CN100397478C - Multiple view display - Google Patents

Multiple view display Download PDF

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Publication number
CN100397478C
CN100397478C CNB2004100942339A CN200410094233A CN100397478C CN 100397478 C CN100397478 C CN 100397478C CN B2004100942339 A CNB2004100942339 A CN B2004100942339A CN 200410094233 A CN200410094233 A CN 200410094233A CN 100397478 C CN100397478 C CN 100397478C
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
display
liquid crystal
pixel
different
image
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Expired - Fee Related
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CNB2004100942339A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN1667693A (en
Inventor
D·U·基恩
J·马瑟
H·斯蒂文森
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Sharp Corp
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Sharp Corp
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Priority claimed from GB0320361A external-priority patent/GB2405518A/en
Priority claimed from GB0320359A external-priority patent/GB2405516A/en
Priority claimed from GB0320360A external-priority patent/GB2405517A/en
Application filed by Sharp Corp filed Critical Sharp Corp
Publication of CN1667693A publication Critical patent/CN1667693A/en
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Publication of CN100397478C publication Critical patent/CN100397478C/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/3406—Control of illumination source
    • G09G3/342—Control of illumination source using several illumination sources separately controlled corresponding to different display panel areas, e.g. along one dimension such as lines
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/36—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using liquid crystals
    • G09G3/3611—Control of matrices with row and column drivers
    • G09G3/3648—Control of matrices with row and column drivers using an active matrix
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/133342—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods for double-sided displays

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal Display Device Control (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)

Abstract

The invention provides a multiple view display (e.g. a dual view display) for displaying unrelated images in different viewing regions. The display is equipped with a liquid crystal display device (20-28) having pixels (101 102) with asymmetric viewing angle characteristics. The display is equipped with a driving device (29) to drive pixels to display a first image in a first viewing direction and to display a second image in a second different viewing direction. The pixel (101) to display the first image appears dark in the second direction, while the pixel (102) to display the second image appears dark in the first direction.

Description

Multi-view display
Technical field
The present invention relates to multi-view display.This display can be used to show two or more views that comprise image, and these images are that essence is different to each other.This display can make different spectators watch the image that may have nothing to do each other.
Background technology
Accompanying drawing 1 has been described the notion of multi-view display, and in this example, multi-view display is made up of dual view display.The spectators 1 and 2 that are arranged in observation area 1 and 2 watch dual view display 10.Display 10 has discrete viewing area, wherein can show the image that essence is different.For example, when spectators 1 can watch film, spectators 2 can consult a map.This example can be applied to, for example, and in the display for the motor vehicle use, so that when the passenger watched film, the driver can check navigation information.
Accompanying drawing 2 has been described another example that uses dual view display 10.In this example, display is placed in the plane of desk or sales counter 11, so that the spectators 1 on the opposite side of desk or sales counter can watch different images with 2.Similarly, Fig. 3 has described the multi-view display of horizontal orientation, and in this example, multi-view display shows four incoherent images to the spectators 1-4 in display four each sides.
The characteristic of two angle coverages of turning round formula nematic (TN) liquid crystal (LC) pattern is well-known, the angle coverage characteristic of this LCD (LCD) is at John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1999, P is disclosed in " Optics ofLiquid Crystal Displays " the 9th chapter of Yeh and C.Gu.These characteristics generally are even relatively on the angle direction that level is found a view, and are asymmetric on the angle direction of vertically finding a view.The technology that is used for optimization LCD angle coverage is known by people, and it allows to watch identical image from the angle of wide region.
The multi-view video display is disclosed in JP 06-236152.In this example, adopt biconvex lens to produce different observation areas.
At JP2-146087, JP60-211418, JP60-211420, people such as JP60-211428 and Okada, at the IEEE of electronic equipment journal, Vol.45, No.7, the direction that disclosed TN and guest-master (GH) LCD in 1988 in 1445-1452 page or leaf " the Possibilityof Stereoscopic Displays by Using a Viewing Angle Dependence of Twisted NematicLiquid Crystal Cells " characteristic of finding a view.These files disclose two multiplexing images of space on LCD, and this LCD shows that the pixel of an image has different standards with the pixel that shows another image.These files generally relate to be used to show the automatic stereo or the three-dimensional display of the associated picture that the 3D picture is provided.
JP08-101367 discloses double-deck automatic stereoscopic display device.The image of one deck display spatial reuse, another layer at the back side is as the direction key-course, and it is directed to image and is used for watching of automatic stereo in the different observation areas.
In the disclosed configuration of these files, show that the pixel of an image is identical configuration with the pixel that shows another image.Yet, show that the pixel of an image is actually the rotation of the pixel of another display image, or be actually the mirror image of another display image.
People such as Chen are at Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol.36 (1997), in the disclosed configuration, the liquid crystal layer that passive space pattern forms is coated on the image panel of the multiplexing left side of display space and right view in the L1685-L1688 page or leaf " Simple Multimode Stereoscopic Liquid Crystal Display ".Passive layer comprises two formula nematic crystal zone and Freedericksz mode liquid crystal zones turned round, and is used to rotate the polarized light of a view, but does not rotate the polarized light of another view.These images can not need to use the observation instrument to come watching of automatic stereo, perhaps use polarized lenses to watch three-dimensionally.
JP60-211428 discloses three-dimensional display, comprises a pair of stacked guest-master (GH) liquid crystal indicator.Each device shows view separately, and device standard is the orientation that is perpendicular to one another.A left side and right view be by mutual vertical polarization like this, and use polarized lenses to watch the demonstration of solid.
US6 424 323 discloses and has used lenticular screen that the configuration of two or more 2D or 3D rendering is provided.
In the configuration that EP1 250 013 discloses, display screen shows a spatially multiplexing left side and right image, the sharpness of coming the control chart picture at a plurality of other devices of a display screen front left side and right eye by the observer.
JP09-043540 discloses the three-dimensional display of the electron exchange of using two liquid crystal restraining barriers, with the active position of conversion parallax-barrier layer.This causes automatic stereo 3D configurations shown.
WO9527973 discloses two formula nematic crystal patterns of turning round of using, and is controlled at two centres between the observation position by the direction with maximum contrast ratio and comes to the image of two spectators' best image from a panel.
WO9945527 discloses two formula nematic crystal patterns of turning round of using.By changing the voltage range of using, the extension of observation angle scope is provided at the utility mode of observation and the switching between the dedicated mode, contrast ratio enough produces discernible image in the observation angle scope, all spectators can watch an image under utility mode, and only the spectators at the normal incidence place can watch image under dedicated mode.
US5059957 discloses by moving the zone to the maximum contrast ratio of passenger's observation position, uses the LC layer to prevent to have influence on from the TV image in the car driver's scheme.
US5 526065 and US20030007227 disclose by mobile LC layer so that it to the method that the driver presents black, uses the LC layer to prevent to have influence on from the TV image in the car driver's scheme.
US5936596 discloses and has used the pixel with different observation angle characteristics to be presented at from the different images in the different observation angle scopes of a display.It also discloses by applying the scheme that voltage changes the observation angle characteristic of pixel.
US6593904 discloses the use that changes voltage along with the light distortion of liquid crystal.Change the voltage range of using and just can change observation angle, an image is observed in an observation angle scope of display, second image observes in another observation angle scope of display.
US6724450 discloses the use of two fields pixel, and this pair field pixel is used the electric control that separates, so that a field can show an image, another field can show second image.Allow in different observation angle scopes, to show different images at different captions that have between each field or liquid crystal distortion.
WO2004/036286 discloses the use of the observation angle pixel of at least two different appointments, and these observation angle pixels are interleaved to produce a plurality of views and show.Can have more than a display layer.
When using LCD (LCD) pixel (image elements), stipulated " different configurations " notion, be different from following any one or any combination to represent these pixels: in one or two liquid crystal substrate top rake at the interface; (bulk) liquid crystal director direction in a large number; Thickness of liquid crystal; The director distortion; Has the optics adjuvant, the doping of the liquid crystal material of dyestuff or polymeric material; Polariscope transmission axle direction; Position angle and/or zenith anchoring strength; Retardation layer amplitude and/or optical axis direction; The layer of compensation effect; Liquid crystal material; And drive scheme, be the rotation of other pixels or the situation of mirror image but get rid of a pixel.
When using liquid crystal display pixel, stipulated " Different L C pattern " notion, be different from following any one or any combination to represent these pixels: in one or two liquid crystal substrate top rake at the interface; (bulk) liquid crystal director direction in a large number; Thickness of liquid crystal; The director distortion; Position angle and/or zenith anchoring strength; Polariscope transmission axle direction, wherein polariscope is set in the liquid crystal cells; Postpone or compensating effect, wherein delayer or compensator are set in the liquid crystal cells; Liquid crystal material; And have the optics adjuvant, the doping of the liquid crystal material of dyestuff or polymeric material is the rotation of other pixels or the situation of mirror image but get rid of a pixel.
Summary of the invention
According to an aspect of the present invention, provide a kind of multi-view display, having comprised: at least one liquid crystal indicator, it comprises a plurality of pixels with asymmetric observation angle characteristic; And drive unit, it is used to drive pixel and shows first image on first observed ray, with show second image being different from second observed ray of first observed ray, it is characterized in that: this drive unit is cooperated with at least one display device, on second direction, present dead color so that show the pixel of first image, show that the pixel of second image presents dead color on first direction.
Show the pixel of first and second images can be respectively second and first direction on present maximum dead color.By showing the pixel of first and second images, second and first direction on the light intensity of supplying can be lower than the X% of maximum light intensity respectively, the pixel that wherein shows first and second images can be supplied respectively on first and second directions, and X is lower than 20 real number.X can equal 10.As an alternative, X can equal 3.5.As another replacement, X can equal 1.
First and second images can be incoherent each other.
First and second images can be in a plane, and the display surface of this plane and at least one device is quadrature mutually, and comprises the asymmetric direction of maximum observation angle.First and second directions can be the relative surveys at the normal of display surface.First and second directions are about normal essence symmetry, or as an alternative, first and second directions can be asymmetric about normal.
The pixel that shows first image can be set to be provided on the first direction first contrast ratio greater than 1, with be provided at the contrast ratio that essence equals 1 on the second direction, the pixel that shows second image can be configured to be provided on the second direction greater than 1 second contrast ratio and be provided at the contrast ratio that essence equals 1 on the first direction.
Angle between first and second directions can essence be spent more than or equal to 10.
At least one device can comprise the collection of pixels with pixel, and each collection of pixels all is identical color, and has different colors with the pixel of other set.At least one device can comprise that the pixel to different color has the liquid crystal layer of different-thickness.At least one device can comprise that the pattern with different zones that postpone forms delayer, and the different delays and the pixel of different color are carried out optical alignment.The different zones that postpone comprise the dyestuff as the different color of color filter.
At least one device can be the transmission mode device.
At least one display device can have even calibration and have the asymmetric liquid crystal mode of asymmetric observation angle characteristic, drive unit can be configured to adopt first drive scheme that shows first image to drive at least one device, and adopting second drive scheme that shows second image to drive at least one device, first drive scheme is different from second drive scheme.
First and second drive schemes can comprise first and second voltage ranges that differ from one another respectively.
Liquid crystal mode can be two formula nematics of turning round, and mixes calibration nematic and two a kind of pattern of turning round in the formula vertical calibration nematic.
First and second views at least one device can more than by spatial reuse.At least one display device can be included in liquid crystal layer and the even delayer that is provided with between the polarizer of even input and output.In the plane of delayer, delayer can have the optical axis that is oriented in to become with the transmission axle of an adjacent polarizer essence 45 degree, and is oriented in the optical axis that becomes essence 67 degree with the normal on delayer plane.This delayer can have the delay of essence 494nm.At least one device can comprise the pattern formation polarizer that has respectively first and second zones of first and second views, and it has the first area transmission axle that is different from the second area transmission axle.The transmission axle of first area can essence and the transmission axle of second area quadrature mutually.
At least one device can comprise the delayer that pattern forms.The variable essence zero-lag that is changed to single view mode operation of the delayer that pattern forms.
At least one device can comprise the parallax-barrier layer.
First and second views can be by time-multiplexed at least one device.At least one device can comprise convertible delayer.The delay of delayer can conversion between the visible light of the half-wavelength of odd and even number.
At least one device can comprise first pixel, it has first configuration of the first asymmetric observation angle characteristic, with second pixel, it has second configuration of the second asymmetric observating characteristic, this second configuration is different from first configuration, the second asymmetric observating characteristic is oriented and is different from the first asymmetric observating characteristic, and drive unit can be configured to drive first pixel that shows first image, and drives second pixel that shows second image.
First and second images can be on the 3rd observed ray between first and second directions as seen.
First pixel and second pixel can be spatial spread.
The first and second asymmetric observating characteristics can be oriented at the opposite direction of essence.
First and second pixels can have first and second liquid crystal modes that differ from one another respectively.A pattern at least the first and second patterns can be two formula nematics of turning round, and mixes the calibration nematic and turns round formula vertical calibration nematic, Freedericksz, a kind of pattern in vertical calibration nematic and circular constant-unit (pi-cell) with two.First and second pixels can have is not having liquid crystal director distortions different under the impressed field situation.Different distortions can have different amplitudes.Different distortions has different direction of twists.A different distortion can be 0 degree.
First and second pixels can have the liquid crystal director tilt angle different at least one liquid crystal substrate interface.Different tilt angles can have different amplitudes.Different tilt angles can have different directions.
First and second pixels can have different big liquid crystal director orientations.First and second pixels can have the surface anchoring intensity different at least one liquid crystal substrate interface.
First and second pixels can have different liquid crystal materials.
A pixel at least the first and second pixels can have and comprises at least one chirality doping agent, the liquid crystal material of polymeric network and dyestuff.
First and second pixels can have the liquid crystal layer of different-thickness.
First pixel can have first polarizer, its transmission axle is oriented at first angle relevant with the liquid crystal optic axis of first pixel, second pixel can have second polarizer, its transmission axle is oriented at second angle relevant with the liquid crystal optic axis of second pixel, and first angle is different from second angle.
