to comprise from supercriticality starting main evaporator 115, the leakage of control additional heat, is kept through the heat conduction of the first imbibition core 140, the cold skew and the pressure under environment temperature (this environment temperature is higher than the critical-temperature of the working fluid the heat transfer system 105) of cold storage tank 155.Consider that in order to adapt to these designs evaporimeter 115 or 150 body or container (for example container 515) can be made by extruding 6063 aluminium, and the first imbibition core 140 and/or 190 can be made by pore imbibition core.In one embodiment,

evaporimeter

115 or 150 external diameter are approximately 0.625 inch, and the length of container is about 6 inches.Storage tank 155 can utilize aluminium device 170 in parallel and the cold end face that is offset to radiator 165.And heater (for example kapton heater) can be installed in a side of storage tank 155.

In one embodiment, vapor line 130 is 3/16 by external diameter (OD) " the smooth wall stainless steel tube make, and the liquid line 125 and second fluid circuit 160 are 1/8 by OD " the smooth wall stainless steel tube make.Pipeline 125,130,160 can bend to snakelike route and gold-plated, so that reduce the additional heat gain.In addition, pipeline 125,130,160 can be packed into and be had in the stainless steel box of heater, so that simulate particular surroundings in test process.It is adiabatic that stainless steel box can utilize multilayer insulant (MLI), so that reduce the heat leak by the panel of radiator 165.

The condenser 122 and second fluid circuit 160 are that 0.25 inch pipe is made by OD in one embodiment.Pipe for example utilizes epoxy resin and is bonded on the panel of heat sink 165.Each panel of heat sink 165 is to use 8 * 19 inches direct condensation aluminium radiator of 1/16 inch thick panel.The Kapton heater can be installed on the panel of heat sink 165 and near condenser 120, so that prevent the unexpected freezing of working fluid.In the course of the work, temperature sensor (for example thermocouple) can be used to monitor the temperature of whole system 100.

Any situation when heat-transfer system 100 can be used for critical-temperature when the working fluid of heat transfer system 105 and is lower than the operating ambient temperature of system 100.Heat-transfer system 100 can be used in cooling needs subcooled element.

With reference to figure 8A-8D, heat-transfer system 100 can be used for small-sized cryogenic system 800.In this mini-system 800, pipeline 125,130,160 is made by flexible material, so that can form coil arrangement 805, this structure can be saved the space.Mini-system 800 can utilize the neon fluid and work down at-238 ℃.Input energy Qin 116 is about 0.3 to 2.5W.Mini-system 800 makes low temperature parts (or need subcooled thermal source) 816 and sub-cooled source (for example connecting into the subcolling condenser 810 of cooler condenser 120,122) thermally coupled.

When with common can heat conversion, the system of vibration isolation compares, mini-system 800 has reduced quality, has increased flexibility, and hot transfer capability is provided.Common can the heat conversion, vibrating isolation system needs two flexible heat conduction jockeys (FCL), cryogenic heat switch (CTSW) and heat conducting bar (CB), their form from the loop of low-temperature device to the heat transfer of sub-cooled source.In mini-system 800, because the number of me-chanical interface reduces, so hot property improves.Common can the heat conversion, in the vibrating isolation system, the heat condition at the me-chanical interface place accounts for the thermal enhancement of big percentage.Come replaced C B and two FCL by the low quality of the coil arrangement 805 that is used for mini-system 800, flexible light-wall pipe.

And mini-system 800 can be used in hot transmission range in a big way, and this makes that in this structure the position of cooling source (for example subcolling condenser 810) is away from low temperature parts 816.Coil arrangement 805 has than low quality and low surface area, thereby has reduced the additional heat gain by pipeline 125 and 160.The structure of the cooling source 810 in mini-system 800 is convenient to the integrated of system 800 and encapsulation, and has reduced the vibration of cooling source 810, and this is particular importance in the infrared ray sensor purposes.In one embodiment, mini-system 800 utilizes neon to test, and works under 25-40K.

With reference to figure 9A-9C, heat transfer system 100 can be used for regulating to be installed or gimbal-mounted system 1005, in this system 1005, the part of main evaporator 115 and pipeline 125,160 and 130 be mounted to can be in ± 45 ° scope around elevation axis 1020 rotations, a pipeline 125,160 and a part of 130 are mounted to and can rotate around azimuth axis 1025 ± 220 ° scope in.Pipeline 125,160,130 is formed by light-wall pipe, and around each rotating shaft coiling.System 1005 makes low temperature parts (or need subcooled thermal source) 1016 (for example telescopical sensors of low temperature) and sub-cooled source (for example connecting into the subcolling condenser 1010 of cooler condenser 120,122) thermally coupled.Cooling source 1010 is arranged in static spacecraft 1060, has therefore reduced the telescopical quality of low temperature.The required control of the required energy of the motor torsional moment that is used for control piper 125,160,130 rotation, system 1005, spacecraft 1060 and the sensing accuracy of sensor 1016 have been improved.Subcolling condenser 1010 and heat sink 165 can be removed from sensor 1016, thereby reduce the vibration in the sensor 1016.In one embodiment, when working fluid was nitrogen, test macro 1005 was so that work in the scope of 70-115K.

Heat transfer system 105 can be used for medical application, perhaps is used for equipment and must be cooled to the purposes that is lower than environment temperature.As another example, heat transfer system 105 can be used to cool off infrared ray (IR) sensor, and this infrared ray (IR) sensor is worked at low temperatures, so that reduce environmental noise.Heat transfer system 105 can be used to cool off automatic vending machine, and this automatic vending machine is equipped with usually and preferably is cooled to the article that are lower than environment temperature.Heat transfer system 105 for example can be used to cool off the display of computer (for example laptop computer, portable computer or desktop computer) or the parts of hard disk drive.Heat transfer system 105 can be used for the one or more parts of cooling at conveying arrangement (for example automobile or aircraft).

Other embodiment is also in below the scope of claim.For example, condenser 120 and heat sink 165 can be designed as total system, for example radiator.Equally, second condenser 122 and heat sink 165 can be formed by radiator.Heat sink 165 can be the subcolling condenser of passive heat sink (for example radiator) or active cooler condenser 120,122.

In another embodiment.The temperature of storage tank 155 utilizes heater to control.In going back an embodiment, storage tank 155 utilizes additional heat to heat.

