CN100402145C - Catalyst in use for hydrogenation reaction of benzene selection, preparartion method and application - Google Patents
Catalyst in use for hydrogenation reaction of benzene selection, preparartion method and application Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention provides a ruthenium catalyst for the hydrogenation reaction of benzene selection and a preparation method thereof. The present invention is characterized in that both the nucleation and the growth of ruthenium nano particles are controlled and carried out in a nano reaction vessel which is composed of water nucleus surrounded by surface active agents, and a porous inorganic protective layer if formed from home-position hydrolyzing tetraethyl orthosilicate in the nano reaction vessel system containing the ruthenium nano particles. The content of ruthenium in the catalyst is from 7 to 15 wt percent, and the present invention is applied to the hydrogenation reaction of benzene selection; when the percent conversion of benzene is 40 percent, the selectivity of cyclohexene is from 72 to 75 percent and TOF (H2) reaches more than 3560h<-1>, and the yield of catalyst can be as high as more than 40 percent.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of benzene selective hydrogenation catalyst for reaction that is used for.
The invention still further relates to above-mentioned Preparation of catalysts method.
The invention still further relates to above-mentioned catalyst and prepare application in the cyclohexene at benzene selective hydrogenation.
Background technology
Cyclohexene is a kind of important Organic Chemicals, can be used for products such as synthetic resin, plastics, fiber, rubber, washing agent, dyestuff, agricultural chemicals, explosive and medicine; As high value added products such as L-lysine, cyclohexene oxides.It is higher that traditional method such as dehydration of cyclohexanol, cyclohexane halide are taken off costs such as halocarbon, Birch reduction; With cheap benzene is the exploitation that raw material is selected hydrogenation preparing cyclohexene new technology, and the cyclohexene production cost is descended, and has widened its range of application, make it can be applied to prepare cyclohexanol, caprolactam, the product that demands such as adipic acid are bigger has high economic benefit, is subjected to paying close attention to widely.
The catalyst that benzene selective hydrogenation uses is mainly by coprecipitation and immersion process for preparing.Having reported a kind of typical ruthenium black catalyst as Asahi Chemical Industry [US 4,734,536], is to obtain by NaOH precipitation ruthenium trichloride; The conversion ratio of benzene can reach 60%, and selectivity is 79.6%; But the noble ruthenium content of this catalyst is very high, cost costliness, TOF (H
2) only be 292h
-1
Patent [US 5,569,803] has been reported a kind of high activated catalyst of immersion process for preparing.This catalyst uses 5wt%ZrO
2The silica supports of modification, the conversion ratio of benzene is 58.5% on this catalyst, selectivity is 69.2%.TOF (H
2) be 4103h
-1
Compare with the precipitation method, common catalyst prepared, when hanging down load capacity, metallic is less, has higher specific activity; Develop a kind of high capacity amount, the less catalyst of particle diameter, not only can improve the gross activity of catalyst, and can improve unit efficiency, minimizing equipment drops into.Therefore prepare a kind of stable, tiny and high capacity amount and the less ruthenium catalyst of particle diameter, have important application background and scientific meaning.
Under surfactant and cosurfactant effect, water (or aqueous solution) can be dispersed among the continuous oil phase Water-In-Oil (W/O) dispersion of the Thermodynamically stable of formation and transparent (or translucent) with very small drop (8-80nm).When using this system and preparing nano particle, the interfacial film that reactant is formed by surfactant surrounds, and is separated from one another, forms nano-reactor.Because the nucleation of nano particle and growth process all evenly carry out under the protection of nano-reactor, so the nano particle distribution relative narrower that obtains.In addition, composition (surfactant by reactor, water, oil phase, cosurfactant) and dynamic (dynamical) regulation and control can change the size and pattern [the Zarur A J of nano particle, Ying JY.Reverse microemulsion synthesis of nanostructured complex oxides forcatalytic combustion, nature, 2000,403 (6): 65-67] [Person K, Thevenin P O, Jansson K, et al.Preparation of alumina-supported palladium catalysts forcomplete oxidation of methane, Appl.Catal.A:Gereral, 2003,249 (1): 165-174] [Ojeda M, Rojas S, Boutonnet M, et al.Synthesis of Rhnano-particles by the microemulsion technology:Particle size effect on theCO+H
2Reaction, Appl.Catal.A:General, 2004,274 (1/2): 33-41].