First and second pixels can have different first and second delayers that postpone.
First and second pixels can have first and second layers of compensation that different compensating effects are provided.
Drive unit can be set to adopt different voltage ranges to drive first and second pixels.
At least one device can comprise the parallax-barrier layer.
This display comprises liquid-crystal apparatus, and it is configured to can watch from start to finish, and adopts the device of mentioning for the first time to carry out the operation of space-time.
At least one device can comprise first liquid-crystal apparatus, it has the first asymmetric liquid crystal mode of the first asymmetric observation angle characteristic, with second liquid-crystal apparatus, it has the second asymmetric liquid crystal mode of the second asymmetric observation angle characteristic, wherein the second asymmetric observating characteristic is oriented and is different from the first asymmetric observating characteristic, drive unit can be configured to adopt first drive scheme that shows first image to drive first device, and adopts second drive scheme that shows second image to drive second device.
First and second drive schemes can comprise first and second voltage ranges respectively.First and second voltage ranges are can essence identical.
Second device can be seen by first device.Second the device can be set at first the device and backlight between.
First device and second device can be that essence is parallel to each other.
Each first device and second device can have uniform calibration.
Each first device and second device can be the transmission mode devices.
First and second liquid crystal modes can be identical types.
The first and second asymmetric observating characteristics can be oriented at the opposite direction of essence.
First device and second device can have the rightabout calibration of the essence of being oriented in.
At least the first and second liquid crystal modes are two formula nematics of turning round, and mix a calibration nematic and a two pattern of turning round in the formula vertical calibration nematic.
Each first device and second device can comprise the collection of pixels of different color.
A device in first device and second device can comprise redness, green and blue pixels set, and another device in first device and second device can comprise cyan, peony and yellow collection of pixels.Each first device and second installs and can comprise the colour filter striped, and their essence is parallel extends to the plane that comprises first and second directions.
This display can comprise that the multicolour time series is backlight, and drive unit, and this drive unit is set to drive the first and second device colors on time series.
The image to the first and second that drive unit can be set to provide time-multiplexed installs, and synchronous controlling party is to disposable backlight.Each first and second device can comprise the space phase modulator.
This display can comprise disposable light diffuser, and it can carry out conversion between the disperse state of non-disperse state of essence that shows many views display mode and demonstration single-view display mode.
According to a second aspect of the invention, a multi-view display is provided, it comprises: liquid crystal indicator, it has even calibration, with asymmetric liquid crystal mode with asymmetric observation angle characteristic, it is characterized in that comprising a drive unit, it adopts first drive scheme to come drive unit, be used to be presented at first image on first observed ray, and adopt second drive scheme different with first drive scheme, be used to be presented at second image on the second direction that is different from first direction.
According to a third aspect of the present invention, a multi-view display is provided, it comprises: liquid-crystal apparatus, comprise first pixel, it has first configuration and second pixel of the first asymmetric observation angle characteristic, and it has second configuration of the second asymmetric observating characteristic, this second configuration is different from first configuration, and the second asymmetric observation angle is directed different with the first asymmetric observating characteristic; A drive unit is used to drive first pixel and shows first image on first observed ray, and drives second pixel show second image on second observed ray, and first observed ray is different from first observed ray.
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, a multi-view display is provided, it comprises: liquid-crystal apparatus, comprise first pixel, it has first configuration of the first asymmetric observation angle characteristic, with second pixel, it has second configuration of the second asymmetric observating characteristic, and this second configuration is different from first configuration; A drive unit is used to drive first pixel and shows first image on first and second observed ray, and drives second pixel show second image on second observed ray.
According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, a multi-view display is provided, comprise: first liquid-crystal apparatus, it has the first asymmetric liquid crystal mode of the first asymmetric observation angle characteristic, second liquid-crystal apparatus, it has the second asymmetric liquid crystal mode of the second asymmetric observating characteristic, and this second asymmetric liquid crystal mode is directed and is different from the first asymmetric liquid crystal mode; A drive unit, adopt first drive scheme to drive first device, be used for showing first image on first observed ray, and adopt second drive scheme to drive second device demonstration second image on second observed ray, first observed ray is different from second observed ray.
The multi-view display that allows different images to watch on the different directions of high relatively contrast ratio so just can be provided.This has produced the improvement aspect image quality.
Description of drawings
The present invention will narrate with reference to corresponding accompanying drawing in more detail by example; Wherein,
Fig. 1 to 3 describes the sketch that uses multi-view display;
Fig. 4 is the sectional view that constitutes the display of the embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 5 is an orientation exploded view of describing the ingredient of display among Fig. 4;
Fig. 6 is the polar plot that is described in the demonstration contrast ratio of different observation angles;
Fig. 7 is the intensity map with respect to the observation angle of the different grey levels of display among Fig. 4;
Fig. 8 is with respect to the intensity map at the grey level at two different observation angles places;
Fig. 9 is the luminance graph with respect to the voltage of describing two different voltage ranges;
Figure 10 is the luminance graph with respect to the grey level of different observation angles and different pixels color;
Figure 11 is the sketch of proofreading and correct with respect to the grey level of gradation of image level, and the gradation of image level is described the result to the gray correction of different colours;
Figure 12 is the sectional view that constitutes the display of another embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 13 is the sectional view that constitutes the display of another embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 14 has shown the sectional view of the method for describing structure pixelation delayer;
Figure 15 is the transmission sketch with respect to the voltage of two different observed rays;
Figure 16 is an operation sketch of describing the time-multiplexed pattern of display;
Figure 17 describes the interblock space of display and the operation sketch of the multiplexer mode of time;
Figure 18 has described the luminance graph that applies voltage with respect to the display drive scheme that idealizes;
Figure 19 is the sectional view that constitutes the display of another embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 20 and 21 has shown for the transmission diagram of describing the voltage of display operation among Figure 19;
The description of Figure 22 summary constitute the display part of another embodiment of the present invention and for the transmission diagram of the voltage of describing its operation;
Figure 23 is the voltage pattern for the transmission of the single view pattern operation of display among Figure 23;
The description of Figure 24 summary constitute another display of the embodiment of the invention and with respect to the transmission diagram of the voltage of describing its operation;
Figure 25 is the transmission diagram of voltage of describing the single view pattern operation of display among Figure 25;
Figure 26 is the sectional view that constitutes another embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 27 describes the display of different sizes and the sketch of their observation condition;
Figure 28 is the sectional view that constitutes the display of one embodiment of the invention;
Figure 29 is an exploded view of describing the direction of the ingredient of display among Figure 28;
Figure 30 and 31 has described the brightness in the transmission of the voltage that disposes with respect to device;
Figure 32 narrates the variation of brighteness ratio and voltage;
Figure 33 is the exploded view of direction of describing the ingredient of display;
Figure 34 and 35 has narrated the brightness in the transmission of the voltage that disposes for device;
Figure 36 narrates the variation of brighteness ratio and voltage;
Figure 37 has shown the use of dual view display;
Figure 38 narrates and uses polymer wall to separate different LC materials;
Figure 39 narration has the operation of the dual screen of central crosstalk zone;
Figure 40 narration has the operation of the dual screen that uses central crosstalk zone;
Figure 41 and 42 has narrated the configuration of using four devices.
Figure 43 is the sectional view that constitutes the display of one embodiment of the invention;
Figure 44 is the exploded view of direction of ingredient of describing the display example of Figure 43;
Figure 45 and 46 is the transmittance sketches with respect to the LCD voltage of display among Figure 43;
Figure 47 is with respect to the transmittance sketch at the voltage of types of display shown in Figure 43, the polariscope in the middle of display has omitted;
Figure 48 has shown and drive scheme similar two sketches of Fig. 9 description to the LCD of display among Figure 43;
The graphic display that constitutes one embodiment of the invention of having narrated of Figure 49 with a color filter set.
The graphic display that constitutes one embodiment of the invention of having narrated of Figure 50 with two color filter set.
Figure 51 is the sectional view that constitutes the display of another embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 52 has described the example of pixel and color filter arrangement;
Figure 53 illustrates and has described the time sequence displayer that constitutes the embodiment of the invention;
Figure 54 is the sectional view that constitutes the display of another embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 55 has described the alternative patterns operation of the display of Figure 54;
Figure 56 and 57 has described the time series pattern operation of the display of Figure 54;
Figure 58 has described the operation of the single view pattern of the higher solution of display among Figure 54;
Figure 59 has described the modification to the pattern of narrating among Figure 58;
Figure 60 illustrates the operation of having described time series pattern;
Figure 61 has shown with respect to comprising two TVAN LCD but has not had two sketches of transmittance of the display voltage of intermediate polarisation mirror;
Figure 62 has shown with respect to comprising two sketches of transmittance that two TVAN LCD have the display voltage of intermediate polarisation mirror;
Figure 63 has described has the more display of the operation of multiple timings pattern;
Figure 64 has described the inclination that is used to be adjusted at angle between the observed ray or the use of non-parallel LCD;
Figure 65 is the sectional view that comprises the parallax-barrier layer and constitute the display of another embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 66 is the view that similar Fig. 5 constitutes the display composition direction partly of the embodiment of the invention;
Figure 67 is with respect to the illuminated diagram of describing the voltage of display operation among Figure 66;
But Figure 68 and 69 is and Figure 30 and 31 similar to different observation angles.
Embodiment
Fig. 4 has described dual-view thin film transistor (TFT) (TFT) thin film transistor, and the image that it is used for that two views may be had nothing to do is directed to respectively in the observation area 1 and 2 of the spectators 1 that describe among Fig. 1 and 2 and 2.Display comprises the preceding linear polariscope 20 that is connected to or forms on the outside surface of substrate 21.Substrate 21 can be made of the transparent non-birefringent material of glass or any suitable abundant stability.Substrate 21 has transparency electrode 22 on the surface within it, and transparency electrode 22 for example is made of indium tin oxide (ITO).Electrode 22 is as the counter electrode of active matrix, and covers the whole active region of display 10 equably.Alignment surface such as the alignment layers 23 that is exemplified as rubbed polyimide is formed on the electrode 22, and is rubbed uniformly, so that have identical uniform calibrating direction in the effective coverage of whole display 10.
Second substrate 27 has back linear polarization mirror 28, TFT and electrode layer 26.Electrode layer 26 is formed pattern so that determine pixel (image elements).This TFT and electrode configuration all are known settings and will narrate in the back.Alignment surface such as the alignment layer 25 that is exemplified as rubbed polyimide is formed on the layer 26.Alignment layer 25 also is provided at the even calibrating direction on the effective coverage of whole display 10.
Substrate 21 and 27 forms together with layer 22,23,25 and 26, and produces together with the alignment layer 23 and 25 that faces with each other, so that determine to have the liquid crystal cells of liquid crystal layer 24 between this.Liquid crystal layer 24 is nematic crystals, and for example comprising can be from the ZLI4792 of Merck UK acquisition.Polariscope 20 and 28 can be formed or provide before or after liquid crystal cells form.Layer 26 comprises or is connected 29 drive units of describing, and is used to provide appropriate signal to come addressing to have the individual pixel that limits grayscale voltage.Device 29 can form all or part of outer member, is used to provide first and second drive schemes to first and second images to display.As an alternative, device 29 can be integrated on the panel.
Fig. 5 illustrates and has described polariscope 20 and 28 and layer 23 to 25 exploded view.Fig. 5 has also described vertical direction and the horizontal direction to the normal direction of the display of narrating among Fig. 1 10.Reference direction vertically upward is expressed as 0 degree, and level direction indication to the right is 90 degree.The all directions of describing ingredient among Fig. 5 all relate to the to make progress direction of vertical 0 degree.
Preceding polariscope 20 has transmission axle 30, and it is oriented at the angle with respect to upwards vertical+90 degree.Alignment layer 23 has even calibrating direction 33, and it is oriented at the angle with respect to vertical direction-45 degree that makes progress.Alignment layer 25 has even calibrating direction 35, and it is oriented at the angle with respect to the vertical direction that makes progress+45 degree.Polariscope 28 has transmission axle 38, and it is oriented at the angle with respect to the vertical direction that makes progress+180 degree.Like this, for the operation of the white mode that generally is stated as display 10, polariscope 20 and 28 transmission axle all are orthogonal.Similarly, calibrating direction 33 and 35 is orthogonal.When not applying the voltage of process pixel, the distortions of liquid crystal layer 24 and 90 degree are accurate, so that have the polarization direction that rotates by layer 24 by the incident light of rear polarizer 28 polarizations, incident light is to transmit by polariscope 20.
When applying fully big electric field by pixel, the direction of liquid crystal molecule is oriented the surface of essence perpendicular to layer 24 in this pixel, and the polarized light through display is had slight influence or not influence.Like this, just fully eliminated by preceding polariscope 20 through the light of rear polarizer, pixel shows as maximum dead color or black.For the impressed field of intermediate value, rotate by changing quantity from the polarized light of polariscope 28, and analyze by preceding polarizer 20, constitute multiple gray level to provide with black and white level gray scale.
Fig. 6 has described the variation of the different observation angles place contrast ratio of the display of describing 10 in Figure 4 and 5.Display 10 is compared effective rotation of carrying out 90 degree with TN LCD typical directions, so that asymmetric view angle direction basic horizontal.In this example, display be set on arbitrary end in the surface level of display normal-30 to spend+30 degree observe.
Described the observation angle characteristic of display 10 in Fig. 7, Fig. 7 has in view angle-30 degree and the outstanding characteristic of+30 degree.Display is the type that the gray level 0 to 255 that disperses can addressing, and Fig. 7 has described the selection intensity at various observation angles place gray level, and when display was watched on axle, expectation provided the conventional drive scheme of evenly spaced substantially gray level.
Fig. 8 has described the transmission with respect to the intensity of the gray level of-30 degree and+30 degree observed rays.For example, when showing gray level 96, these pixels that show this level will present black substantially from the observation areas of+30 degree, but when when-30 degree observation areas are watched, will present lucky below the high-high brightness of half.By coming suitable selection to be used to choose the voltage level of gray level according to first and second drive schemes for first and second images, just can make first image in fact only in first observation area as seen, make second image in fact only in second observation area as seen.Select drive scheme,, and in other observation area, show very low or be essentially 0 contrast ratio so that their set up the contrast ratio that shows respective image on the direction that is adapted at expecting to observe.