In another embodiment, the coaxial rings of heat-insulating material forms and is arranged between the liquid line 125 and second fluid circuit 160, and this second fluid circuit 160 surrounds dead ring.

Evaporator designs

Evaporimeter is the global facility in the two-phase heat transfer system.For example, as shown in above-mentioned Fig. 5 A and 5B, evaporimeter 500 comprises evaporator body or container 515, and this evaporator body or container 515 contact with the first imbibition core 540 that surrounds core 510.Core 510 has been determined the flow channel of working fluid.The first imbibition core 540 is surrounded by a plurality of peripheral flow channel or steam groove 545 at its periphery.Conduit 545 is collected in the steam at the interface place between imbibition core 540 and the evaporator body 515.Conduit 545 contacts with vapor outlet port 550, and this vapor outlet port 550 is supplied with vapor lines, and this vapor line is supplied with condenser, thus the steam that can emptying in evaporimeter 115, forms.

Evaporimeter 500 and above-mentioned other evaporimeter have column geometry usually, and just, the core of evaporimeter forms cylindrical passageway, and working fluid is through this cylindrical passageway.The column geometry of evaporimeter help when generating surface be the cooling purposes of cylindricality when hollow.A lot of cooling purposes need outwards be conducted heat from the thermal source with flat surface.In these purposes, evaporimeter can be varied to and comprise flat heat conduction seat board, and this heat conduction seat board is complementary with the mesa region with thermal source of flat surface.Such design example is as introducing in U.S. Patent No. 6382309.

The column geometry of evaporimeter helps adapting to the thermodynamic limitation condition (just, minimum heat will leak in the storage tank) of LHP work.Crossing the LHP work limit condition that cold causes and to be used for normal balancing run owing to LHP.In addition, the column geometry of evaporimeter relatively easily make, transport, machining and processing.

But, as hereinafter described, evaporimeter can be designed to have flat shape, so that be installed in more naturally on the flat thermal source.

Planar in design

With reference to Figure 10, the evaporimeter 1000 that is used for heat transfer system comprises heated wall 1005, liquid baffle wall 1010, the first imbibition core 1015 between heated wall and liquid baffle wall 1010 inboards, steam removal conduit 1020 and liquid flow conduit 1025.

Heated wall 1005 closely contacts with the first imbibition core 1015.Liquid baffle wall 1010 is held working fluid in the inboard of flow liquid body baffle wall 1010, like this, and working fluid a flows inside along liquid baffle wall 1010.The big envelope of liquid baffle wall 1010 closed evaporimeters, and help the tissue and the fluid that shares out the work to pass through liquid flow conduit 1025.Steam is removed conduit 1020 and is located at the evaporating surface 1017 of the first imbibition core 1015 and the interface place between the heated wall 1005.Liquid flow conduit 1025 is between the liquid baffle wall 1010 and the first imbibition core 1015.

Heated wall 1005 is as the generating surface that is used for thermal source.Heated wall 1005 is made by Heat Conduction Material (for example metallic plate).Selection is used for the internal pressure that the material of heated wall 1005 can bear working fluid usually.

Steam is removed conduit 1020 and is designed to the flowed friction of balance conduit 1020 and passes through the heat conduction of heated wall 1005 in the first imbibition core 1015.Conduit 1020 can carry out electroetching, machining or be formed in the surface by other commonsense method arbitrarily.

Steam removal conduit 1020 is expressed as the groove in heated wall 1005 inboards.But, according to selected method for designing, steam is removed conduit and can be designed and locate with multitude of different ways.For example, according to other embodiment, it is to slot in the outer surface of the first imbibition core 1015 that steam is removed conduit 1020, perhaps embeds in the first imbibition core 1015, and like this, this steam is removed the surface underneath of conduit 1020 at the first imbibition core.The design alternative that steam is removed conduit 1020 is to make easier and easily, and approximate one or more following principles of following.

At first, the steam hydraulic diameter of removing conduit 1020 will be enough to the steam flow that produces on the evaporating surface 1017 that transports under the situation that does not have obvious pressure to fall at the first imbibition core 1015.The second, the contact surface between the heated wall 1005 and the first imbibition core 1015 should be maximum, so that conduct heat from the evaporating surface of thermal source to the first imbibition core 1015 effectively.The 3rd, the thickness 1030 of the heated wall 1005 that contacts with the first imbibition core 1015 should be minimum.When thickness 1030 increases, reduce in the lip-deep evaporation of the first imbibition core 1015, the steam of removing conduit 1020 by steam is carried also and is reduced.

Evaporimeter 1000 can be assembled by independent parts.Also can select, by the sintering first imbibition core 1015 is so that be formed on the conduit of imbibition core both sides on the spot between two walls of specific axle having, evaporimeter 1000 can be made for single parts.

The first imbibition core 1015 is provided with evaporating surface 1017, and with working fluid from 1025 pumpings of liquid flow conduit or supply with the evaporating surface of the first imbibition core 1015.

The size of the first imbibition core 1015 and design will be referred to a plurality of consideration situations.The thermal conductivity of the first imbibition core 1015 should be enough low, so that reduce the heat leak from evaporating surface 1017 to liquid flow conduit 1025 by the first imbibition core 1015.Heat leak also is subjected to the influence of the linear dimension of the first imbibition core 1015.Therefore, the linear dimension of the first imbibition core 1015 should suitablely be optimized, so that reduce heat leak.For example, the thickness 1019 that increases by the first imbibition core 1015 will reduce heat leak.But, increase thickness 1019 and may increase the flowed friction of the first imbibition core 1015 for working fluid stream.In work LHP design, the flowed friction of the working fluid that causes owing to the first imbibition core 1015 may be bigger, and the appropriate balance of these factors is also very important.

Drive or the power of the working fluid of pumping heat transfer system in the steam side of the first imbibition core and temperature or the pressure differential between the hydraulic fluid side.Pressure differential supported by the first imbibition core, and keeps this pressure differential by the thermal balance that suitable control enters working fluid.

Pass through the liquid return pipeline from the liquid of condenser Returning evaporimeter, and cold a little excessively.Cross the compensation of cold degree and leak to heat the storage tank by the heat leak of the first imbibition core with in the liquid return pipeline from the external world.The thermal balance of the cold maintenance storage tank of the mistake of liquid.But, also have other advantageous method to keep the thermal balance of storage tank.