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of benzene selective hydrogenation catalyst for reaction that is used for.
Another object of the present invention is to provide the method for the above-mentioned catalyst of preparation.
For achieving the above object, catalyst provided by the invention, its expression formula is Ru-M-B/SiO
2,
Wherein M is an auxiliary agent, for IIB, VIB such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, W, Ag, Au, VIII family element one or several, is preferably Zn and Fe;
The load capacity of ruthenium (Ru) is the 2-20% of total catalyst weight;
The load capacity of auxiliary agent is the 0-20% of total catalyst weight;
The load capacity of B is the 0-5% of total catalyst weight.
Preparation method provided by the invention is:
1) with Ru: M: H
2The mass ratio preparation of O=1: 0-2: 4-20 contains the aqueous solution of ruthenium;
2) press mass ratio, the aqueous solution of step 1: oil: surfactant: cosurfactant=1: 10-50: 5-50: 0-20 mixes, and stirring at room obtains solution A;
3) be mixed with solution B with surfactant, oil and reductant solution, wherein reducing agent is potassium borohydride, formaldehyde or hydrazine hydrate; Three's mass ratio is respectively 10-50% oil in this solution, the 5-50% surfactant, the solution of potassium borohydride of 5-20% (or formaldehyde or hydrazine hydrate aqueous solution, quality percentage composition 2-10%);
4) mixed solution A, B under 3-40 ℃ of stirring add ethyl orthosilicate, and the 4-49 that its addition is counted ruthenium with silica doubly adds alkali (as ammoniacal liquor) and precipitates, and the separated and collected sediment obtains catalyst.
Among the preparation method of the present invention, ruthenium precursor is ruthenium trichloride, acetylacetonate ruthenium or nitric acid ruthenium, is preferably ruthenium trichloride.
Among the preparation method of the present invention, M is an auxiliary agent, for Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, W, Ag or Au one or several, is preferably Zn and Fe.
Among the preparation method of the present invention, oil is cyclohexane, pentane, hexane, normal octane, benzene,toluene,xylene, heptane, hexanol, amylalcohol, butanols or octanol.
Among the preparation method of the present invention, surfactant can be the yin, yang ionic surfactant, as dodecyl sodium sulfate, two (2-ethylhexyl) sodium succinate (AOT), softex kw (CTAB) etc., it also can be nonionic surface active agent, as NPE (NP), sorbitan fatty acid ester APEO (TWEEN) or pentadecyl APEO (PEGDE) etc., be preferably NPE (NP).
Among the present invention, the in-situ hydrolysis ethyl orthosilicate forms the porous, inorganic protective layer in containing the microreactor system of ruthenium nano particle, disperse and stable ruthenium metal nanoparticle,
Among the present invention, the nucleation of ruthenium nano particle and growing up all is controlled in the nano-reactor that the water nuclear that surrounded by surfactant forms carries out, required according to goal response, answer the composition (surfactant of device by change, water, oil phase, cosurfactant) and simple means such as dynamics its particle diameter and distribution thereof are regulated and control.At last, by forming the dispersion of porous, inorganic protective layer and stablize the ruthenium metal nanoparticle, the preparation catalyst.
The catalyst of the present invention's preparation can be applicable to the benzene selective hydrogenation reaction, has high activity and selectivity.
According to the present invention, the selection of catalysts hydrogenation reaction is to carry out in the 500mL stainless steel autoclave at a volume.Pressure is 2-10MPa, temperature 100-180 ℃, carries out under the mixing speed 1000rpm condition.
The specific embodiment
Further describe this reaction below by embodiment, but the present invention is not subjected to the restriction of following embodiment.
In the following example and comparing embodiment, conversion ratio and selectivity are defined by following formula.
Analytical instrument is an Agilent 4890D gas chromatograph.
Embodiment 1
The preparation of solution A: with 8.0g surfactant NPE-7 (NP-7), 0.86g contains mass ratio 14.55% ruthenium trichloride, in the 50mL cyclohexane, mixes in the four-hole round-bottomed flask of 500mL, 30 ℃ and stir down, obtains translucent solution A.