Diagram has been described suitable drive scheme in Fig. 9, it described when from-30 spend+when 30 degree are observed, with respect to the brightness that is applied to the voltage of choosing the pixel that will show gray level (in transmission mode).When being addressed to these pixels that show first image, by using the voltage ranges of describing 40, first image just can be in the observed rays of-30 degree as seen, but the pixel of demonstration first image presents black in+30 observation areas of spending.On the contrary, for those pixels that show second image, voltage range 41, second image by using image 2 just can be in the observation areas of+30 degree as seen, and these pixels present white on the observed rays yet spend-30.Like this, display 10 has been set up two observation areas for spectators, watching incoherent image or image sequence in they corresponding observation areas, and without any need for the parallax eyeglass or use the multi-field liquid crystal technologies that the pixel that shows different images had different calibrations.
For color LCD can be provided, when the drive scheme chosen first and second images, just must consider the effect of color to the LC pattern.In typical color monitor, color filter filters the light from the pixel of corresponding set.These colors can be red, green, indigo plant or cyan, peony and yellow.Because the chromatic dispersion of liquid crystal layer 24, the light characteristic of the liquid crystal mode that uses in LCD will change along with optical wavelength.For example, the gray level that Figure 10 has described intensity and single color contrasts, and for redness, green and blue pixel is spent and+30 variations of spending observed rays-30.
Show in order to produce good colored dual-view, can overcome the dispersive influence of the liquid crystal mode on the gray scale calibration curve by to the independent careful map of carrying out gray level of each Colour composition part.Figure 11 has described the result of this map process, each color is chosen and is shown identical gray level allowing.Like this, the intensity of the image just gray level with given is identical, and does not just consider the color at display image.
Can be according to display should be used for selecting colored map.For example, use, can be desirably in one or two red and/or blue relatively image, have higher relevant green light intensity for some.Map can be selected so that consider this demand.
Figure 12 has described the dual view display of the replacement that is used for color display.Figure 12 is provided at the inside surface of substrate 21 with the different color filters 45 that are of the display of Fig. 4, and thickness of liquid crystal layer 46 is different for different colour elements.
By determine the light characteristic of pixel in the delay of the liquid crystal layer 24 of pixel.Delay is the result who produces owing to the birefringence of liquid crystal layer 24 and thickness 46.Like this, by changing the thickness to the layer 24 of different colour elements, each pixel can have its optkmal characteristics, or can improve color to display or Color Range at least.
Replace, can use the liquid crystal material with different birefringence values, they are separated by polymer wall.Delay is that the wavelength with corresponding colour element is complementary.
The display of Figure 12 has discrete classification thickness to the pixel of different color.In this specific example, this can realize that such as having 47 on the TFT substrate 26,27 of alignment layer 25, alignment layer 25 is to form at the top of pitch by forming the polymkeric substance pitch.This pitch can be formed on other substrates below the alignment layer or two substrates on.Pitch 47 can form by the photoetching treatment of suitable anticorrosive additive material.Replace, pitch 47 can form by direct serigraphy suitable polymers material on this substrate or each substrate.In another replacement method, color filter 45 can have the thickness of classification.In another example, wedge structure that can be by using suitable degree of tilt or similarly structure be implemented in variation in the thickness of liquid crystal layer, and do not need sharp-pointed edge, so that reduce any out-of-alignment influence of LC that the sharp edges by pitch causes.
Figure 13 has described the technology of another compensation dispersive liquid crystal.In this display, provide pixelation delayer 50.Each of delayer " pixel region " provides the delay of some, and these delays compensate the dispersive influence of the liquid crystal of related pixel in fact.In order to reduce parallax, pixelation delayer 50 is set between substrate 21 and 26,27.In Figure 13, delayer 15 is shown as and is arranged on the TFT substrate 26,27, but delayer can replace with and is arranged on the colour filter substrate 21.
Various technology can be used for making pixelation delayer 50.The example of this technology is disclosed in people such as van derZander at Sid 03 Digest, in the 194-197 page or leaf of " Technologies towards Patterned Optical Foils ".Described a kind of particular instance of suitable technology in Figure 14, it uses the polymerizable liquid-crvstalline such as active internal compensation (mesogen), and its example is the RMM34 that can obtain from Merck UK.
The calibration surface of use such as alignment layer 52 prepares substrate 53, is used to calibrate the optical axis of active internal compensation (mesogen).The appropriate technology of employing such as spin coating applies active internal compensation (mesogen) on alignment layer 52.Active internal compensation (mesogen) is such type, and its birefringence meeting changes along with temperature when polymerization not, and is aggregated under the light such as ultraviolet exposing, so that the direction of fixed optical axis.
In order to form the delay zone to first color, layer 51 is exposed to the ultraviolet radiation with layer 51 by photomask 52, and layer 51 is maintained at its birefringent suitable temperature of control.The first area is to need maximum-delay and therefore be birefringent zone.
After first polymerizable ultraviolet, layer 51 is heated to second temperature, so that the desirable birefringence to the light system delay of second area is provided.This describes at 55 of Figure 14.After the second area of next color was exposed to infrared radiation by photomask 56, the birefringence of unpolymerized active internal compensation (mesogen) just reduced to desired value.Second area is aggregated like this, and their characteristic is fixed.
Description temperature as 57 is improved subsequently once more, remains the not birefringence of the zone of convergency so that reduce, and the remaining not zone of convergency is exposed to ultraviolet radiation through the 3rd mask 58 and is aggregated.Delayer is effective etc. to be used then, and can eliminate from substrate 53 and alignment layer 52, and substrate 53 and alignment layer 52 are included in the type display device that shows among Figure 13.Replace, the layer that the surface is relevant with it forms before the liquid crystal cells in the use, and delayer can directly be configured on the TFT substrate of describing at 59 places among Figure 14, and Figure 14 has the surperficial alignment layer that forms of going up thereon.
Suitable dyestuff can be appended on the polymerizable liquid-crvstalline, so that form the color filter of display.In this case, delayer and color filter can be manufactured on the single layer, so that reduce the required number of plies in the display, this has simplified the quantity of making and reduced essential calibration pitch.
For non-normal incident light, the observation angle characteristic of polariscope 20 and/or polarizer 28 can be selected and be optimized, so that improve performance, the particularly picture quality in the display observation area.
Employing is similar to the technology of Gamma correction (gamma correction) and can selects or optimize to be used for the voltage of addressing to the gray level of different views, Gamma correction is the known content in present technique field, and it is for example narrated can obtain among " the Frequently AskedQuestions about Gamma " of Charles Poynton at www.inforamp.net/～poynton/.This can by will the gray level in each view raw image for the first time again map become can from the observation area of this view, realize by visible gray level.Again map can be maybe can be scope at two or more intensity level at the single range of linearity.Can adjust according to the picture appearance from its observation area, so that improve the outward appearance of image.This can realize by the suitable Gamma correction of view data.This correction type can not adopt the gray scale beyond the existing tonal range of this view.Can use any suitable gamma (gamma) value according to the effect of desired acquisition.For example, can use value be 2.2 or lower such as 1.7 Gamma correction value.After image carries out colour correction, be impossible produce good result to these image applications Gamma corrections.Therefore Gamma correction can be applied to colour correction curve or original image before colour correction.
Can use the adjustment technology of other image intensities, such as " histogram equalization ".
Selection that can be suitable or optimization are to the gray level scope of the pixel of first and second observation areas.For example, can select the gray level scope so that be provided at from preferable image quality in the observation area of observed image, and when observation pixel from this observation scope or mutual observation scope, produce best gray level state, this level can be black or white and have minimum contrast ratio in fact in whole tonal range.
Drive unit 29 needs and can come actuate pixel according to different incentive programs, such as foregoing voltage range, so that each pixel receives the suitable voltage that is selected for display image.Be designed to allow at display under the situation of operation of single view pattern, can use such as another incentive program of multivoltage scope more, drive unit 29 must apply suitable voltage to each pixel.
Although all be based in the enforcement profit of narration before this and two turn round formula nematic (TN) liquid crystal mode, can use any liquid crystal mode that can produce suitable asymmetric observation angle.For example, can use suitable smectic type or ferroelectric liquid crystal mode.And, can use other two formula nematic patterns of turning round, such as mixing alignment nematic (HAN) pattern or the two vertical alignment nematic of formula (TVAN) pattern, for example disclosed content in EP1103840 turned round.The TVAN pattern has for the two formula vertical stratifications of turning round of right and wrong in fact of the substrate below the threshold voltage that is used to change.At this more than threshold voltage, this pattern is transformed into the two formula structures of turning round in more plane progressively, it with in its two similar of turning round formula nematic pattern below threshold voltage.Described the example of transmission voltage characteristic of the TVAN mode liquid crystal devices of-30 degree and+30 degree in Figure 15, the map by foregoing suitable gray level just can be used for this pattern the dual-view demonstration.
Under the situation that a plurality of views that show such as foregoing dual-view show, distribute suitable collection of pixels can make image carry out spatial reuse through the active region of display device by giving each image.For example, these images can be shown as the interweave vertical bar or the hurdle of pixel.Under the situation of video image, suppose pixel by average in image, the dividing of essence, so or frame frequency just be not changed, but the spatial resolution of each image equals the spatial resolution of the display device of being divided by the amount of images that is showing.As an alternative, under the situation that display device can be operated with the refresh rate of the video field that is higher than standard or frame frequency, these images can carry out time-multiplexed.In this case, these images showing one by one in enough repetition periods fast to brain is to merge the interruption display image of each view.Refresh rate that must sufficiently high display device is so that can avoid visible flicker.
Each image of multiplexing permission service time can adopt the full spatial resolution of display device to show.Yet, because each image only shows in portion of time, each view discover the illumination level that brightness is reduced to appointment.
Time-multiplexed or " time series " operation to the display 10 that shows in Fig. 4 has been described in Figure 16.Have 70 places in description, shown the transport property of Fig. 9 once more for the voltage range of the image 1 of view 1 and view 2 and image 2.
In the cycle of " time 1 " expression, the image of demonstration 1 is as in 71 graphic extension.Therefore the spectators in first observation area see image 1, are the display device of black and the spectators in second observation area see.
In second time cycle of " time 2 " expression, the image of demonstration 2 is as in 72 graphic extension.In this case, the spectators in first observation area see the display device of white, and the spectators in second observation area see image 2.
Brain for static or mobile image enough fast repeat this circulation, synthetic with carries out image.Like this, the spectators in first observation area merge the image 1 of Alternation Display and the white appearance of display device, and perceive the image 1 with minimizing contrast ratio.On the contrary, the spectators' combined diagram in second observation area is as 2 and the appearance of black of display device, so that only perceive image 2.
Figure 17 has described another operator scheme time-multiplexed and that spatial reuse combines.During each frame period, image is divided into vertical stripes, and this vertical stripes is interleaved through foregoing display device, and as in the content described in 73 and 74 place's times time cycle 1 and 2.Yet, in 1 cycle of time, by the striped of odd pixel hurdle display image 1, by the striped of even pixel hurdle display image 2.On the contrary, during the time 2 in, by the striped of odd pixel hurdle display image 2, by the striped of even pixel hurdle display image 1.As previously mentioned, the spectators in first observation area see the interweave striped and the white of image 1, but the spectators in second area see the interweave striped and the black of image 2.Like this, the pattern of describing in Figure 17 is equivalent to each picture frame is divided into the zone that two orders show.
The advantage of foregoing embodiment is that spectators have seen the pixel of display image, and this image is a white for another spectators.This has the effect that reduces the image comparison rate.Therefore can be desirably in such operator scheme and use, promptly spectators have seen the pixel of display image, and this image is a black for another spectators.For example, Figure 18 has described the example of two drive schemes, and they provide the scheme that realizes effectively.Have this example of describing among the delayer of liquid-crystal apparatus and Figure 19 by use, just can obtain such drive scheme.
The display 10 of Figure 19 is the operations under the time-multiplexed or time sequence model of describing in Figure 16, the convertible delayer 80 before it is included between polarizer 20 and the substrate 21.Convertible delayer 80 comprises substrate 81 and 82, electrode 83 and 84, alignment layer 85 and 86 and liquid crystal layer 87.Electrode 83 and 84 is ordinary electrode and the whole active region that extends to display, so that change whole liquid crystal layer 87 between first and second states.When not having extra electric field, alignment layer 85 and 86 provides the proper calibration of liquid crystal layer 87, and this changes when the voltage that has applied through electrode 83 and 84 greater than switching threshold.Provide by drive unit 29 suitable voltage of electrode 83 and 84 is come control transformation.
Convertible delayer 80 can use any suitable liquid crystal mode, this pattern can be changed between first state and second state, it provides the delay to visible frequency odd number half-wavelength in first state, and it provides the delay to visible frequency even number half-wavelength in second state.For example, convertible delayer 80 can comprise convertible half-wave plate, and it can be changed between delay that half-wavelength is provided and essence zero-lag.The liquid crystal mode that is fit to this application comprises vertical calibration nematic pattern and Freedericksz pattern, and these two kinds of patterns all are contents well known in the art.Figure 20 has described the principle of operation in the time cycle of phase adjacency pair.In the cycle very first time, use is transformed into the convertible delayer 80 that the essence zero-lag is provided and is presented at first image that-30 degree observation angles are watched.These pixels show as black on+30 degree observed rays.
In second time cycle, delayer 80 is converted into the delay that half-wavelength is provided, the image 2 that and is presented at+watches on the 30 degree observed rays.Display device presents black on observed ray-30 degree.