A kind of method is organized heat exchange between storage tank and external environment.For the evaporimeter (for example being generally used for the evaporimeter of land purposes) of planar in design, heat transfer system is included on the storage tank and/or the heat exchange fin on the liquid baffle wall 1010 of evaporimeter 1000.It is cold excessively that the power of the free convection on these fins provides, and reduced at the condenser of heat transfer system and the stress on the storage tank.

The temperature of storage tank or the temperature difference support performance fluid between the evaporating surface 1017 of the storage tank and the first imbibition core 1015 are by the circulation of heat transfer system.Some heat transfer systems may need to add crosses cold.Even when the condenser total blockage, the amount that aequum also may can produce greater than condenser.

When design evaporimeter 1000, need to handle three variablees.At first, need to determine the tissue and the design of liquid flow conduit 1025.The second, need to consider the discharge of steam from liquid flow conduit 1025.The 3rd, evaporimeter 1000 should be designed to guarantee that liquid is full of liquid flow conduit 1025.These three variablees are interrelated, therefore should consider together and optimize, so that form effective heat transfer system.

As mentioned above, importantly between the pumpability of the heat of the hydraulic fluid side that leaks to evaporimeter and the first imbibition core, obtain suitable balance.This Balance Treatment can not be independent of the optimization of condenser (this condenser provided cold) carries out, because the heat leak that allows in the design of evaporimeter is big more, just needs to produce big more cold excessively in condenser.Condenser is long more, and the hydraulic slip in fluid circuit is just big more, and this may need to have the different imbibing core material material of better pumpability.

In when work, when applying when giving evaporimeter 1000 from the energy of thermal source, liquid enters the first imbibition core 1015 and evaporation from liquid flow conduit 1025, thereby forms steam, and this steam is freely removed conduit 1020 along steam and flowed.The liquid of inflow evaporator 1000 is provided by liquid flow conduit 1025.Liquid flow conduit 1025 is supplied with enough liquid to the first imbibition core 1015, so that replace the steam side evaporated liquid at the first imbibition core 1015, and replaces the hydraulic fluid side evaporated liquid at the first imbibition core 1015.

Evaporimeter 1000 can comprise the second imbibition core 1040, and this second imbibition core 1040 provides the processing mutually in the hydraulic fluid side of evaporimeter 1000, and supports to supply with (as mentioned above) with critical mode of operation to the first imbibition core 1015.The second imbibition core 1040 is formed between the liquid flow conduit 1025 and the first imbibition core 1015.The second imbibition core can be mesh screen (as shown in figure 10), or advanced and complicated main line, perhaps is chunk wicking structure.In addition, evaporimeter 1000 can be included in the steam discharge conduit 1045 at the interface place between the first imbibition core 1015 and the second imbibition core 1040.

Heat by 1015 conduction of the first imbibition core may make working fluid in the position of mistake start vaporizer (in the hydraulic fluid side near liquid flow conduit 1025 or the evaporimeter 1000 in this liquid flow conduit 1025).Steam is removed conduit 1045 undesirable steam outwards is delivered in the two-phase storage tank from the imbibition core.

The pore structure of the first imbibition core 1015 can produce tangible flow resistance to liquid.Therefore, importantly optimize number, geometry and the design of liquid flow conduit 1025.The target of this optimization is to support evenly or the approximate supply evaporating surface 1017 that equably fluid flowed.And when the thickness 1019 of the first imbibition core 1015 reduced, liquid flow conduit 1025 can be spaced apart further.

Evaporimeter 1000 may need sufficient steam pressure so that work by particular job fluid in the evaporimeter 1000.The working fluid that use has high steam pressure may cause several problems, wherein has the pressure of evaporimeter big envelope to keep.Solving pressure keeps the commonsense method (for example thickening the wall of evaporimeter) of problem always ineffective.For example, in the planar shaped evaporimeter with big flat area, the wall very thick temperature difference that will make that becomes increases, and the thermal conductivity of evaporimeter reduces.In addition, even, also can cause the contact loss between the wall and the first imbibition core owing to pressure keeps making wall produce trickle deflection.Such contact loss influence is by the heat transfer of evaporimeter.And the small deflection of wall will to evaporimeter and thermal source and and arbitrarily the interface between the external refrigeration equipment cause difficulty.

Annular design

With reference to figure 10-13, annular evaporator 1100 forms by rolling planar shaped evaporimeter 1000 effectively, and like this, the first imbibition core, 1015 loopbacks self also form annular shape.Evaporimeter 1100 can be used for the purposes when thermal source has the cylindricality exterior contour, perhaps is used for the purposes when thermal source forms cylindricality.Annular shape has made up the intensity and the crooked interface surface in order to contact with cylindrical heat source best of the cylinder that is used for the pressure maintenance.

Evaporimeter 1100 comprises heated wall 1105, liquid baffle wall 1110, the first imbibition core 1115 between heated wall 1105 and liquid baffle wall 1110 inboards, steam removal conduit 1120 and liquid flow conduit 1125.Liquid baffle wall 1110 is coaxial with the first imbibition core 1115 and heated wall 1105.

Heated wall 1105 closely contacts with the first imbibition core 1115.Liquid baffle wall 1110 is held working fluid in the inboard of this liquid baffle wall 1110, like this, and working fluid a flows inside along liquid baffle wall 1110.The big envelope of liquid baffle wall 1110 closed evaporimeters, and help the tissue and the fluid that shares out the work to pass through liquid flow conduit 1125.

Steam is removed conduit 1120 and is located at the evaporating surface 1117 of the first imbibition core 1115 and the interface place between the heated wall 1105.Liquid flow conduit 1125 is between the liquid baffle wall 1110 and the first imbibition core 1115.Heated wall 1105 is as generating surface, and the steam that produces on this surface is removed conduit 1120 by steam and removed.

The first imbibition core 1115 fills the volume between the liquid baffle wall 1110 of heated wall 1105 and evaporimeter 1100, so that reliable recurvation liquid surface evaporation is provided.

Evaporimeter 1100 can also be equipped with heat exchange fin 1150, and this heat exchange fin 1150 contacts with liquid baffle wall 1110, so that cold skew liquid baffle wall 1110.Liquid flow conduit 1125 receives liquid from liquid-inlet 1155, and steam removal conduit 1120 stretches to vapor outlet port 1160 and makes steam lead to vapor outlet port 1160.