The preparation of solution B: with 8.0g surfactant NP-7 and 2.14g concentration is that the mass ratio 6.54% potassium borohydride aqueous solution adds the 30mL cyclohexane, and the control temperature is 30 ℃, stirs, and obtains translucent solution B.
Preparation of Catalyst: the control temperature is 30 ℃, and protection of nitrogen gas stirs down, is added dropwise in the solution A under solution B is stirred.After dripping, add the 2.68g ethyl orthosilicate successively, 10mL concentration is the ammoniacal liquor of mass ratio 12.5%, spends the night, and reaction finishes the back and adds 50mL acetone, centrifugation, and after absolute ethyl alcohol and water washing, the catalyst that obtains is numbered 1.
The activation of catalyst: get above-mentioned catalyst, add 0.6M zinc sulfate 100mL, under the 5MPa condition, 145 ℃, activation is 10 hours under the 300rpm condition.
At volume is to add 0.6M zinc sulfate 120mL, above-mentioned all catalyst and 60mL benzene in 500mL and the stainless steel autoclave crossed with hydrogen exchange in advance.Be warming up to the hydrogen of introducing 6.0MPa after 140 ℃ under the gentle agitation, mixing speed is 1000rpm.Reaction result sees Table 1.
The comparative example 1
Load method Preparation of Catalyst: get 0.75g commodity silica supports, adding 1.40g concentration under stirring is in the ruthenium trichloride solution of mass ratio 8.93%, and dipping spends the night, 100 ℃ of dry 12h, 30mL concentration is mass ratio 0.67% potassium borohydride reduction, gets comparative catalyst 1.Catalyst activation and reaction condition are with embodiment 1, and reaction result sees Table 1.
Embodiment 2
Add the 30mL cyclohexane 8.0g surfactant NP-7 and 2.15g concentration are mass ratio 14.80% hydrazine hydrate solution, the control temperature is 30 ℃, stirs, and obtains translucent solution B, and all the other preparation processes are with embodiment 1.The catalyst that obtains is numbered 2.Reaction result sees Table 1.
Embodiment 3
Add the 30mL cyclohexane 8.0g surfactant NP-7 and 2.43g concentration are mass ratio 5.62% formalin, the control temperature is 30 ℃, stirs, and obtains translucent solution B.All the other preparation processes are with embodiment 1, and the catalyst that obtains is numbered 3.Reaction result sees Table 1.
Embodiment 4
Except the A preparation is changed into: with 8.0g surfactant NP-7,0.80g mass percent is the 14.55% ruthenium trichloride aqueous solution, the 50mL cyclohexane, in the four-hole round-bottomed flask of 500mL, mix, 30 ℃ and stir under obtain translucent solution, in this solution, add the 0.75g silica solid, promptly obtain solution A.Obtain other step of Preparation of Catalyst and adopt the method for embodiment 1 to carry out, the catalyst that obtains is numbered 4.Reaction result sees Table 1.
Embodiment 5
The preparation of A nano-reactor: with 8.0g surfactant NP-7,0.86g contain the aqueous solution of mass ratio 29.09% ruthenium trichloride and mass ratio 1.04% zinc sulfate, the 50mL cyclohexane, in the four-hole round-bottomed flask of 500mL, mix, the control temperature is 30 ℃, stir, obtain the translucent solution A of forming by nano-reactor.
The preparation of B nano-reactor: with 8.0g surfactant NP-7 and 2.23g concentration is that the mass ratio 10.32% potassium borohydride aqueous solution adds the 30mL cyclohexane, and the control temperature is 30 ℃, stirs, and obtains the translucent solution B of being made up of nano-reactor.
Other step of Preparation of Catalyst adopts the method for embodiment 1 to carry out, and the catalyst that obtains is numbered 5.Reaction result sees Table 1.
Embodiment 6
Except the surfactant with A changed the NP-7 that quality is 5.0g into, other step adopted the method for embodiment 5 to carry out, and the catalyst that obtains is numbered 6.Reaction result sees Table 1.