Figure 21 has described the performance of the particular instance of the embodiment that describes among Figure 19, and wherein convertible delayer 80 comprises the vertical correction nematic device of half-wave thickness, and it has to the transmission axle of polariscope 20 and 28 optical axises at 45 degree, and polariscope 20 and 28 is orthogonal.The display device that comprises parts 20 to 28 is two types of turning round formula vertical calibration nematic, and it has and is oriented in the optical axis that becomes the liquid crystal layers 24 of 45 degree with polariscope 20 with 28 transmission axle.Liquid crystal layer 24 has 5 microns thickness, and the liquid crystal material of layer 24 and 87 has negative dielectric anisotropic.
In the cycle seasonal effect in time series very first time, between the electrode 83 and 84 of delayer 80, do not apply voltage.The liquid crystal director of layer 87 is calibrated by (homeotropically) of essence homotype like this.Device 20 to 28 shows and is used for spending the image of watching on the directions 30, and this device essence on-30 degree observed rays presents black.In second time cycle, applying between electrode 83 and 84 for example is 23 volts impressed voltage, so that the liquid crystal director essence of layer 87 is the plane.Display device 20 to 28 shows and is used for spending the image of watching on the observed rays-30, and present black on+30 degree observed rays.
The embodiment that describes among Figure 19 is not limited to foregoing liquid crystal mode.For example, it can be specialized by following combination: TN and Freedericksz; TN and VAN; TVAN and Freedericksz.
Figure 22 has described the another kind of technology of the multiplexing demonstration of usage space, to allow showing that plan presents black or essence black to the pixel of the image of another observation area use.This display is the type of describing among Fig. 4, but polarizer 28 wherein is the polarizers that form pattern.Be used to show that the collection of pixels 1 of first image is set between the polariscope zone of intersection or quadrature, be used to show that the collection of pixels 2 of second image is arranged between the parallel polarizer region.This device uses 90 degree TVAN patterns with liquid crystal layer 24, and this liquid crystal layer 24 has 5 microns thickness and negative dielectric anisotropic.Sketch has been described the transmission with respect to the voltage of these two collection of pixels among Figure 22.When second observation area is watched, show that in first observation area pixel of the set 1 of first image presents black.The pixel that shows the set 2 of second image in second observation area presents relative black in first observation area, but this appearance of black can improve by the suitable optimization and the selection of gray level voltage range.
In order to reduce the parallax effect between the polarizer 28 of liquid crystal pixel and formation pattern, the interval between them will be configured to enough little.For example, the polarizer 28 that forms pattern can be arranged on the inside of substrate 27, and perhaps substrate 27 can be made relative thin.
The display of describing in Figure 22 can be set to plan watch operation under the single view mode of use for the normal incidence place.Particularly, the reference white of intersection and parallel polarizer and standard black TVAN pattern have the almost opposite grey scale curve of normal incidence observation to describing among Figure 23.In order to operate the display of normal incidence observation, be increased in the gray level voltage of the pixel of first set between the zone of crossed-polarizer, reduce the gray level voltage of the pixel of second set simultaneously, all pixels by display show identical image.The liquid crystal mode that this operator scheme can be used for other.
Under the liquid crystal display pattern such as TN and TVAN, another technology of display that can the multiplexing type of usage space is included between the polarizer 20 and 28 of the delayer that forms pattern, such as the half-wave plate that forms pattern.Figure 24 has described the example of this display that uses 90 degree TVAN patterns, and its optical axis is oriented at crossed-polarizer and becomes 45 to spend.Liquid crystal layer has 5 microns thickness and negative dielectric anisotropic.Active internal compensation (mesongen) delayer is set between the device substrate, and is configured pattern, so that it provides the delay of half-wavelength to the pixel of second set, and the pixel of first set is provided the zero-lag of essence.This is described as half-wavelength layer 90 by diagram.
Adopt crossed-polarizer, the pixel of first set is operated under the black mode of standard, and the existence that has the half-wave plate of the second set pixel simultaneously impels them to operate in the white mode of standard.Transmission sketch among Figure 24 has been described this effect, so that in each observation area, the pixel that is presented at the image of watching in the different observation areas presents black or essence black.
Except improving contrast ratio, can use the delayer that forms pattern to revise or optimize observation angle and gamma characteristic.For example, for this purpose, the delayer that forms pattern can have and the first nonzero-lag zone of gathering alignment of pixels.And, can provide retardation layer, so that improve the color performance of display more than one.Second retardation layer can be evenly or form pattern that the delayer that this delayer or each form pattern can be arranged between the display device substrate, so that reduce parallax effect.
The delayer that is fit to the formation pattern of this application can make in all sorts of ways to be realized.For example, be aggregated then, for example by being exposed to ultraviolet, just can select to adhere to polymerizable liquid-crvstalline, such as active internal compensation (mesogen) by serigraphy.The example of suitable technology is disclosed in EP0887692 and GB2384318.
This display can use under the single image display mode, is used at the normal incidence place or watches on every side.For the normal incidence observation of describing among Figure 25, reference white and standard black TVAN pattern have almost opposite grey scale curve.For this observation, drive scheme can be changed so that increase voltage produces the gray scale output to the standard black color pixel, and minimizing voltage produces the gray scale output to the reference white pixel.All pixels by the display device active region show identical image.
In the replacement technology that the demonstration that can be switched to single view mode operation is provided, can be convertible type the period of delay that forms pattern, for example uses VAN pattern or Freedericksz pattern.When the single view of needs, delayer is switched to the operation that all pixels is transformed into standard black or reference white.
In the supplementary technology that can be switched to single view mode operation is provided, when the single view of needs, can show identical image to these two views.
Another avoids pixel display image and be rendered as the method for white pixel in another observation area in an observation area, just is to use the parallax-barrier layer of describing among Figure 26 95.This restraining barrier 95 is set to limit the observation angle of display pixel so that have only plan shows visual picture in the observation area those pixels in this zone as seen, other pixel crested.
The parallax-barrier layer can for example be made from latex.Yet the conventional latex of use parallax-barrier layer has reduced the brightness of display.A replacement method can be to use part to transmit the brightness and contrast that the restraining barrier provides improvement.The parallax-barrier layer can be made from the delayer that forms pattern, for example disclosed example in GB2390172.In the position of using convertible delayer, can disconnect the restraining barrier to be provided at normal normal incidence place or near the operation of the single view mode of normal normal incidence place observation.
Unnecessary the equating of pixel quantity that is used for the image of different views,, although the quantity that equates is favourable, this is because each image is needed identical spatial resolution.And, distribute to the pixel distribution that shows different views and need not be uniformly, or change through display device.For example, can expect that a view that demonstration is had the small font text provides the high-resolution zone.Like this, the pixel quantity that increases in this zone will be assigned to this view.In certain embodiments, many views effect is the driving of depending on display device basically, and display device can be uniform in addition.Like this, each pixel of display device can be assigned to any one view, and this can change by selecting the suitable voltage that applies at any time.
As shown in Figure 27, when the individual watched dual view display, the terminal edge that the size of panel and this people can influence panel to the distance of panel offered the angle of this eye.Under the situation of 8 centimetres of wide panels 100, will be 23 to spend at the operational angular range of gray correction to 35 degree, but for 30 centimetres of wide panels 101, this is increased to 16 and spends to 41 degree.When angular range increases, can use the software image alignment technique to prevent in the terminal variation of observing of image.
Figure 28 has described dual-view thin film transistor (TFT) (TFT) thin film transistor, and being used for two views can be that incoherent image 1 and 2 is directed to respectively in the observation area 1 and 2 of the spectators 1 that describe as Fig. 1 and 2 and 2.Display comprises and connects and be formed on preceding linear polarization 20 on the outside surface of substrate 21.Substrate 21 can be to be made of glass or fully stable any suitable transparent non-birefringent material.Substrate 21 surface within it has transparency electrode 22, for example can be made of indium tin oxide (ITO).Electrode 22 is as the counter electrode of active matrix, and covers the whole active region of display 10 uniformly.Calibration surface such as alignment layer 23 is formed on the electrode 22, and an example of alignment layer 23 is a rubbed polyimide.
Second substrate 27 has back linear polarization 28 and TFT and electrode layer 26.The electrode of layer 26 is formed pattern, so that determine pixel (image-element).This TFT and electrode configuration all are known contents, and will narrate in the back.Calibration surface such as alignment layer 25 is formed on the layer 26, and an example of alignment layer 25 is rubbed polyimide.
Substrate 21 and 27 forms together with layer 22,23,25 and 26, and produces with the alignment layer 23 that faces with each other and 25, so that be limited to the liquid crystal cells that has liquid crystal layer 24 between them.The liquid crystal of layer 24 is nematic crystals.Before or after liquid crystal cells is formed, can form or provide polarizer 20 and 28.Layer 26 comprises or is connected to the drive unit of describing 29 that the drive scheme that is used to provide suitable has the single pixel of the voltage of specifying gray scale with addressing.Device 29 can be whole or the formation outer member of part, is used to provide to showing the suitable drive scheme of first and second images.Replace, device 29 can be integrated into panel, for example uses discontinuous crystal grain silicon.
LCD so that the first and second set pixels 101 and 102 are provided, is used to show the image 1 and 2 of observation in different directions by pixelation.Pixel 101 and 102 is carried out spatial reuse or is replaced mutually, so that each image can be seen on the observed ray of the whole display surface of process display.For example, pixel 101 and 102 can be configured in the gridiron pattern pattern, perhaps is configured to the mutual vertical stripes on one or more pixels hurdle.
Pixel 101 is first configurations, and pixel 102 is second configurations that are different from first configuration.The feature of different configurations can by any one or more below difference in the feature show: at one or two lip-deep tilt angle of liquid crystal layer 24; A large amount of (bulk) liquid crystal director directions in layer 24; The thickness of layer 24; Distortion in not having impressed field; The doping of liquid crystal layer 24; The direction of transmission axle in any one or two polarizer 20 and 28; Position angle and/or zenith in alignment layer 23 and 25 place's liquid crystal-substrate interface are fixed; Delayer and/or compensate film (in Figure 28, not showing); The material of liquid crystal layer 24; With drive scheme such as the voltage range that provides by drive unit 29.
In an embodiment, tilt angle is different for pixel 101 and 102, and the formation pattern that any one or two alignment layers 23 and 25 can be suitable is so that provide pixel 101 and 102 different tilt angles.Tilt angle can be about amplitude or direction or the two difference.
When a large amount of liquid crystal director directions are different places between pixel 101 and 102, alignment layer 23 and 25 can form pattern, so that be provided at different tilt angle and/or the calibrating directions in liquid crystal layer surface.The liquid crystal director direction in a large amount of liquid crystal layers 24 has been determined in the combination of tilt angle characteristic and calibrating direction.
Thickness at pixel 101 and 102 place's liquid crystal layers 24 can differ from one another.This will carry out below more Nogatas to and horizontal direction.Reference direction is called as 0 degree vertically upward, and level is called as 90 degree to right.The all directions of the ingredient of describing among Figure 29 all relate to the to make progress direction of vertical 0 degree.
Preceding polarizer 20 has the transmission axle 30 that is oriented in for vertical direction one-tenth+180 degree that make progress (being equivalent to described 0 degree).Alignment layer 23 has the calibrating direction that forms pattern, and this calibrating direction has to be oriented in vertical direction upwards and becomes the calibrating direction 33a of the pixels 101 of 90 degree, and has and be oriented in the vertical direction that makes progress+the calibrating direction 33b of 70 pixels of spending 102.Alignment layer 25 adopts calibrating direction 35a and calibrating direction 35b to carry out pattern and forms, and this calibrating direction 35a is oriented in the upwards vertical direction of pixel 101 to become+180 degree, and calibrating direction 35b is oriented in the upwards vertical direction of pixel 102 and becomes 0 degree.Polarizer 28 has and is oriented in vertical direction upwards to become+90 transmission axles 38 of spending.Like this, polarizer 20 and 28 is uniformly and does not form pattern.
In the particular instance of the display of describing in Figure 28 and 29, liquid crystal layer 24 has 3.7 microns thickness in the regional 34a of pixel 101, have 4.0 microns thickness in the regional 34b of pixel 102.Liquid crystal is existing type, as the MJ97174 that can obtain from Merck UK.
Can form the alignment layer 23 and 25 that pattern forms by multiple friction techniques, for example be disclosed in people Sharp technical journal such as Harrold, issue number in August, 74,1999 " 3D display systems hardwareresearch at Sharp Laboratories of Europe; An update " in content.
Such as the material of the PI2555 that can from Dupont UK, obtain, for example apply and to be applied on the substrate by rotation.Layer, is evenly rubbed by suitable curing then by thermal treatment for example, so that determine specific calibrating direction and tilt angle when finally reaching with the contacting of liquid crystal material.To be coated on the rubbed polyimide layer such as the photoresist of the S1865 that can from Shipley UK, obtain.Will be such as the photoresist of the S1865 that can from Shipley UK, obtain by suitable mask exposure in ultraviolet radiation so that be exposed corresponding to for example zone of pixel 101, and do not expose in other zones corresponding to pixel 102.Develop a kind of resist, so that a zone of gathering the alignment layer of pixel is subjected to the protection of photoresist, and exposed in the zone of other pixels.Then from the different directions of first friction operation and adopt different frictional strengths to carry out another friction operation, so that produce different calibrating directions and tilt angle.Eliminate photoresist then, so that provide to pixel 101 with different calibrating directions and tilt angle and two groups of zones of 102.
Replace, can make and use up more accurate technology and replace friction techniques.For example, can adopt the exposure of pattern formation for the second time after the uniform exposure, be used to change the calibrating direction and the tilt angle of exposure for the first time in the first time.Can adopt bonding disconnection, bonding generation or by adopting the light real narration of directional material again such as azo dyes.
The different place of distortion between pixel 101 and 102 can be different in the angle of distortion and/or do not having between electrode 22 and 26 under the impressed field situation, the difference of the direction of twist between pixel, for example clockwise or counterclockwise.And, can be zero distortion, for example in pixel 101, and there be not under the situation of impressed field the non-zero distortion in pixel 102 between electrode 22 and 26.
Liquid crystal layer 24 can comprise chiral dopant.Influenced a large amount of director directions in layer 24 different in thickness and calibrating direction between pixel 101 and 102 with this chiral dopant, for example forced its to form distorted-structure with predetermined handedness and pitch.