Evaporimeter 1100 can be used to comprise the heat transfer system near the annular storage tank 1165 of the first imbibition core 1115.Storage tank 1165 can the cold skew by the heat exchange fin 1150 that crosses these storage tank 1165 extensions.The cold skew of storage tank 1165 can utilize whole condenser zone, and need not produce cold at the condenser place.To compensate by the first imbibition core 1115 by the too much cooling that storage tank 1165 and evaporimeter 1100 cold skews are provided and to leak to additional heat in the hydraulic fluid side of evaporimeter 1100.

In another embodiment, evaporator designs can change, and vaporising device can be arranged on the periphery, and the liquid return mechanism can be arranged on week.

The annular shape of evaporimeter 1100 can provide one or more following or attendant advantages.At first, the problem of pressure maintenance can reduce in annular evaporator 1100 or eliminate.The second, the first imbibition core 1115 may not need at inner sintering, therefore the greater room of the more somewhat complex design of the steam side that is used for the first imbibition core 1115 and hydraulic fluid side is provided.

Also with reference to figure 14A-H, annular evaporator 1400 has been expressed as liquid-inlet 1455 and vapor outlet port 1460.Annular evaporator 1400 comprises heated wall 1700 (Figure 14 G, 14H and 17A-D), liquid baffle wall 1500 (Figure 14 G, 14H, 15A and 15B), the first imbibition core 1600 (Figure 14 G, 14H and 16A-D) between heated wall 1700 and liquid baffle wall 1500 inboards, steam removal conduit 1465 (Figure 14 H) and liquid flow conduit 1505 (Figure 14 H and 15B).Annular evaporator 1400 also comprises: ring 1800 (Figure 14 G and 18A-D), and this ring 1800 guarantees the interval between heated wall 1700 and liquid baffle wall 1500; And encircle 1900 (Figure 14 G, 14H and 19A-D), and this ring 1900 is in the bottom of evaporimeter 1400, and this ring 1900 provides the supporting that is used for the liquid baffle wall 1500 and the first imbibition core 1600.Heated wall 1700, liquid baffle wall 1500, ring 1800, ring 1900 and imbibition core 1600 are preferably formed by stainless steel.

The top of evaporimeter 1400 (just on imbibition core 1600) comprises allowance for expansion 1470 (Figure 14 H).The liquid flow conduit 1505 that is formed in the liquid baffle wall 1500 is supplied with by liquid-inlet 1455.Imbibition core 1600 makes liquid flow conduit 1505 and steam removal conduit 1465 separate, and this steam is removed conduit 1465 and led to vapor outlet port 1460 by the steam endless belt 1475 (Figure 14 H) that is formed in the ring 1900.Steam conduit 1465 can photoetch to the surface of heated wall 1700.

Evaporimeter described here just can be worked in any combination of material, size and structure as long as realize above-mentioned feature.Except criterion described here, there is not other restrictive condition; Evaporimeter can be made for arbitrary shape, size and material.Only design restriction is to use the material can be compatible with each other, and the selection of working fluid will consider structural limitations, corrosivity, non-condensable gases generation and service life problem.

Multiple land purposes can be equipped with the LHP with annular evaporator 1100.The location of annular evaporator in gravitational field is scheduled to by the shape of application characteristic and hot surface.

The cycle heat exchange system

The cycle heat exchange system can be made of one or more heat transfer systems, so that be controlled at the temperature of certain location of heat-exchange system.The cycle heat exchange system can be any system that utilizes thermodynamic cycle to work, for example cycle heat exchange system, Stirling heat-exchange system (being also referred to as Stirling engine) or air-conditioning system.

With reference to Figure 20, Stirling heat-exchange system 2000 utilizes known type, environmentally friendly and kind of refrigeration cycle efficiently.Stirling system 2000 works by four repetitive operations by guiding working fluid (for example helium); Just, the isothermal heating operation, etc. put heat operation, isothermal exothermic operation and etc. hold heating operation.

Stirling system 2000 is designed to free piston stirling cooler (FPSC), for example Global Cooling module M100B (by Global Cooling Manufacturing, 94N.Columbus Rd., Athens, Ohio can obtain).FPSC 2000 comprises the linear motor part 2005 of holding the linear motor (not shown) that receives AC electricity input 2010.FPSC 2000 comprises hot receiver 2015, generator 2020 and radiator 2025.FPSC 2000 comprises balance weight 2030, and the body of the linear motor in this balance weight 2030 and the linear motor part 2005 is connected, so that absorb vibration in the course of work of FPSC.FPSC 2000 also comprises charging hole 2035.FPSC 2000 comprises internal part, for example at the parts shown in the FPSC 2100 of Figure 21.

FPSC 2100 comprises the linear motor 2105 in the linear motor part 2110 of packing into.Linear motor part 2110 is equipped with piston 2115, and an end of this piston 2115 is connected with flat spring 2120, and the other end is connected with displacer 2125.Converter 2125 is connected with compression stroke 2135 with the expansion space 2130 that forms cold side and hot side respectively.Hot receiver 2015 is installed on the cold side 2130, and radiator is installed on the hot side 2135.FPSC 2100 also comprises balance weight 2140, and this balance weight 2140 is connected with linear motor part 2110, so that absorb vibration in the course of work of FPSC 2100.

Also with reference to Figure 22, in one embodiment, FPSC 2200 comprises the radiator of being made by copper sleeve 2205 and can be the hot receiver 2210 of copper sleeve.The external diameter of radiator 2205 (OD) is about 100mm, and width is about 53mm, can produce 6W/cm so that provide when working in 20-70 ℃ temperature range ²The 166cm of hot-fluid ²Heat delivery surface.The OD of hot receiver 2210 is about 100mm, and width is about 37mm, so that be provided at-can produce 5.2W/cm in the temperature range of 30-5 ℃ ²The 115cm of hot-fluid ²Hot joining is received the surface.

Briefly, when work, FPSC is full of cooling agent (for example helium), and this cooling agent is the commute motion by the aggregate motion of piston and displacer.In idealized system, when cooling agent was compressed by piston, heat energy was expelled in the environment by radiator, and when cooling agent expanded, heat energy took out from environment by hot receiver.