Embodiment 7
Except with A, the surfactant of B all changes into outside the NP-7 that quality is 11.0g, and other step adopts the method for embodiment 5 to carry out, and obtains catalyst 7.Reaction result sees Table 1.
Embodiment 8
Except with A, the surfactant of B all changes into outside the NP-7 that quality is 20.0g, and other step adopts the method for embodiment 1 to carry out, and the catalyst that obtains is numbered 8.Reaction result sees Table 1.
Embodiment 9
Except with A, the surfactant of B all changes into outside the NPE that quality is 20.0g-10 (NP-10), and other step adopts the method for embodiment 5 to carry out, and the catalyst that obtains is numbered 9.Reaction result sees Table 1.
Embodiment 10
Except with A, the surfactant of B all changes into outside the NPE that quality is 20.0g-4 (NP-4), and other step adopts the method for embodiment 5 to carry out, and the catalyst that obtains is numbered 10.Reaction result sees Table 1.
Table 1: the benzene selective hydrogenation activity of each catalyst
| Catalyst | Maximum yield/% | Conversion ratio 40% selectivity/% | Conversion ratio 40%TOF (H 2)/h -1 |
| Embodiment 1 | 42.2 | 75.8 | 2856 |
| The comparative example 1 | 2.1 [1] | - | 270 [1] |
| Embodiment 2 | 13.3 | 31.9 | 3031 |
| Embodiment 3 | 12.9 | 32.1 | 1760 |
| Embodiment 4 | 3.3 | 8.2 | 2768 |
| Embodiment 5 | 44.8 | 74.2 | 3560 |
| Embodiment 6 | 35.9 | 68.4 | 2931 |
| Embodiment 7 | 34.9 | 63.8 | 3659 |
| Embodiment 8 | 18.6 | 39.1 | 3256 |
| Embodiment 9 | 41.6 | 67.9 | 6924 |
| Embodiment 10 | 23.3 | 42.8 | 6613 |
Annotate: [1] conversion ratio is 13.9%.
Embodiment 11
Except the zinc sulfate with embodiment 5 made mass ratio 1.04% ferrous sulfate into, other step adopted the method for embodiment 5 to carry out, and the catalyst that obtains is numbered 11.Reaction result sees Table 2.
Embodiment 12
Except the zinc sulfate with embodiment 5 made mass ratio 1.04% manganese chloride into, other step adopted the method for embodiment 5 to carry out, and the catalyst that obtains is numbered 12.Reaction result sees Table 2.
Embodiment 13
Except the zinc sulfate with embodiment 5 made mass ratio 1.04% cobaltous sulfate into, other step adopted the method for embodiment 5 to carry out, and the catalyst that obtains is numbered 13.Reaction result sees Table 2.
Embodiment 14
Except the zinc sulfate with embodiment 5 made mass ratio 1.04% copper sulphate into, other step adopted the method for embodiment 5 to carry out, and the catalyst that obtains is numbered 14.Reaction result sees Table 2.
Embodiment 15
Except the zinc sulfate with embodiment 5 made mass ratio 1.04% chromic nitrate into, other step adopted the method for embodiment 5 to carry out, and the catalyst that obtains is numbered 15.Reaction result sees Table 2.
Embodiment 16
Except the zinc sulfate with embodiment 5 made mass ratio 1.04% nickel chloride into, other step adopted the method for embodiment 5 to carry out, and the catalyst that obtains is numbered 16.Reaction result sees Table 2.
Table 2: the benzene selective hydrogenation activity of each catalyst of embodiment 11-16
| Catalyst | Maximum yield/% | Conversion ratio 40% selectivity/% | Conversion ratio 40%TOF (H 2)/h -1 |
| Embodiment 11 | 39.1 | 70.8 | 2654 |
| Embodiment 12 | 27.3 | 50.8 | 2934 |
| Embodiment 13 | 22.5 | 44.6 | 3303 |
| Embodiment 14 | 18.9 | 38.5 | 2254 |
| Embodiment 15 | 34.3 | 65.5 | 2879 |
| Embodiment 16 | 28.9 | 48.9 | 2944 |
Embodiment 17-22
As shown in table 3 except the oil in the solvent composition of embodiment 1 and surfactant are changed into, other step is according to shown in the embodiment 1, and reaction result sees Table 4.