LC layer 24 can comprise the adulterant such as dyestuff or polymeric material, to strengthen the observating characteristic of LCD.
Polarizer 20 and/or polarizer 28 can be formed pattern, so that with respect to layer 24 the optical axis of pixel, the transmission axle of the polarizer region of pixel 101 can be different from the transmission axle of the polarizer region of pixel 102.
By be provided at any one or two alignment layers 23 and 25 and the adjacent lcd material of layer 24 between difference in the anchoring strength of liquid crystal director at the interface, in can be between pixel 101 and the 102 different formation of the conversion characteristic with the liquid crystal material under the impressed voltage.
Although in Figure 28, do not show, can provide delayer and/or compensate film to any one or two pixels 101 or 102.For example, can use the delayer and/or the compensate film of the formation pattern that between pixel 101 and 102, has different delays and compensation effect.
As the narration of following more contents, can be used for different liquid crystal materials with 102 to pixel 101.By the use different materials, selection birefringence, elastic constant and specific inductive capacity that can be suitable, they can be different with 102 to pixel 101.
Difference in liquid crystal configurations of directors and grappling can be combined in the difference in specific inductive capacity and the elastic constant, so that pixel 101 is used different voltage ranges with 102.Like this, drive unit 29 provides suitable drive scheme, such as different voltage ranges, so that first and second image quality in images of optimization in their observation areas separately, be minimized in the contrast ratio in other observation area simultaneously, and make pixel in other zone, present dead color or black relatively.
Figure 29 illustrates and has described for the polarizer 20 of the specific embodiment of the display shown in Figure 28 10 and 28 and the exploded view of layer 23 to 25, and this display 10 has used two formula vertical calibration nematic (TVAN) liquid crystal modes of turning round.Figure 29 has also described as the existing optical alignment of hanging down of the normal direction of the display of describing among Fig. 1 10.
As an alternative, can use the friction and the combination of optical alignment to come the calibrating direction and the tilt angle of the alignment layer of predetermined pattern formation.
As another kind of possibility scheme, can be provided in the calibration surface of the microstructure of open type among the GB2384318.
Can use such as other technologies such as photolithography and polymkeric substance embossings, the calibration surface of microstructure for example is provided simultaneously, and form pitch in the thickness of the polymeric layer between the pixel 101 and 102 of different sets.Can use this technology that the pixel of different thickness of liquid crystal layer is provided, and need not form any extra treatment step outside the alignment layer.
Figure 28 and 29 display are the black types of standard, and this is because do not having between electrode 22 and 26 under the situation of impressed field, and pixel 101 and 102 presents maximum dark-coloured or " black " on their observed rays separately.In this case, liquid crystal layer 24 is by the aligning of (homeotropically) of essence homotype.In the time of on voltage is applied to through the liquid crystal layer of any one pixel 101 and 102, light just is transmitted on the observed ray of pixel.As with respect to the brightness in the transmission that applies voltage, be used for observing at surface level becoming-30 to spend+60 directions of spending with the normal of display surface, the transfer function of pixel 101 and 102 has been described respectively among Figure 30 and 31.Drive unit 29 is provided for being created in+voltage in the tonal ranges in the 60 degree directions, and these pixels 101 present sufficient black on-30 degree directions.On the contrary, drive unit 29 is provided for selecting the voltage of the gray level of pixel 102 on-30 degree observed rays, and these pixels present black on+60 degree observed rays.
Figure 32 has described the brightness ratio that applies voltage with respect to pixel 101, and has described the brightness of image ratio from+60 degree observations by dividing in the brightness of-30 degree black states especially.This ratio is very high, for example surpasses 100 even reach 25% transmission.
Figure 33 has described another embodiment of the display that shows in Figure 28, it has at Freedericksz or non-ly twoly turns round the pixel 101 of operating under the formula plane calibration nematic pattern, and in two pixels 102 of operating under the formula nematic pattern of turning round.Before polarizer 20 have and be oriented in vertical direction upwards to become+180 transmission axles of spending.Alignment layer 23 is formed by pattern, it has corresponding to the zone of pixel 101 with corresponding to the zone of pixel 102, pixel 101 has and is oriented in vertical direction upwards to become+the calibrating direction 33a of 45 degree, and pixel 102 has and is oriented in the vertical direction that makes progress+the 90 calibrating direction 33b that spend.Alignment layer 25 is formed by the similar pattern that carries out, it has the zone of respective pixel 101 and the zone of respective pixel 102, pixel 101 has and is oriented in vertical direction upwards to become+the calibrating direction 35a of 45 degree, and pixel 102 has and is oriented in the vertical direction that makes progress+the 180 calibrating direction 35b that spend.Polarizer 28 is uniformly, and it has and is oriented in vertical direction upwards to become+90 transmission axles 38 of spending.Liquid crystal layer 24 is uniform thickness of 2 microns for example, and it can comprise material known, as the E7 that can obtain from Merck UK.
The display of describing among Figure 28 and 33 is operated under the white mode of standard.Do not having between electrode 22 and 26 under the situation of impressed voltage, liquid crystal layer 24 is turned round the formula calibration with non-pair of the plane of pixel 101 and is aligned, and spends with the plane 90 that is twisted into of pixel 102.Liquid crystal layer 24 has rotated 90 degree with the polarization direction of light of transmitting like this.When applying voltage for any one pixel 101 and 102 between electrode 22 and 26, pixel just transmits light and provides gray scale according to the voltage that applies.Figure 34 and 35 has described the transition function of pixel 101 and 102 respectively as with respect to the brightness in the transmission that applies voltage at observation angle+60 degree and-30 degree places.Drive unit 29 offers the voltage of pixel 101 in voltage range, and with the display gray scale image, so that it can see on the directions at-30 degree, but these pixels present sufficient black on+60 degree directions.On the contrary, drive unit provides voltage to pixel 102, is used to be presented at+gray level image of 60 degree on the directions, and these pixels present sufficient black on-30 degree observed rays.Described in Figure 36 for Freedericksz pixel 101 and two brightness ratio (limiting in front) of turning round formula nematic (TN) pixel 102, it shows that brightness ratio is very high, and for example it is 200 more than 20% transmission to these two types of pixels at least.
Figure 37 illustrates and has described display 10, and wherein liquid crystal layer 24 has different thickness for pixel 101 and 102.Can adopt any suitable technique to obtain different-thickness, for example in content disclosed herein.Figure 37 has also described observation angle direction a different on the horizontal plane with respect to the image display normal 1And a 2, these images are to adopt the set of pixel 101 and 102 to show.Usually, observation angle a 1And a 2Be required abundant observation angle greater than the display that is generally used for the automatic stereo mirror.For example, for the display of typical automatic stereo mirror, the angle between observed ray can be the order of 10 degree.In order to show the image of uncorrelated or non-space image to two different spectators, the angular distance between observed ray is usually more greater than this angle, and angular distance can be asymmetric (a 1Be not equal to a 2).For example, if display 10 is used in the instrument panel of vehicle, wherein spectators can be different height, therefore can be sitting in apart from the different distance of display, observation angle a 1And a 2It can be different amplitudes.Also can optimization for the operation of the display of convertible observation angle, so that can adapt to different viewer's locations.
The for example calibration of the pattern of foregoing existing type formation or multi-field configuration can not provide the best or evenly sufficient picture quality with required wide relatively or big relatively observation angle.Technology disclosed herein allows the realization of this effect, and when when the unexpected observed ray of these pixels is observed, allows pixel to present relative black.
The configuration that the combination of liquid crystal material and calibration surface has last a large amount of (bulk) liquid crystal directors produces substantial influence.By providing different materials to different pixels, and use this method to form calibration surface, just can obtain the difference in anchoring strength (zenith and/or position angle), can cause different in the liquid crystal configurations of directors and difference from one type pixel 101 to the conversion performance of the pixel 102 of another type.Can make the pixel that is provided in the single liquid-crystal apparatus two set or more set in this way, so that the pixel of each set display gray scale image on its observed ray presents dead color or black on other observed ray.
For the pixel of different thickness of liquid crystal layer is provided, employing is such as the technology of suitable polymeric material being carried out embossing, adopt the technology of etching glass substrate, or adopt any other suitable technique, just can be on any one or two substrate the formation pitch of photoetching for example.On the pitch surface, form calibration surface then.Can use two pitch substrates or pitch substrate and one evenly to set off by contrast the end and form the liquid crystal cells that has the liquid crystal layer different-thickness of pixel 101 and 102.
In that different pixel 101 is used in the display of different liquid crystal materials with 102, just need provide the configuration that limits each liquid crystal material and it is separated with other liquid crystal material.This can realize by the method that forms polymer wall on any one or two substrate, for example by the photolithography of high binary anticorrosive additive material is realized this high binary anticorrosive additive material is such as the SU8 that can obtain from MicroChem.Figure 38 has described such configuration, and wherein polymer wall 110 is vertically extending usually from the serpentine path of pack hole 111 to first liquid crystal materials (LC1) and from the serpentine path of pack hole 112 to second liquid crystal materials (LC2).
For example, can liquid crystal material LC1 of chiral doping, so that determine specific direction of twist, other materials LC2 simultaneously undopes.This just allows at calibration condition is that other distortion selects distortion to detect when degenerating according to qualifications.Replace, can use different doping different materials.A kind of material can have positive dielectric anisotropy, and another kind of material can have negative dielectric anisotropic.Can use liquid crystal material with different birefringences and/or different elastic constants.
Figure 39 has described a dual view display 10, wherein except spectators 1 and 2 being had only in fact the visible observation area of single corresponding views, also have " crosstalk zone " 115, wherein two images 1 and 2 can be seen, this is because the observation angle characteristic of pixel 101 and 102 overlapping.In some applications, crosstalk zone 115 does not need, and display 10 is designed or is optimized for minimise cross talk.In some applications, crosstalk zone can be replaced by the black middle section.Yet, in other are used, can constitute application by crosstalk zone 115.For example, show for office or for client's application, wherein first people wishes that display message is given second people on kneetop computer or PC monitor, observes display 10 in the crosstalk zone that first people (spectators 1) can describe from Figure 40.Therefore spectators 1 can see each other the effectively image 1 and 2 of stack, for this application, can control or optimize display to improve the superimposed image in zone 115, for example to consume the mode of the picture quality in the observation area 1.Spectators 2 in observation area 2 in fact only see the predetermined his or her image of giving.For example, in the position that spectators 1 are demonstrating, image 1 can keep the supplemental instruction for image 2, offers spectators' 2 display image datas to be selected such as prompting or the menu option introduced.Display 10 can be controlled, so that when demonstration finishes, display can be used as two " separations " view display or operates for example optimization that normal incidence is observed as the single view display of high spatial resolution more.
In other application, can expect to use observation area 1 and 2 and crosstalk zone 115, spectators 1 and 2 can only see image 1 and 2 respectively in observation area 1 and 2, can see two images simultaneously in crosstalk zone 115.This example is that wherein the player in crosstalk zone 115 can see all view data to the recreation of multiselect hand, and the player in any end regions can only see the view data of part.
Foregoing display is such type, promptly shows two incoherent images, for example is the image of non-solid, for instance two spectators is seen different images simultaneously from different observation areas.Yet, by the optimization of observation angle characteristic, can fully reduce crosstalk zone, or fully eliminate crosstalk zone to allow to provide the display that can show more than two views.For example, as graphic explanation among Figure 41, by using four dissimilar pixel arrangement in liquid-crystal apparatus, just the image of four uncorrelated (or relevant) can be directed in four observation areas, so that four spectators can see the different images that shows simultaneously on same apparatus.
As the substitute mode of describing among Figure 42, can show four device configurations 120 by two liquid- crystal apparatus 121 and 122, so that a device 122 can be watched by other device 121 with stacked laminator.For example, device can be operating as the mode of space-time, so that in a time frame, a device provides image to two observation areas, and provides black to other zones, and in second time frame, the effect of liquid-crystal apparatus is reversed simultaneously.Compare with the configuration that shows among Figure 41, this configuration provides have the twice spatial resolution image of (supposing that all images all adopt identical spatial resolution to show).
Can use suitable holograph to eliminate or reduce crosstalk zone.
For fear of or reduce as the preceding variation of describing with reference to Figure 27, replaceable or additional software alignment technique can adopt the formation pattern of optimizing alignment layer through the position of panel.Can make in this way, for example change distortion angle, for example select on the reverse direction of observed ray in foundation through the panel of each set pixel 101 and 102.The effect that the angle of the optical alignment direction by utilizing exposure energy changes just can be implemented in a set pixel through the variation in the angle of panel.For example, can just can realize that this angle changes by the ultraviolet source of scanning incident on photo-alignment layer, and when light beam is scanned through the surface, pass through to change ultraviolet flux, change so that cause angle through the surface.In this process, can cover other zones.This ultraviolet source can be polarized.
As an alternative, can use the mask of variable amplitude together with uniform ultraviolet exposure source.As another replacement, can use phase mask to come the anglec of rotation, use this angle for example to form calibration through panel by different directed ripple plates.This can adopt bonding cut-out or bonding generation optical alignment to use.
Replace, can use different liquid crystal materials through panel, so that optimize image quality.
Can optimize gray level scope that is used for pixel 101 and the gray level scope that is used for pixel 102.For example, can be optimized for the picture quality that provides best on observed ray, each pixel shows an image in the observed ray of optimum picture quality, and produces best gray level state such as abundant black for other observed ray.To position two or multi-view display and/or the voltage range that this display of operation need be different under the pattern of single view normal incidence, just need drive unit 28 that suitable voltage range is provided.
Can use dual view display as single view or 2D display.When the situation of grammer line incident observation is used this display, compare with the display of the single view type of tradition, can reduce the scope of vertical and level angle, on the scope of vertical and level angle, can see single view with good quality.In order to improve the normal incidence observation of a plurality of view display, because the difference of configuration, may need that different set of pixels is incompatible carries out different drivings, have the scope of the visible single image that can accept quality so that improve or optimize.