With reference to Figure 23, thermodynamic system 2300 comprises for example the cycle heat exchange system and the heat transfer system 2310 of cycle heat exchange system 2305 (for example system 2000,2100,2200), a part 2315 thermally coupleds of this heat transfer system 2310 and cycle heat exchange system 2305.Cycle heat exchange system 2305 is a cylindricality, and heat transfer system 2310 forms the part 2315 around cycle heat exchange system 2305, so that discharge heat from part 2315.In this embodiment, part 2315 is hot sides (radiator just) of cycle heat exchange system 2305.Thermodynamic system 2300 also comprises fan 2320, and this fan 2320 is positioned at the hot side of cycle heat exchange system 2305, so that force air to cross the condenser of heat transfer system 2310, and therefore provides additional convection current cooling.

The CO of cold side 2335 of cycle heat exchange system 2305 (hot receiver just) and thermal siphon 2345 ₂Return channel 2340 thermally coupleds.Thermal siphon 2345 comprises cold side heat exchanger 2350, and this cold side heat exchanger 2350 is used for cooling off the air in thermodynamic system 2300, and this air is forced to cross heat exchanger 2350 by fan 2355.

With reference to Figure 24, in another embodiment, thermodynamic system 2400 comprises for example the cycle heat exchange system and the heat transfer system 2410 of cycle heat exchange system 2405 (for example system 2000,2100,2200), hot side 2415 thermally coupleds of this heat transfer system 2410 and cycle heat exchange system 2405.Thermodynamic system 2400 comprises heat transfer system 2420, cold side 2425 thermally coupleds of this heat transfer system 2420 and cycle heat exchange system 2405.Thermodynamic system 2400 also comprises fan 2430,2435.Fan 2430 is positioned at hot side 2415 places, so that force air to pass through the condenser of heat transfer system 2410.Fan 2435 is positioned at cold side 2425 places, so that force air to pass through the condenser of heat transfer system 2420.

With reference to Figure 25, in one embodiment, thermodynamic system 2500 comprises heat transfer system 2505, and this heat transfer system 2505 is connected with cycle heat exchange system (for example cycle heat exchange system 2510).Heat transfer system 2505 is used for the hot side 2515 of cool cycles heat-exchange system 2510.Heat transfer system 2505 comprises: annular evaporator 2520, and this annular evaporator 2520 comprises allowance for expansion (or storage tank) 2525; Liquid return pipeline 2530, this liquid return pipeline 2530 provide fluid to be communicated with between the liquid-inlet of the liquid outlet 2535 of condenser 2540 and evaporimeter 2520.Heat transfer system 2505 also comprises vapor line 2545, and this vapor line 2545 provides fluid to be communicated with between the steam-gas inlet 2550 of the vapor outlet port of evaporimeter 2520 and condenser 2540.

Condenser 2540 is made of the smooth wall pipe, and is equipped with heat exchange fin 2555 or fin, so that the heat exchange in the reinforced pipe outside.

Evaporimeter 2520 comprises the first imbibition core 2560, and this first imbibition core 2560 is clipped between heated wall 2565 and the liquid baffle wall 2570, and separating liquid and steam.The heat exchange fin 2575 that liquid baffle wall 2570 forms by the outer surface along wall 2565 and cold skew.Heat exchange fin 2575 makes that the whole liquid side of storage tank 2525 and evaporimeter 2520 is cold excessively.The heat exchange fin 2575 of evaporimeter 2520 can separate design with the heat exchange fin 2555 of condenser 2540.

Liquid return pipeline 2530 stretches into the storage tank 2525 that is arranged in above the first imbibition core 2560, and all enters in the storage tank 2525 from the steam bubbles (if any) of liquid return pipeline 2530 and steam removal conduit (at the interface place of the first imbibition core 2560 and heated wall 2565).The common working fluid that is used for heat transfer system 2505 includes but is not limited to methyl alcohol, butane, CO ₂, propylene and ammonia.

Evaporimeter 2520 is installed on the hot side 2515 of cycle heat exchange system 2510.In one embodiment, this is installed as one, because evaporimeter 2520 is integral parts of cycle heat exchange system 2510.In another embodiment, installation can not be an one, because evaporimeter 2520 can be clipped on the outer surface of hot side 2510.Heat transfer system 2505 cools off by the forced convertion heat sink, and this forced convertion heat sink can be provided by simple fan 2580.Also can select, heat transfer system 2505 cools off by nature or ventilating convection.

At first, the working fluid of liquid phase is collected in the bottom of evaporimeter 2520, liquid return pipeline 2530 and condenser 2540.The first imbibition core 2560 is because capillary force and wetting.When heating (for example opening cycle heat exchange system 2510), the first imbibition core 2560 begins to produce steam, and the steam of this steam by evaporimeter 2520 removed conduit (steam that is similar to evaporimeter 1100 is removed conduit 1120), the vapor outlet port by evaporimeter 2520 and entered vapor line 2545.

Then, steam enters condenser 2540 and on the top of condenser 2540.Condenser 2540 is condensed into liquid with steam, and liquid is collected in the bottom of condenser 2540.Owing to the pressure differential between storage tank 2525 and condenser 2540 bottoms liquid is pushed in the storage tank 2525.Liquid enters the liquid flow conduit of evaporimeter 2520 from storage tank 2525.The liquid flow conduit of evaporimeter 2520 is set to be similar to the conduit 1125 of evaporimeter 1100, and is suitably dimensioned and the location, so that be provided for the enough replacement liquid of evaporated liquid.The capillarity pressure that is produced by the first imbibition core 2560 is enough to bear whole LHP pressure and falls, and prevents that steam bubbles from passing the first imbibition core 2560 and moving towards the liquid flow conduit.

When above-mentioned cold skew was enough to compensate the increase heat leak of crossing the first imbibition core 2560 (this increase heat leak produces owing to the surface area of the heat exchange surface of endless belt increases with respect to the surface area of liquid flow conduit), the liquid flow conduit of evaporimeter 2520 can be replaced by simple endless belt.

With reference to figure 26-28, heat transfer system 2600 comprises evaporimeter 2605 that is connected with cycle heat exchange system 2610 and the allowance for expansion 2615 that is connected with this evaporimeter 2605.The steam conduit of evaporimeter 2605 is supplied with vapor line 2620, and this vapor line 2620 is supplied with a series of conduits 2625 of condenser 2630.Being collected in liquid from the condensed fluid of condenser 2630 returns in the conduit 2635.Heat transfer system 2600 also comprises fin 2640, this fin 2640 and condenser 2630 thermally coupleds.