Table 3: each catalyst solvent composition of embodiment 17-22
| Embodiment | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 |
| Oil | Volume ratio is 1: 1 pentane and butanol solution | Volume ratio is 1: 1 pentane and butanol solution | Volume ratio is 1: 1 pentane and butanol solution | Volume ratio is 1: 1 pentane and butanol solution | Volume ratio is 1: 1 pentane and butanol solution | Volume ratio is 1: 1 pentane and butanol solution |
| Surfactant | Dodecyl sodium sulfate | Two (2-ethylhexyl) sodium succinate | Cetyl three anhydrous sorbitol methyl ammonium bromide fatty acid ester APEOs | The pentadecyl APEO | The pentadecyl APEO |
Table 4: the benzene selective hydrogenation activity of each catalyst of embodiment 17-22
| Catalyst | Maximum yield/% | Conversion ratio 40% selectivity/% | Conversion ratio 40%TOF (H 2)/h -1 |
| Embodiment 17 | 22.4 | 44.3 | 2273 |
| Embodiment 18 | 19.8 | 39.8 | 2435 |
| Embodiment 19 | 24.3 | 46.1 | 1246 |
| Embodiment 20 | 27.5 | 50.4 | 2451 |
| Embodiment 21 | 15.5 | 35.4 | 3105 |
| Embodiment 22 | 20.4 | 38.2 | 1475 |
Embodiment 23-27
As shown in table 5 except the oil in the solvent composition of embodiment 1 and surfactant are changed into, other step is according to shown in the embodiment 1, and reaction result sees Table 6.
Table 5: each catalyst solvent composition of embodiment 23-27
| Embodiment | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 |
| Oil | Volume ratio is 1: 1 pentane and octanol solution | Volume ratio is 1: 1 pentane and amyl alcohol solution | Volume ratio is 1: 1 pentane and hexanol solution | Volume ratio is 1: 1 pentane and butanol solution | Volume ratio is 1: 1 pentane and octanol solution |
| Surfactant | NP-7 | NP-7 | NP-7 | NP-7 | NP-7 |
Table 6: the benzene selective hydrogenation activity of each catalyst of embodiment 23-27
| Catalyst | Maximum yield/% | Conversion ratio 40% selectivity/% | Conversion ratio 40%TOF (H 2)/h -1 |
| Embodiment 23 | 18.4 | 37.3 | 1953 |
| Embodiment 24 | 27.3 | 46.9 | 2929 |
| Embodiment 25 | 23.5 | 44.0 | 1965 |
| Embodiment 26 | 27.5 | 48.8 | 3021 |
| Embodiment 27 | 22.1 | 40.5 | 2223 |
Embodiment 28-33
As shown in table 7 except the oil in the solvent composition of embodiment 1 and surfactant are changed into, other step is according to shown in the embodiment 1, and reaction result sees Table 8.
Table 7: each catalyst solvent composition of embodiment 28-33
| Embodiment | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 |
| Oil | Volume ratio is 1: 1 hexane and amyl alcohol solution | Volume ratio is 1: 1 benzene and amyl alcohol solution | Volume ratio is 1: 1 toluene and amyl alcohol solution | Volume ratio is 1: 1 dimethylbenzene and amyl alcohol solution |
| Surfactant | NP-7 | NP-7 | NP-7 | NP-7 |
| Embodiment | 32 | 33 | ||
| Oil | Volume ratio is 1: 1 normal octane and amyl alcohol solution | Volume ratio is that 1: 1 heptane and amylalcohol close solution | ||
| Surfactant | NP-7 | NP-7 |
Table 8: the benzene selective hydrogenation activity of each catalyst of embodiment 28-33
| Catalyst | Maximum yield/% | Conversion ratio 40% selectivity/% | Conversion ratio 40%TOF (H 2)/h -1 |
| Embodiment 28 | 11.5 | 22.5 | 2654 |
| Embodiment 29 | 34.2 | 61.5 | 3001 |
| Embodiment 30 | 27.8 | 44.2 | 2231 |
| Embodiment 31 | 33.5 | 62.1 | 2054 |
| Embodiment 32 | 29.8 | 45.1 | 2708 |
| Embodiment 33 | 25.6 | 43.4 | 2616 |
Claims (4)
1. preparation method who is used for the benzene selective hydrogenation catalysts, the expression formula of this catalyst is
Ru-M-B/SiO
2
Wherein: M is one or several of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn;
Its preparation process is:
A) with Ru: M: H