By the tonal range of change using, be corrected or this user is reached the angle that optimum efficiency is optimized image up to it, by adjusting angle, just can be implemented in the adaptability of the required observation angle characteristic of coordination in the limited range.For example, be used in position in the instrument panel of vehicle, when driver or passenger adjust position and rearview mirror, can finish these adjustment at this display.Replace, can use suitable tracking means that viewer's location in the vehicle is set, so that can automatically perform compensation different observation angles.
In the observation area of a plurality of views, need to see single view, but do not need to see that at the normal incidence place of display the pixel of all set can show identical image in the application of single view.This and without any need for change, for example to the change of the voltage range that is used for collection of pixels.Yet, be used to all show that with all pixel the embodiment of single image compares, what each spectators saw is to have the identical image that reduces spatial resolution.
For color LCD can be provided, can use in Figure 10 and 14 describe with the technology of narrating previously.
Although having the embodiment of two set pixels 101 and 102 is with TVAN, TN and Freedericksz liquid crystal mode are the basis, can use all liquid crystal modes that can produce suitable asymmetric observation angle.For example, can use suitable smectic or ferroelectric liquid crystal mode.And, can use other pairs to turn round formula nematic pattern, such as mixing calibration nematic (HAN) pattern or circular constant-unit (pi-mode) pattern.
Known and disclose the observation angle compensation film, for example people such as P.Van de Witte at JapanJournal of A pplied Physics vol.39, the 101-108 page or leaf, disclosed content in 2000 " Viewing anglecompensators for liquid crystal displays based on layers with a positive birefringence ".Use this film to optimize the characteristic of liquid crystal mode, for example observation angle characteristic and black/white and gray level state.In known single view display, use this film to produce the observation angle characteristic, this observation angle characteristic is all even as much as possible for vertical and horizontal direction and optimization black-level.
For multi-view display disclosed herein, just need from known configurations, carry out different optimization to the different demands of the gray scale observation angle characteristic of liquid crystal mode, therefore need the different designs of observation angle compensation film, this has wherein used this film.Optimize each image when the demand of this observation angle wavelength film is used for observing on its observed ray, and make the outward appearance of the pixel of observation display image on other direction be black as far as possible.
Can use the color characteristic that improves image more than a delayer.For example, can use two delayers, each delayer is formed by pattern or uniformly.Can from liquid crystal polymer or polymerizable liquid-crvstalline, make this delayer, such as the polymerizable liquid-crvstalline of active internal compensation (mesogen), can be at this delayer of the inner use of liquid crystal cells, so that reduce or eliminate parallax effect.Replace, can between delayer that pattern forms and liquid crystal layer, use thin substrate.
As an alternative, this delayer can be positioned at the outside of liquid crystal cells.Replace as another, evenly delayer can or be fixed on the outside of unit by lamination.
Can by any suitable technique and in GB2384318 and EP0887692 the existing example of discloseder technology make the delayer that pattern forms.
Figure 43 has described dual view display 10, it comprises that two thin film transistor (TFT)s (TFT) active matrix is two and turns round formula vertical calibration nematic (TVAN) LCD, and being used for can be that incoherent image is directed to respectively in the observation area 1 and 2 of the spectators 1 that describe as Fig. 1 and 2 and 2.The one LCD comprises preceding linear polarization 20, and it is connected to or is formed on the outside surface of substrate 21.Substrate 21 can be made by glass or fully stable any suitable transparent non-birefringent material.Substrate 21 has transparency electrode 22 on the surface within it, and transparency electrode 22 can for example be made of indium tin oxide (ITO).Electrode 22 is as the counter electrode of active matrix, and it covers the whole active region of display 10 equably.Such as for the alignment surface of alignment layer 23 is formed on the electrode 22, this alignment layer 23 can be such as the polyimide for friction, and alignment surface is rubbed uniformly, so that have identical uniform calibrating direction in the effective coverage of whole display 10.
Linear polariscope 28 in the middle of second substrate 27 has, TFT and electrode layer 26.Electrode layer 26 is formed by pattern so that determine pixel (image elements).This TFT and electrode configuration all are known settings and will narrate in the back.Alignment surface such as alignment layer 25 is formed on the layer 26, and an example of alignment layer 25 is rubbed polyimide.Alignment layer 25 also is provided at the even calibrating direction on the effective coverage of whole display 10.
Substrate 21 and 27 forms together with layer 22,23,25 and 26, and produces together with the alignment layer 23 and 25 that faces with each other, so that determine to have the liquid crystal cells of liquid crystal layer 24 between this.Liquid crystal layer 24 is nematic crystals, and for example comprising can be from the MJ97174 of Merck UK acquisition.Polariscope 20 and 28 can be formed or provide before or after liquid crystal cells form.Layer 22 and 26 comprises or is connected 29 drive units of describing, and is used to provide appropriate signal to come addressing to have the individual pixel that limits grayscale voltage.Configuration 29 can form all or part of outer member.As an alternative, configuration 29 can be integrated on the LCD, for example uses continuous grain silicon to realize.
The 2nd LCD comprises the substrate 21 ' with corresponding component part 21 to 28 same types, electrode 22 ', alignment layer 23 ', liquid crystal layer 24 ', alignment layer 25 ', TFT and electrode layer 26 ', substrate 27 ', polarizer 28 '.Layer 22 ' and 26 ' is connected to drive unit 29.It is backlight 30 that display provides, and it can be controlled by drive unit 29.
Drive unit 29 provides first and second drive schemes to first and second images, and this first and second image all shows on first and second LCD.These drive schemes will be described in detail in the back.
Although the abundant independent device that first and second LCD are described as connecting together, these LCD can constitute by single single unit system.For example, substrate 27 and 21 ' can replace with single public intermediate substrate.And, in certain embodiments, can omit intermediate polarizer 28.
Figure 44 illustrates and has described polarizer 20,28 and 28 ' and layer 23 to 25 and 23 ' to 25 ' exploded view.Figure 44 has also described the vertical direction and the horizontal direction of the normal direction of display as shown in Figure 1 10.Vertically upward reference direction be referenced be 0 the degree, level to right be 90 the degree.The various directions of the ingredient that shows among Figure 44 all relate to 0 degree direction vertically upward.
Preceding polarizer 20 has the transmission axles 31 that are oriented in about vertical one-tenth+90 degree that make progress.Alignment layer 23 has the even calibrating directions 32 that are oriented in about vertical direction one-tenth+90 degree that make progress.Alignment layer 25 has and is oriented in the even calibrating direction 33 that vertical direction is upwards become 0 degree.Polarizer 28 has the transmission axles 34 that are oriented in vertical direction one-tenth+180 degree that make progress.Alignment layer 23 ' has the even calibrating directions 35 that are oriented in vertical direction one-tenth+270 degree that make progress.Alignment layer 25 ' has the even calibrating directions 36 that are oriented in vertical direction one-tenth+180 degree that make progress.Polarizer 28 ' has the transmission axles 37 that are oriented in vertical direction one-tenth+90 degree that make progress.
The configuration of describing among Figure 43 and 44 is included in two TVAN (two formula vertical calibration nematic of turning round) LCD that standard black mode of operation is done.Do not having under the situation of impressed voltage through any one liquid crystal layer 24 and 24 ', liquid crystal is by the calibration of essence (homeotropically) of the same type, so that there is not light to be transmitted.If two layers 24 and 24 ' have the abundant big voltage that applies through them, light just is transmitted.Yet when being reduced through the voltage of liquid crystal layer 24 ', just gradually decay of the light quantity that enters other liquid crystal layers 24 is so that the scope of the gray level that can show is by gradually minimizing.Similar effects will appear when the voltage through liquid crystal layer 24 is reduced.
This effect has been described among Figure 45 and 46.Figure 45 has described the light transmission that voltage passes through liquid crystal layer 24 that applies with respect to liquid crystal layer 24 ', and the voltage of this liquid crystal layer 24 ' on the observation angle directions that become-30 degree with display normal is changed in selecting.On the contrary, Figure 46 has described the transmission by the liquid crystal layer 24 ' with liquid crystal layer 24, and the voltage of liquid crystal layer 24 on the observation angle direction of+30 degree is changed in selecting.
Figure 47 has described the effect of eliminating or omit intermediate polarizer 28.If voltage is applied in through having a layer of other layer 24 ', be applied in through layer 24 such as voltage, this layer 24 ' does not apply voltage, and display is equivalent to the white TVAN LCD of standard.When having used the changing voltage that surpasses thresholding on layer 24 ', display increases the TVAN LCD of similar standard black gradually.Figure 47 has described with respect to selecting the transmission of the voltage of conversion layer 24 ' by liquid crystal layer 24 at the voltage of observation angle-30 degree.
In order to overcome or to reduce the technology of changing a liquid crystal layer and having influence on the problem of the light that can pass through other liquid crystal layer, all will narrate below.
Foregoing Fig. 6 to 9 described with Figure 43 and 44 in the characteristic of single LCD like the content class of narration, but Figure 43 and 44 operates in two turning round under formula nematic (TN) pattern.
Figure 48 has described the drive scheme that two LCD that can be used for as shown in figure 43 form display.42 shown for comprise LC layer 24 on the drive scheme of LCD, and at 43 drive schemes that shown for the following LCD that comprises LC layer 24 '.LCD is identical type, and their essence is mutually the same, but LCD has effectively rotated 180 degree with respect to last LCD down.Like this, alignment layer 23 ' and 25 ' calibrating direction have been rotated 180 degree respectively with respect to the calibrating direction of (or in contrast to) alignment layer 23 and 25.
Can working voltage scope 40 as the drive scheme of each LCD.Like this, as showing 42, to the gray level that is fit to, just can use LCD to come display image by the map that the voltage in the scope 40 is suitable, the image that is produced can be seen on-30 degree observed rays.Yet when watching on+30 degree directions, the pixel of last LCD presents sufficient black, and it has the contrast ratio that essence equals 1.
Shown identical drive scheme 43, but the observed ray that it has is corresponding to the observed ray of following LCD.Like this, on+30 degree observed rays, following LCD shows the image that can be seen by spectators.Yet following LCD presents sufficient black on-30 degree observed rays, and it has the contrast ratio that essence equals 1.Display 10 has been set up two observation areas to spectators like this, in their corresponding observation areas, watching incoherent image or image sequence, and without any need for the parallax eyeglass with do not need to use the multi-field liquid crystal technology that the pixel that shows different images is adopted different calibrations.Therefore this display is easier and more cheap at manufacture view.Narrated hereinafter in order to overcome or to reduce a liquid crystal layer of conversion and have influence on the technology of all problems of light that can be by other liquid crystal layer.
As the replacement of above-mentioned drive scheme, voltage range 41 can be used for each LCD.In this case, last LCD shows visual picture on the observed ray of+30 degree, but presents the image of light or " white " on the observed ray of-30 degree.On the contrary, following LCD shows visual picture on the observed ray of-30 degree, but presents the image of white on the observed ray of+30 degree.
Owing in light path, used two " stacked " or " order " LCD, just must consider to use color filter so that provide colored to show by display 10.If have only a LCD to be provided with color filter, just must be from the light of other LCD with correct route by color filter, to avoid showing incorrect coloured image.For example, Figure 49 illustrates and has described the liquid crystal layer 24 and 24 ' with limited liquid crystal layer spacing 44.LCD adopts identical pel spacing to carry out pixelation, for example shown in 45.Display is this type: first and second observation angles are that essence is identical, and by minimum angles and corresponding maximum angle, are respectively a and b limits.Transmit along correct light path line by display in order to ensure light, will provide the absorption region of describing as the part of black mask 48 and 49, so that stop at least some incorrect light paths.Figure 50 has described the embodiment that two LCD have color filter.The filtration of each color is all passed through to describe with 24 ' identical intersection hatching at liquid crystal layer 24.Pass the gloss of pixel 50 and encode with corresponding color, and incident in the color filter of last LCD.According to the color that incides color filter, light will be transmitted or be absorbed.Figure 50 has described the relevant position for the color filter of two LCD with pixel 51 and 52, and the color filtration that pixel 51 and 52 has is identical with the color filtration of pixel 50.
As shown in Figure 49, Figure 50 has described for the initial angular scope of passing through pixel 51 from the light of pixel 50.This can determine by colour element and the relation between the spacing between the LCD liquid crystal layer 44 layer 24 and 24 '.Spacing 44 is extremely important, and this is because light must be able to arrive layer 24 ', so that adopt data to encode, to form image to display.Therefore, this provides in the restriction of specifying the spacing 44 between the layer of colour element spacing.Usually.For actual purpose, need spacing 44 relatively little, can be less than the allowed standard of conventional LCD ingredient as shown in Figure 43.
In order to reduce thickness, two substrates 27 and 21 ' can be replaced by public substrate, and as describing in 55 places among Figure 51, it is the embodiment that does not have intermediate polarizer.In two ends processing common substrate 55, so that calibration and electrode layer 25,26,22 ' and 23 ' to be provided.At 56 and 57 color filters of having described these two LCD.
Replace or add, can from extremely thin glass, form intermediate substrate or substrate.A kind of suitable glass be existing " meagre plate " (microsheet), it can obtain from German Schott.
Have various pixel arrangement, they are provided at the light of specific color can be through the adaptability in the angle of these two LCD.For example, can use the configuration of in Figure 50, describing.For the liquid crystal layer spacing 44 of 200 microns pixel pitch and 700 microns, spending the color filter that light the space angle scopes of about 61 degree is passed in the same hue in the layer 24 and 24 ' from about 12.Have second angular range, wherein will be by the pixel 52 of same hue from the light of pixel 50, but this light at glass by the reflection of totality: air interface.By considering the effect at interface between the media of different refractivity, can produce such configuration, wherein not inner fully the reflecting of light quilt in expection first angular range, so that avoid undesirable visual effect.
In the configuration described in Figure 50, each liquid crystal layer provides the filtration of same type, for example so that every layer have redness, green and blue filter.Yet LCD can provide different color filters, so that for example can comprise redness to the filtrator of a LCD, and green and blue filter, and can comprise cyan to the filtrator of another LCD, peony and yellow filtrator.