Evaporimeter 2605 comprises heated wall 2700, liquid baffle wall 2705, the first imbibition core 2710 between this heated wall 2700 and liquid baffle wall 2705 inboards, steam removal conduit 2715 and liquid flow conduit 2720.Liquid baffle wall 2705 is coaxial with the first imbibition core 2710 and heated wall 2700.Liquid flow conduit 2720 returns conduit 2725 by liquid and supplies with, and steam is removed in the conduit 2715 supply vapor outlet port 2730.

Heated wall 2700 closely contacts with the first imbibition core 2710.Liquid baffle wall 2705 is held working fluid in the inboard of this liquid baffle wall 2705, therefore, and working fluid a flows inside along liquid baffle wall 2705.The big envelope of liquid baffle wall 2705 closed evaporimeters, and help the tissue and the fluid that shares out the work to pass through liquid flow conduit 2720.

In one embodiment, the height of evaporimeter 2605 is about 2 ", and the height of allowance for expansion 2615 is about 1 ".Evaporimeter 2605 and allowance for expansion 2615 twines the " part of external diameter that has 4 of cycle heat exchange systems 2610.The radius of vapor line 2620 is 1/8 ".Cycle heat exchange system 2610 comprises about 58 condenser conduits 2625, and the length of each condenser conduit 2625 is 2 ", radius is 0.012 ", launch conduit 2625, like this, the width of condenser 2630 is about 40 ".The radius that liquid returns conduit 2725 is 1/16 ".The cylindricality heat exchanger that the length of heat exchanger 2800 (comprising condenser 2630 and fin 2640) is about 40 ", and be wound in inside and outside loop (seeing Figure 30,33 and 34), be about 8 so that produce external diameter ".The cross-sectional width 2750 of evaporimeter 2605 is about 1/8 ", this cross-sectional width is determined by heated wall 2700 and liquid baffle wall 2705.The width that steam is removed conduit 2715 is about 0.020 ", the degree of depth is about 0.020 ", and be separated from each other about 0.020 ", so that produce 25 conduits of per inch.

As mentioned above, described part (for example part 2315) thermally coupled of heat transfer system (for example system 2310) and cycle heat exchange system.Thermally coupled between heat transfer system and this part can form by any suitable method.In one embodiment, when the hot side of the evaporimeter of heat transfer system and cycle heat exchange system is carried out thermally coupled, evaporimeter can around with contact hot side, and can realize thermally coupled by the hot grease compound that between hot side and evaporimeter, applies.In another embodiment, when the hot side of the evaporimeter of heat transfer system and cycle heat exchange system was carried out thermally coupled, by directly form the steam conduit in the hot side of cycle heat exchange system, evaporimeter can constitute one with the hot side of cycle heat exchange system.

With reference to figure 30-32, heat transfer system 3000 is installed around cycle heat exchange system 3005.Heat transfer system 3000 comprises the condenser 3010 around evaporimeter 3015.The working fluid that has evaporated leaves evaporimeter 3015 by the vapor outlet port 3020 that is connected with condenser 3010.Condenser 3010 carry out around, and be in self inside doubling at joint 3025.

Cycle heat exchange system 3005 is by the heat delivery surface 3100 of evaporimeter 3015 around this cycle heat exchange system 3005.Evaporimeter 3015 closely contacts with heat delivery surface 3100.Cooling assembly (this cooling assembly is the combination of cycle heat exchange system 3005 and heat transfer system 3000) is installed in the pipe 3205, and fan 3210 is installed in the end of pipe 3205, so that force air to lead to exhaust duct 3035 by the fin 3030 of condenser 3010.

Evaporimeter 3015 has imbibition core 3215, and in this imbibition core 3215, working fluid absorbs heat from heat delivery surface 3100, and becomes steam from liquid phase-change.Heat transfer system 3000 is included in the storage tank 3220 at evaporimeter 3015 tops, and this storage tank 3220 provides allowance for expansion.In order to simplify, evaporimeter 3015 is expressed as shaded block in the figure, does not represent inner details.This inside details will be introduced in other parts of this specification.

The working fluid of evaporation leaves evaporimeter 3015 by vapor outlet port 3020, and enters the vapor line 3040 of condenser 3010.Working fluid flow to liquid return pipeline 3050 downwards from vapor line 3040 by the conduit 3045 of condenser 3010.When working fluid flow through the conduit 3045 of condenser 3010, this working fluid was by fin 3030 and to the air loss heat that passes through between the fin, so that become liquid from vapor phase.The air of the fin 3030 of process condenser 3010 flows out by exhaust duct 3035.Liquefied working fluid (and some possible uncooled steams) flows back into the evaporimeter 3015 from liquid return pipeline 3050 by liquid return aperture 3055.

With reference to Figure 33 and 34, the part that heat-transfer system 3300 is surrounded cycle heat exchange system 3302, this heat-transfer system 3300 are surrounded by exhaust duct 3305 again.Heat-transfer system 3300 comprises evaporimeter 3310, and the top of this evaporimeter 3310 surrounds cycle heat exchange system 3302.Steam hole 3315 makes evaporimeter 3310 be connected with the vapor line 3312 of condenser 3320.Vapor line 3312 comprises the perimeter, and this perimeter is around evaporimeter 3310, and in the oneself of joint 3325 places doubling, so that form interior zone, this interior zone is in the opposite direction back around evaporimeter 3310 then.Heat-transfer system 3300 also is included in the cooling fins 3330 on the condenser 3320.

Heat-transfer system 3300 also comprises liquid return aperture 3400, and this liquid return aperture 3400 provides and has been used to make the path of the working fluid of condensation from liquid line 3405 Returning evaporimeters 3310 of condenser 3320.

As mentioned above, the interface between the heat delivery surface of evaporimeter 3310 and cycle heat exchange system 3302 can be according to a kind of realization the in the plurality of optional embodiment.