2The mass ratio preparation of O=1: 0-2: 4-20 contains the aqueous solution of ruthenium;
B) by this aqueous solution: oil: surfactant: the mass ratio of cosurfactant=1: 10-50: 5-50: 0-20 mixes, and stirring at room obtains solution A;
C) be mixed with solution B with surfactant, oil and reductant solution, wherein reducing agent is potassium borohydride, formaldehyde or hydrazine hydrate; Three's mass ratio is respectively 10-50% oil in this solution, 5-50% surfactant, the solution of potassium borohydride of 5-20%;
D) mixed solution A, B under 3-40 ℃ of stirring add ethyl orthosilicate, and the 4-49 that its addition is counted ruthenium with silica doubly adds ammoniacal liquor and precipitates, and the separated and collected sediment obtains catalyst;
Described ruthenium precursor is ruthenium trichloride, acetylacetonate ruthenium or nitric acid ruthenium;
Described oil is cyclohexane, pentane, hexane, normal octane, benzene,toluene,xylene, heptane, hexanol, amylalcohol, butanols or octanol.
Described surfactant is dodecyl sodium sulfate, two (2-ethylhexyl) sodium succinate, softex kw, NPE, sorbitan fatty acid ester APEO or pentadecyl APEO;
Described cosurfactant is one or several of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or Zn.
2. the preparation method of claim 1 is characterized in that, described ruthenium precursor is a ruthenium trichloride.
3. the preparation method of claim 1, it is characterized in that described surfactant is dodecyl sodium sulfate, two (2-ethylhexyl) sodium succinate, softex kw, NPE, sorbitan fatty acid ester APEO or pentadecyl APEO.
4. the preparation method of claim 1 is characterized in that, described reducing agent is potassium borohydride, formaldehyde or hydrazine hydrate aqueous solution, quality percentage composition 2-10%.
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Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP5306586B2 (en) * | 2006-09-07 | 2013-10-02 | 旭化成ケミカルズ株式会社 | Method for producing cyclohexene |
| CN100534974C (en) * | 2007-05-23 | 2009-09-02 | 宁波万华聚氨酯有限公司 | Process for preparing 4,4'-diamino dicyclohexyl methane by hydrogenation reaction |
| CN101590414B (en) * | 2008-05-30 | 2011-04-20 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | Method for preparing hydrofining catalyst by in-situ decomposition method |
| CN102319562A (en) * | 2011-09-13 | 2012-01-18 | 北京旭阳化工技术研究院有限公司 | The Preparation of catalysts method of producing cyclohexene with benzene selective hydrogenation and the catalyst for preparing through this method |
| CN102600841B (en) * | 2012-03-09 | 2013-07-10 | 郑州大学 | Monolayer dispersible catalyst for selective hydrogenation of benzene to prepare cyclohexene and preparation method thereof |
| CN102744084B (en) * | 2012-07-23 | 2013-10-09 | 郑州天长化工技术有限公司 | Catalyst system for preparing cyclohexene by benzene selective hydrogenation, and method for preparing cyclohexene by benzene selective hydrogenation by catalyzing with catalyst system |
| CN102836711B (en) * | 2012-09-21 | 2014-08-06 | 河北科技大学 | Catalyst for preparing cyclohexene via selective hydrogenation of benzene and preparation method thereof |
| CN103785477B (en) * | 2012-11-01 | 2016-04-27 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | A kind of preparing cyclohexene from benzene added with hydrogen Catalysts and its preparation method and application |
| CN103785379B (en) * | 2014-03-04 | 2015-06-24 | 河北石焦化工有限公司 | Preparation method and production device of catalyst for cyclohexene preparation through benzene selective hydrogenation |
| CN116332722A (en) * | 2021-12-23 | 2023-06-27 | 沈阳化工研究院有限公司 | Auxiliary agent for preparing cyclohexanol by cyclohexene hydration and application thereof |
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