Figure 52 has described the color filtration of another form, and wherein single color filter comprises the horizontal stripe that extends to whole display width.For example, as shown in Figure 52, color filter comprises the redness 60 of repeating groups, green 61 and blue 62 filtrators.For the single color filter of this two LCD by aligned with each other so that to the red filtrator of last LCD directly down above the red filtrator of LCD.Therefore this configuration allows on the surface level that shows for light transmission the more observation angle of wide region, but itself can not be avoided the propagation of light in proper angle.
For fear of the geometric configuration that must consider color filter, display can be presented as the dye technology of sequence service time.In this case, do not need color filtration, because LCD shows different chrominance section images in adjacent time frame or time slot and used conversion multicoloured backlight.For example, in order to obtain fully high frame frequency,, just use colored light emitting diode to form and have redness so that the vision of chrominance section image by the people is fused into coloured image, green and blue diode backlight, these diodes are by aperiodic control.
Replace, can use the color wheel to put and achieve this end with white light source.Described this configuration in Figure 53, it comprises having display unit backlight 20 to 28,21 ' to 28 ', and this is backlight to be the form of taking turns 30b with white light source 30a and color.Wheel 30b comprises three color filters with quadrant form of identical size, and wheel is configured to and can rotates, so that each color filter passes through between the remainder of light source 30a and display successively.
Replace as another,, can use the colored band that rolls for avoiding to show with the space-time colour problem of the color separation that interrelates.This configuration is disclosed, for example, people such as Katoh are at LN-5, disclosed content among the Eurodisplay 2002 " A Novel High-Definition Projection System using SingleCG-Silicon TFT-LCD and Optical Image Shift Device ".
In this seasonal effect in time series color embodiment, owing to only show a color at each time slot, the gray correction of using in each time slot just can be different for each color, so that compensation color chromatic dispersion in LCD.
Adopt foregoing embodiment, just must consider to pass the effect of two LCD of the variable attenuation light of display with two images.In order to reduce and to avoid this difficulty, these two LCD can be set as two space phase modulators between the polarizer of describing at Figure 54.In this configuration, LCD comprises space phase modulator SPM170 and 171, and they are arranged between the polarizer 20 and 28 ' with modulator 170 and 171, and modulator 170 and 171 is described as 1 pixel by pixelation to be provided at a place.Can control display then so that space phase modulation is provided, thereby on such as the first direction of R1 and R2 and the light intensity modulation of on the second direction such as L1 and L2, passing display.Particularly, by suitable control modulator 170 and 171, the light that just can be modulated at independently of each other on first and second directions is propagated.Adopt the spatial resolution identical to form this two images with the spatial resolution of each modulator 170 and 171.
For " left side " image with pass the light of pixel b on direction L1 and propagate and also to pass pixel c.The intensity that is produced is the combination of the phase change that caused by pixel b and c.Similarly, the light on direction L2 is propagated and to be had the intensity that the phase change combination that caused by pixel d and e is produced.For " the right " image, the influence that only is subjected to the combination of the phase change in phase place b and a and phase place d and c respectively of propagating on direction R1 and the R2.Each pixel can provide the scope of the phase change of crossing over essence 180 degree.
Must select first or last pixel of each modulator 170 and 171 boundary condition for a direction.This just can provide the intensity of separate control single image pixel by the simultaneous equations of finding the solution fully a large amount of groups.For example, for the transmission path L1 that describes among Figure 54, L2, R1 and R2, the light intensity of generation (I) can be expressed as following simultaneous equations:
I(R1)＝C(A(a)+A(b))
I(R2)＝C(A(c)+A(d))
I(L1)＝C(A(b)+A(c))
I(L2)＝C(A(d)+A(e))
Wherein, A is the phase change that is produced by corresponding pixel, and C is a constant.Can find the value of phase change, so that the intensity of two images that can separate selection showing.
Top Simultaneous Equations comprises four equations with five variablees.Yet, at pixel a is that last pixel of modulator 170 and need to change is when having only in one direction phase place by light, be different from the pixel c that for example is controlled at the phase place of process light on the both direction, pixel a can be set to for the value of left side image (border), for example offers the symbolistic black picture element of left side image.In this case, the phase change A of pixel a (a) can be set to n π, and wherein n is an integer.This provides the 5th equation, therefore can Simultaneous Equations find the solution the 5th variable.
Phase change is preferably optimized the angle to the light that passes liquid crystal layer, so that consider the observation angle relevant with these layers.Phase change is preferably optimized passing the wavelength of liquid crystal layer.Phase change can be identical or different for the LCD of each use.Performance is preferably optimized the observation position to special angle, and will carry out essence to the observation angle scope and proofread and correct.
Can change spacing between the observation area by changing in the distance between the LCD.
The spacing that can adjust pixel disposes the observation window of correct formation.
The zone of opacity that between the pixel of LCD, may have " black mask ".Can use the width that increases black mask to increase the size of observation window, so that can stop the angular range that shows incorrect view data in fact.
Can make is the application that the pixel by various combination constitutes, to change to the angle between the observed ray that shows two views, and content described in Figure 55 for example.In order to increase the angular separation of observed ray, each pixel of each modulator is not cooperated with the nearest pixel of other modulators, but cooperates with the nearest pixel of the next one.Like this, the intensity of a pixel of right image just can determine by the effect of pixel c and f, and the pixel c and the d that describe among pixel c and f and Figure 54 are opposite.In the reality, the conversion between the different angles of apart view can make modulator 170 and 171 reach optimized angular region by change and realize electronically.
Figure 56 has described wideer angular region, and how service time, multiplexing and directional backlight realized.The directional backlight (not shown) is only to provide illumination in specific different angular regions at different time.
For example, during the time frame of describing in the top of Figure 56 1, view throws light on the direction that only is set to image 1 and left side image 2 on the right backlight.In this image duration, modulator 170 and 171 is operated according to the operation of describing in Figure 55.During next time frame 2, view throws light on the direction that only is set to image 2 and left side image 1 on the right backlight.In this image duration, the content of describing among modulator 170 and 171 operation such as Figure 54.
This configuration provides four views that show on different observed rays.The 3D demonstration that this can be used to provide many views to show or can be used to form two automatic stereos.Replace as another, this configuration can be used to increase the observation scope that dual-view shows, right image 1 and 2 is identical in dual-view shows, left image 1 and 2 is identical.
As an alternative, can be according to showing view as the different order of describing among Figure 57.
In another high-resolution single view mode that this configuration can be applied to describe as Figure 58.The light of each image pixel is passed in pixel in each modulator 170 and 171.Except the boundary pixel of modulator 170 and 171, the light of two image pixels of each pixel modulation.Can be provided with and find the solution foregoing simultaneous equations, so that all image pixels of control that can be separate.What the spectators of observation display saw in the angular region of normal incidence is the image with twice spatial resolution of each modulator 170 and 171.
In specific angular range, will produce the correction observation of image, for example around the normal incidence observation of display.In order to increase angular range, the front portion of the display that can describe in as Figure 59 is provided with fan diffuser or demodulator (defuser) 175.Fan diffuser 175 can transform to non-dispersal pattern, to turn back to the operation of many view modes.
Figure 60 has described the operation of the time series pattern conversion of a replacement, and it does not need to find the solution simultaneous equations.In each time frame, a LCD shows an image, and another LCD is transformed to even configuration, such as (homeotropic) layer of even delayer or homotype.Each LCD shows its image in the time frame that replaces.Like this, as shown in Figure 60, in the time frame of odd number, as seen LCD is presented on first observed ray, but presents the image of black on second observed ray.In the time frame of even number, as seen LCD is presented on second observed ray, but presents the image of black on first observed ray.By choosing fully high frame frequency, the spectators on each observed ray can merge these images.
LCD can have or not have the polarizer between them.LCD can operate under liquid crystal mode, such as standard black or reference white TN or reference white or standard black TVAN (two vertically more accurate nematic of formula of turning round).For example, Figure 61 has described as the gray scale that voltage transmits that applies with respect to the different observation angles of TVANLCD, and TVAN LCD do not have polarizer, and it has 90 degree distortions.Figure 62 has described the effect of the polarizer between the TVAN of 90 degree distortions.
Will consider to avoid between LCD, existing polarizer and a LCD to be transformed, so that it can not transmit the situation of substantial light to the image that other visible LCD produces.
In the operation of another single-view mode, for sufficient normal incidence observation, a LCD can keep conversion so that as conforming layer, and image can be shown by another LCD.Conforming layer can have the calibration on plane in fact, and LCD is as even delayer in this case, and it can be essentially (homeotropic) of homotype, maybe can be transformed a state between these two.The LCD that Figure 61 and 62 has described display image not is (homeotropic) performance of homotype in fact to curve mark 0 degree.
When using display in single view seasonal effect in time series pattern, the plane that produces image is different with forming two LCD that show.This has caused the parallax between image when spectators change the position.This problem can be by using the convertible lens of describing among foregoing convertible fan diffuser or use Figure 63 to overcome or reducing.Display shown in Figure 63 comprises the backlight of light source 180 and collimator 181 forms.Convertible lens configuration 182 is set between collimator 181 and LCD170 and 171, and it carries out conversion between the active mode of the passive mode of first time frame and second time frame, respectively as the left side and the described content of right-hand component of Figure 63.Under passive mode, lens configuration 182 is indexed to match adjacent media, so that the collimated light that comes autocollimator 181 is not had substantial influence.Under active mode, the index coupling is invalid, so that lens are as convergent lens.
In first time frame, LCD170 shows the image of normal incidence observation, and LCD171 is as even delayer.In second time frame, lens 182 are energized, and the pixel of LCD171 is focused on the plane, and this plane is by the same level of concentrating in the pixel time frame formerly with LCD170.LCD170 is now as even delayer.Therefore these images are to form on the same level of two types time frame, so that avoid the problem of parallax.
Figure 64 has described among the embodiment as previously described the LCD170 and 171 that is arranged in parallel by essence 183.For single LCD, this LCD has from the relatively big best observation angle of normal auto levelizer such as 30 degree, and this just is provided at angular separation big relatively between the observation angle.Yet, use such LCD to be provided at the position of the fine difference between the best observation angle in expectation, can be set to mutual nonparallel orientation by LCD, as among Figure 65 in 184 description.In this example, LCD170 and 171 rotates 5 degree in the opposite direction in the surface level to normal separately.Like this, the angle between best observed ray just reduces to 50 degree from 60 degree.
Figure 65 has described a dual view display, and it can be used for forming two stereoscopic image on first and second observed rays, so that the function of display is as two automatic stereoscopic display devices.Main or only difference of this display and foregoing embodiment is: parallax-barrier layer 185 is set between the LCD.Parallax-barrier layer 185 is as the back parallax restraining barrier that comprises the LCD of parts 21,24 and 27, and conduct comprises the preceding parallax restraining barrier of the LCD of parts 21 ', 24 ' and 27 '.From each pixel planes of liquid crystal layer 24 and 24 ', can select suitable value to the interval of parallax-barrier layer 185 with to the parallax-barrier interlamellar spacing.Can need different pel spacings to LCD.Operation preceding and parallax restraining barrier, back automatic stereoscopic display device has been known content, here will more not narrate.
Can be applied to the display of any one or two 20-28 and 20 '-28 ' with reference to foregoing all technology of Figure 10 to 15.
The voltage range of each LCD that the selection operation dual-view shows depends on the characteristic of the liquid crystal mode of use.For example, each LCD can adopt different voltage ranges to drive.Replace, these two LCD can adopt the identical voltage range of essence to drive.Drive unit 29 provides the suitable voltage scope to the dual-view operation, and the suitable voltage scope to single view or two automatic stereo view modes is provided under suitable situation.
Although previously described couple of LCD embodiment is based on TN and TVAN pattern, can use any liquid crystal mode that produces suitable asymmetric observation angle.For example, can use suitable smectic or ferroelectric liquid crystal mode.And, can use other two formula nematic patterns of turning round, such as mixing more accurate nematic (HAN) pattern.
Adopt suitable liquid crystal mode, each LCD of display can have different observation angles.This can adjust at each application-specific of display.This is provided at the adaptability that obtains and adjust the enhancing in the observation angle characteristic.For example, can optimize each view at different angles, this may be more superior in some that use such as automobile are used.Adopt suitable liquid crystal mode,, the observation angle of optimizing can be adjusted to optimum efficiency for niche audience by adjusting the tonal range of using.
Do not use the cambial advantage of parallax eyeglass or pattern do not need to be more accurate step to LCD.The parallax eyeglass of LCD or pattern cambial accurate elapsed time and costliness usually.Can construct the even LC plate of the LCD pattern of use such as even TN or TVAN,, and view 2 be presented black, make 2 pairs of views 2 of pixel present image by means of additional homogeneous wave plate simultaneously, and view 1 is presented black so that 1 pair of view 1 of pixel presents image.
Figure 66 illustrates the exploded view of having described the polarizer that forms this LCD and layer.And vertical direction and horizontal direction have been narrated to the normal direction of display.Reference direction vertically upward is called 0 degree, and level is called 90 degree to right.The all directions of component representation shown in Figure 66 all relate to the to make progress direction of vertical 0 degree.
Preceding polarizer 20 has the transmission axle 30 that is oriented in about upwards vertically angled+90 degree.Accurate layer 23 has the even calibrating direction 33 that is oriented in about angled 0 degree of vertical direction that makes progress.Accurate layer 25 has the even calibrating direction 35 that is oriented in about vertical direction one-tenth+90 degree that make progress.Polarizer 28 has the transmission axles 38 that are oriented in about vertical direction one-tenth+180 degree that make progress.Liquid crystal layer 24 is nematic crystals, for example can be from the E7 of Merck acquisition.
Additional homogeneous wave plate 200 is set between polarizer 20 and liquid crystal layer 24.This homogeneous wave plate 200 is oriented at the optical axis 210 with it and spends about the vertical direction angled 315 that makes progress, and it has the birefringence of 494nm, and optical axis is tilting to outside the delayer plane with the angled 64 degree places of the normal of display plane.This causes on the observed ray of the upwards vertical direction of tilt along the plane normal with display+30 degree and-30 degree angles, the operation of the display shown in Figure 67 (with respect to the brightness that applies voltage).