With reference to Figure 35, in one embodiment, evaporimeter 3500 slides on the heat delivery surface 3502 of cycle heat exchange system 3505.Evaporimeter 3500 comprises heated wall 3510, liquid baffle wall 3515 and is clipped in imbibition core 3520 between this wall 3510 and 3515.Briefly, imbibition core 3520 is equipped with steam conduit 3525, and liquid flow conduit 3530 is formed on the liquid baffle wall 3515.

Evaporimeter 3500 slides on cycle heat exchange system 3050, and can be held in place by using clip 3600 (shown in Figure 36).In order to help to conduct heat, thermally conductive grease 3535 is arranged between the heated wall 3510 of cycle heat exchange system 3050 and evaporimeter 3500.In optional embodiment, steam conduit 3525 is formed in the heated wall 3510, rather than in the imbibition core 3520.

With reference to Figure 37, in another embodiment, evaporimeter 3700 is sleeved on the heat delivery surface 3702 of cycle heat exchange system 3705 by interference fit.Evaporimeter 3700 comprises heated wall 3710, liquid baffle wall 3715 and is clipped in imbibition core between wall 3710 and 3715.Evaporimeter 3700 is sized to carry out interference fit with the heat delivery surface 3702 of cycle heat exchange system 3705.

Heating fumigators 3700, thus its internal diameter is expanded, so that can on the heat delivery surface 3702 of not heating, slide.It shrinks when evaporimeter 3700 coolings, so that be fixed in the cycle heat exchange system 3705 with the relation of interference fit.Because closely cooperate, therefore do not need thermally conductive grease to strengthen heat transfer.Imbibition core 3720 is equipped with steam conduit 3725.In optional embodiment, the steam channel shaped is formed in the heated wall 3710, rather than is formed in the imbibition core 3720.Briefly, liquid flow conduit 3730 is formed in the liquid baffle wall 3715.

With reference to Figure 38, in another embodiment, evaporimeter 3800 is sleeved on above the heat delivery surface 3802 of cycle heat exchange system 3805, and at this moment the aforementioned means in evaporimeter 3800 is integrally formed in heat delivery surface 3802.Particularly, evaporimeter 3800 and heat delivery surface 3802 constitute black box together.Heat delivery surface 3802 is varied to has steam conduit 3825; Like this, heat delivery surface 3802 is as the heated wall of evaporimeter 3800.

Evaporimeter 3800 comprises imbibition core 3820 and the liquid baffle wall 3815 around the heat delivery surface 3802 that is formed at variation, and this imbibition core 3820 and liquid baffle wall 3815 are integral and are bonded on the heat delivery surface 3802, so that form sealing evaporimeter 3800.Liquid flow conduit 3830 will be described with simple form.Like this, form combined-circulation heat-exchange system with whole evaporimeter.Compare with press-fitting structure with clamp structure, because the thermal resistance between the imbibition core of cycle heat exchange system and evaporimeter reduces, so into a single integrated structure hot property that improved.

With reference to Figure 29,

curve

2900 and 2905 has been represented will be by maximum temperature and the relation between the surface area of wanting the interface between the cooling segment of heat transfer system and cycle heat exchange system on the surface of the part of the cycle heat exchange system of heat transfer system cooling.Maximum temperature has been represented the exothermic maximum amount.In curve 2900, the interface between described part and heat transfer system is realized by the thermally conductive grease compound.In curve 2905, heat transfer system and this part form one.

As shown in the figure, under the air-flow of 300CFM, when interface is the hot grease interface, maximum thermal discharge will drop on and have heat exchange surface area 2910 (100ft for example ²) exothermic maximum surface temperature 2907 (for example 70 ℃) in.When by making in heat delivery surface when directly forming the steam conduit and making that evaporimeter constitutes one with this part, this heat delivery surface will be under the obvious littler situation of heat exchange surface area be worked with the temperature of the exothermic maximum surface temperature that is lower than the hot grease interface.

With reference to Figure 39, condenser 3900 is formed with fin 3905, and this fin 3905 provides the thermal communication between the vapor line 3910 of air or environment and condenser 3900.Vapor line 3910 is connected with vapor outlet port 3915, and this vapor outlet port 3915 is connected with the evaporimeter 3920 that is positioned at condenser 3900.

With reference to figure 40-43, in one embodiment, condenser 3900 carries out stacked, and is formed with the flat 4000 that passes condenser 3900 and the flow channel of extending between vapor header 3925 and liquid collectors 3930.Copper is to be applicable to the material of making stacked condenser.The condenser 3900 of stepped construction comprises pedestal 4200, and this pedestal 4200 has the fluid flow channels road 4205 (being represented by dotted lines) that is formed at wherein, and top layer 4210 is bonded on the pedestal 4200, so that cover and fluid-encapsulated flow channel 4205.Fluid flow channels road 4205 is designed to be formed in the pedestal 4200 and is sealed in groove below the top layer 4210.The groove that is used for fluid flow channels road 4205 can form by chemical etching, chemical etching, machining or discharge machining process.

With reference to Figure 44 and 45, in another embodiment, condenser 3900 carries out extrusion process, and the flat 4405 that less flow channel 4400 is passed condenser 3900 extends.Aluminium is the suitable material that is applicable to this extruding condenser.The trickle conduit flat 4405 of extruding extends between vapor header 4410 and liquid collectors 4415.And corrugated fin body 4420 is bonded at the both sides of (for example brazing or use epoxy resin bonding) flat 4405.

With reference to Figure 46, represented the cutaway view of the side that heat transfer system 4600 is connected with cycle heat exchange system 4605 among the figure.The figure shows the relative size of the special close package that is used for heat transfer system.In the figure, fin 4610 is expressed as the position and differs 90 degree, so that illustrate easily.For the heat delivery surface 4615 of the cycle heat exchange system 4605 of cooling off 4 inch diameters, the thickness of evaporimeter 4620 is 0.25 inch, and the radial thickness of condenser is 1.75 inches.This provides the overall size that is used for packing (combination of the cycle heat exchange system 4605 of heat transfer system 4600 and 8 inches).

As mentioned above, the evaporimeter that is used for heat transfer system is equipped with the imbibition core.Because the imbibition core is used for the evaporimeter of heat transfer system, so condenser can be positioned at the optional position with respect to evaporimeter with respect to gravity.For example, condenser can be positioned at above the evaporimeter below (with respect to gravitational attraction), the evaporimeter (with respect to gravitational attraction) or near evaporimeter, therefore stand identical gravitational attraction with evaporimeter.

Should be known in and in above-mentioned several embodiments, introduced term Stirling engine, Stirling heat-exchange system and free piston stirling cooler.But, also can be used for the engine that other can be changed for described feature of these embodiments and principle between mechanical energy and heat energy.

And above-mentioned feature and principle can be used for any hot machine, and this hot machine is the thermodynamic system that can experience circulation (just finally returning a series of transformations of its original state).But if the inverse time all of the each transformation in circulation, then this circulation is reversible, conduct heat and carry out in opposite direction, and the amount of institute's work is with conversion symbol.The simplest Reversible Cycle is Carnot cycle, and this Carnot cycle and two thermals source carry out heat exchange.

Claims

1. the heat transfer system of a cycle heat exchange system that is used to utilize thermodynamic cycle and works, this heat transfer system comprises:

Evaporimeter, this evaporimeter comprise and are used for wall that is connected with the part of cycle heat exchange system and the first imbibition core that is connected with this wall; And

Condenser, this condenser is connected with described evaporimeter, so that form the closed loop that holds working fluid.

2. heat transfer system according to claim 1, wherein: condenser comprises that steam-gas inlet and liquid outlet and evaporimeter have vapor outlet port and liquid-inlet;

Also comprise:

Vapor line, this vapor line provide fluid to be communicated with between vapor outlet port and steam-gas inlet; And

Liquid return pipeline, this liquid return pipeline provide fluid to be communicated with between liquid outlet and liquid-inlet.

3. heat transfer system according to claim 2, wherein, this evaporimeter comprises:

The liquid baffle wall, this liquid baffle wall is held working fluid in its inboard, and only along the flows inside of this liquid baffle wall, wherein, the described first imbibition core is between described wall and this liquid baffle wall inboard for this working fluid;

Steam is removed conduit, and this steam is removed the interface place of conduit between described first imbibition core and described wall, and this steam is removed conduit and extended to a vapor outlet port; And

Liquid flow conduit, this liquid flow conduit are between described liquid baffle wall and the described first imbibition core, and this liquid flow conduit receives the liquid from a liquid-inlet.

4. heat transfer system according to claim 1, wherein: working fluid moves by heat transfer system passively.

5. heat transfer system according to claim 4, wherein: working fluid moves by described heat transfer system under the situation of not using outside pumping.

6. heat transfer system according to claim 2, wherein: when working fluid circulated in through one or more in described evaporimeter, condenser, vapor line and the liquid return pipeline or one or more in described evaporimeter, condenser, vapor line and liquid return pipeline, the working fluid in described heat transfer system changed between liquid and steam.

7. heat transfer system according to claim 1, wherein: evaporimeter has annular shape, and around the described part of cycle heat exchange system.

8. heat transfer system according to claim 1, wherein: working fluid utilizes the imbibition core and moves by described heat transfer system.

9. heat transfer system according to claim 1 also comprises: fin, this fin and described condenser thermally coupled are so that to the external environment heat release.

10. heat transfer system according to claim 1, wherein: described cycle heat exchange system is hot machine.

11. heat transfer system according to claim 1, wherein: described cycle heat exchange system stands the system of Carnot cycle.

12. heat transfer system according to claim 1, wherein: described cycle heat exchange system is the system that comprises the conversion between mechanical energy and the heat energy.

13. a thermodynamic system comprises:

The cycle heat exchange system that utilizes thermodynamic cycle and work; And

Heat transfer system, this heat transfer system is connected with the cycle heat exchange system, so that the part of cool cycles heat-exchange system, this heat transfer system comprises:

Evaporimeter, this evaporimeter comprise and are used for a wall that is connected with the part of cycle heat exchange system and the first imbibition core that is connected with this wall; And

14. thermodynamic system according to claim 13, wherein: described evaporimeter and described cycle heat exchange system are integral.

15. thermodynamic system according to claim 13, wherein: described evaporimeter is connected with the described portion of hot of described cycle heat exchange system.

16. thermodynamic system according to claim 13, wherein: described cycle heat exchange system comprises the Stirling heat-exchange system.

17. thermodynamic system according to claim 13, wherein: described cycle heat exchange system comprises refrigeration system.

18. thermodynamic system according to claim 13, wherein: described heat transfer system is connected with the hot side of described cycle heat exchange system.

19. thermodynamic system according to claim 13, wherein: described heat transfer system is connected with the cold side of described cycle heat exchange system.

20. thermodynamic system according to claim 13, wherein: described cycle heat exchange system is hot machine.

21. thermodynamic system according to claim 13, wherein: described cycle heat exchange system stands the system of Carnot cycle.

22. thermodynamic system according to claim 13, wherein: described cycle heat exchange system is the system that comprises the conversion between mechanical energy and the heat energy.

23. a method of temperature that is used to control a zone of cycle heat exchange system, this method comprises:

The wall of evaporimeter is connected to the cycle heat exchange system so that the part of cool cycles heat-exchange system;

Condenser is connected to evaporimeter so that form a closed loop, is used to hold working fluid and is used for conducting heat from the described part of cycle heat exchange system.

24. method according to claim 23 also comprises:

Between the steam-gas inlet of the vapor outlet port of evaporimeter and condenser, provide fluid to be communicated with by vapor line; And

Between the liquid-inlet of the liquid outlet of condenser and evaporimeter, provide fluid to be communicated with by the liquid return pipeline.

25. method according to claim 24 also comprises:

Inboard in the liquid baffle wall of evaporimeter holds working fluid, so that make this working fluid only along the flows inside of this liquid baffle wall;

The first imbibition core is placed between the inboard of described wall and this liquid baffle wall;

Interface place between described first imbibition core and described wall forms steam removal conduit and extends to vapor outlet port so that this steam is removed conduit;

Between described liquid baffle wall and the described first imbibition core, form the liquid flow conduit so that make this liquid flow conduit receive liquid from liquid-inlet.

26. method according to claim 23 also comprises: working fluid is moved by heat transfer system passively.

27. method according to claim 23 also comprises: working fluid is moved by described heat transfer system under the situation of not using outside pumping.

28. method according to claim 23 also comprises: make working fluid utilize the imbibition core and by the motion of described heat transfer system.

29. method according to claim 23 also comprises: with fin and condenser thermally coupled, so that to the external environment heat release.