Figure 67 has shown that (at about 1.5V) reaches about 4 volts process from the point of crossing of two curves, has the uniform black state of curve approximation of right+30 degree, has right-30 degree incremental brightness scopes.This means that image can be presented to-30 degree, and the black state of approximately constant is provided to+30 degree.Drop to the point of crossing of about 0.75V from about 1.5V, have the approximate uniform black state of right-30 degree, and have right+30 degree incremental brightness scopes.This means that image can be presented to+30 degree, and the black state of approximately constant is provided to-30 degree.Can on each observed ray, provide different high contrast images simultaneously like this.
The black state of Huo Deing not is best black in each case.Can also optimize black state by the characteristic that changes the ripple plate.Replace, can be used in combination two ripple plates.For example the optical axis of ripple plate can be mutually orthogonal.By the careful direction of choosing optical axis, can use a ripple plate to optimize an observed ray, use another ripple plate to optimize another observed ray.Replace, can use two ripple plates to compensate this two observed rays simultaneously.Replace, can use more than two ripple plates and compensate different observed rays.Except optimizing black state, can compensate the colourity of transmission.In addition, by using additional ripple plate can optimize by the scope of the observation angle of bucking-out system.
The homogeneous wave plate can be a fixed bed, and such as fixing retarder film, perhaps they can be convertible layers, such as liquid crystal layer.If they are convertible layers, so Fu Jia advantage is exactly when being applied in the operation of 2D pattern, and they can be transformed the layer that affords redress from high contrast dual-view image is provided, to produce more uniform observation angle characteristic.This conversion can be through the thickness of unit, or can be in the plane.
Replace, can use two disposable observation angle compensators, show to produce in conjunction with the dual-view that the LCD image is provided.Can use disposable view angle compensator according to the seasonal effect in time series mode.In time frame 1, observation angle compensator 1 compensation pixel so that they provide black to view 1, provides image to view 2.The observation angle compensator is transformed the configuration that photosystem is not had influence.In time frame 2, observation angle compensator 2 compensation pixels so that they provide black to view 2, provide image to view 1.The observation angle compensator is transformed the configuration that photosystem is not had influence.Replace, observation angle compensator 1 and 2 can carry out conversion between two configurations, and their effect of Combination provide high contrast images for each view in these two configurations. Observation angle compensator 1 and 2 can be transformed to the 3rd configuration, they are used to produce the 2D pattern of enhancing in this configuration.
Figure 30 and 31 has described and-30 has spent+the performance based on the TVAN display of 60 degree observation angles.Figure 68 and 69 has described and-30 has spent+performance of the same display of 30 degree observation angles.Like this, can on the substantial angle scope of operation, use display.
In the embodiment of Figure 4 and 5, first pixel presents image to view 1, and view 2 is presented black, and second pixel presents image to view 2, and view 1 is presented black.By use the additional convertible delayer of describing example among Figure 19 for example can be with second pixel 2 at view 1 from presenting white transition for presenting black.
If the pixel in a large amount of zones is assigned with as first pixel, other a large amount of zones are assigned with as second pixel, and so convertible delayer can be transformed to provides half-wave plate to second pixel 2, but does not provide half-wave plate to first pixel.This will become black from the white transition of second pixel, improve contrast ratio.Owing to use a large amount of zones, when parallax effect will be left in the basket, just do not need to be provided at the commutative delayer in the LCD panel.This zone can be selected by the user, the conversion that need select of the zone of convertible delayer in this case.Pixel can be assigned to any one view in any configuration at any time.Replace, they can be scheduled, can use fixing delayer in this case.

Claims (80)

1. multi-view display, comprising: at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') comprises a plurality of pixels (101,102) with asymmetric observation angle characteristic; And drive unit (29), it is used to drive pixel and goes up demonstration first image in first observed ray (1), and at last second image that shows of second observed ray (2) that is different from first observed ray (1), it is characterized in that: described drive unit (29) and at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') cooperation, on described second observed ray, present dead color so that show the pixel of first image, and show that the pixel of second image presents dead color on described first observed ray.
2. display as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: the pixel (101) that shows first image presents maximum dead color on described second observed ray (2), and shows that the pixel (102) of second image presents maximum dark-coloured on described first observed ray (1).
3. display as claimed in claim 2, it is characterized in that: the pixel (101 that shows described first and second images respectively, 102) in described second and first observed ray (2,1) light intensity that provides on is lower than the pixel (101 that shows described first and second images respectively, 102) can be in described first and second observed rays (1, the X% of the maximum light intensity that provides 2), wherein X is the real number less than 20.
4. display as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that: X equals 10.
5. display as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that: X equals 3.5.
6. display as claimed in claim 3, it is characterized in that: X equals 1.
7. display as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described first and second images are uncorrelated each other.
8. display as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that described first and second observed rays (1,2) are in a plane, the display surface quadrature of this plane and described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') also comprises the asymmetric direction of maximum observation angle.
9. display as claimed in claim 8 is characterized in that, described first and second observed rays (1,2) are the opposite side at the normal of described display surface.
10. display as claimed in claim 9 is characterized in that, described first and the observation two directions (1,2) are about described normal symmetry in fact.
11. display as claimed in claim 9 is characterized in that, described first and second observed rays (1,2) are asymmetric about described normal.
12. display as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, the pixel that shows first image is set to be provided at described first observed ray (1) and goes up first contrast ratio greater than 1, and be provided at the contrast ratio that essence equals 1 on described second observed ray, and the pixel that shows second image is configured to be provided at described second observed ray (2) and goes up second contrast ratio greater than 1, and is provided at the contrast ratio that essence equals 1 on described first observed ray.
13. display as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, the angle essence between described first and second observed rays (1,2) is more than or equal to 10 °.
14. display as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') comprises the collection of pixels with pixel, each collection of pixels is identical color, and has different colors with the pixel of other set.
15. display as claimed in claim 14 is characterized in that, described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') comprises the liquid crystal layer that the pixel of different color is had different-thickness (46).
16. display as claimed in claim 14, it is characterized in that, described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') comprises that the pattern with different zones that postpone forms delayer (50), and described different the delay carried out optical alignment with the pixel of described different color.
17. display as claimed in claim 16 is characterized in that, the described different zones that postpone comprise the dyestuff as the different color of color filter.
18. display as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') is the transmission mode device.
19. the described display of any one claim as the front, it is characterized in that, described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') the asymmetric liquid crystal mode that has even calibration and have asymmetric observation angle characteristic, it is characterized in that, described drive unit (29) is configured to adopt first drive scheme (40) that shows described first image and adopts second drive scheme (41) that shows described second image to drive described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 '), described first drive scheme (40) is different from described second drive scheme (41).
20. display as claimed in claim 19 is characterized in that, described first and described second drive scheme comprise first and second voltage ranges (40,41) that differ from one another respectively.
21. display as claimed in claim 19 is characterized in that, liquid crystal mode is two formula nematic, mixing calibration nematic and two a kind of patterns of turning round in the formula vertical calibration nematic turned round.
22. display as claimed in claim 19 is characterized in that, described first image and described second image are gone up by spatial reuse at described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ').
23. display as claimed in claim 22 is characterized in that, described at least one liquid crystal indicator comprises liquid crystal layer (24) and at least one even delayer (200), and they are arranged between the polarizer (20,28) of even input and output.
24. display as claimed in claim 23, it is characterized in that, in the plane of described at least one delayer (200), described at least one delayer (200) has and is oriented in the optical axis that becomes 45 ° of essence with the transmission axle (30) of an adjacent polarizer (20), and is oriented in the optical axis that becomes 67 ° of essence with the normal on delayer plane.
25. display as claimed in claim 24 is characterized in that, this delayer has the delay of essence 494nm.
26. display as claimed in claim 22, it is characterized in that, described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') comprise having the polarizer (28) that respectively first and second zones of described first and second views is formed pattern, the transmission axle of wherein said first area is different with the transmission axle of described second area.
27. display as claimed in claim 26 is characterized in that, the transmission axle essence of described first area and the transmission axle quadrature of described second area.
28. display as claimed in claim 22 is characterized in that, described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') comprises the delayer that pattern forms.
29. display as claimed in claim 28 is characterized in that, the variable essence zero-lag that is changed to single view mode operation of the delayer that described pattern forms.
30. display as claimed in claim 22 is characterized in that, described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') comprises parallax-barrier layer (95).
31. display as claimed in claim 19 is characterized in that, described first and second images by time-multiplexed on described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ').
32. display as claimed in claim 29 is characterized in that, described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') comprises convertible delayer (80).
33. display as claimed in claim 32 is characterized in that, between the visible light of the convertible half-wavelength at odd and even number of the delay of described delayer (80).
34. as any one described display in the claim 1 to 18, it is characterized in that, described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') comprise first pixel (101) and second pixel (102), wherein said first pixel has first configuration of the first asymmetric observation angle characteristic, and described second pixel has second configuration of the second asymmetric observating characteristic, described second configuration is different from described first configuration, the second asymmetric observating characteristic is oriented and is different from the first asymmetric observating characteristic, it is characterized in that, described drive unit (29) is configured to drive first pixel (101) that shows first image, and drives second pixel (102) that shows second image.
35. multi-view display as claimed in claim 34 is characterized in that, as seen three observed ray (115) of described first and second images between described first and second observed rays (1,2) go up.
36. display as claimed in claim 34 is characterized in that, described first pixel (101) is a spatial spread with described second pixel (102).
37. display as claimed in claim 34 is characterized in that, the described first and second asymmetric observating characteristics are oriented at the opposite direction of essence.
38. display as claimed in claim 34 is characterized in that, described first pixel (101) has first liquid crystal mode, and described second pixel (102) has second liquid crystal mode, and described first liquid crystal mode is different from described second liquid crystal mode.
39. display as claimed in claim 38, it is characterized in that at least one pattern in described first and second patterns is two to turn round the formula nematic, mix calibration nematic and two a kind of pattern of turning round among formula vertical calibration nematic, Freedericksz, vertical calibration nematic and circular constant-unit (pi-cell).
40. display as claimed in claim 38 is characterized in that, described first and second pixels (101,102) have is not having liquid crystal director distortions different under the impressed field situation.
41. display as claimed in claim 40 is characterized in that, described different distortion has different amplitudes.
42. display as claimed in claim 40 is characterized in that, described different distortion has different direction of twists.
43. display as claimed in claim 40 is characterized in that, one of described different distortion is 0 °.
44. display as claimed in claim 38 is characterized in that, described first and second pixels (101,102) have the liquid crystal director tilt angle different at least one liquid crystal substrate interface.
45. display as claimed in claim 44 is characterized in that, described different tilt angle has different amplitudes.
46. display as claimed in claim 44 is characterized in that, described different tilt angle has different directions.
47. display as claimed in claim 38 is characterized in that, described first and second pixels (101,102) have different a large amount of liquid crystal director orientations.
48. display as claimed in claim 38 is characterized in that, described first and second pixels (101,102) have the surface anchoring intensity different at least one liquid crystal substrate interface.
49. display as claimed in claim 38 is characterized in that, described first and second pixels (101,102) have different liquid crystal materials.
50. display as claimed in claim 38 is characterized in that, at least one pixel in described first and second pixels (101,102) has liquid crystal material, and described liquid crystal material comprises in chirality doping agent, polymeric web and the dyestuff at least one.
51. display as claimed in claim 38 is characterized in that, described first and second pixels (101,102) have the liquid crystal layer of different-thickness.
52. display as claimed in claim 34, it is characterized in that, described first pixel (101) has first polarizer, its transmission axle is oriented at first angle relevant with the liquid crystal optic axis of described first pixel (101), described second pixel (102) has second polarizer, its transmission axle is oriented at second angle relevant with the liquid crystal optic axis of described second pixel (102), and described first angle is different from described second angle.
53. display as claimed in claim 34 is characterized in that, described first pixel (101) has first delayer, and described second pixel (102) has second delayer, and wherein said first delayer is different from described second delayer.
54. display as claimed in claim 34 is characterized in that, described first pixel (101) has first layer of compensation, and described second pixel (102) has second layer of compensation, and wherein said first layer of compensation provides different compensating effects with described second layer of compensation.
55. display as claimed in claim 34 is characterized in that, described drive unit (29) is set to adopt different voltage ranges to drive described first and second pixels (101,102).
56. display as claimed in claim 34 is characterized in that, described at least one liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') comprises parallax-barrier layer (95).
57. display as claimed in claim 34 is characterized in that, comprises another liquid-crystal apparatus (121), it is configured to can watch from start to finish, and adopts described at least one liquid crystal indicator (122) blank operation when carrying out.
58. as any one described display in the claim 1 to 18, it is characterized in that, described at least one liquid crystal indicator comprises first liquid-crystal apparatus (20-28) and second liquid-crystal apparatus (21 '-28 '), wherein said first liquid-crystal apparatus has the first asymmetric liquid crystal mode of the first asymmetric observation angle characteristic, and described second liquid-crystal apparatus has the second asymmetric liquid crystal mode of the second asymmetric observation angle characteristic, wherein the second asymmetric observating characteristic is oriented and is different from the first asymmetric observating characteristic, drive unit (29) is configured to adopt first drive scheme (40) that shows first image to drive described first liquid crystal indicator (20-28), and adopts second drive scheme (41) that shows second image to drive described second liquid crystal indicator (21 '-28 ').
59. display as claimed in claim 58 is characterized in that, described first and second drive schemes comprise first and second voltage ranges (40,41) respectively.
60. display as claimed in claim 59 is characterized in that, described first and second voltage ranges are identical in fact.
61. display as claimed in claim 58 is characterized in that, described second liquid crystal indicator (21 '-28 ') can be seen by described first liquid crystal indicator (20-28).
62. display as claimed in claim 61 is characterized in that, described second liquid crystal indicator (21 '-28 ') is set between described first liquid-crystal apparatus (20-28) and (30) backlight.
63. display as claimed in claim 58 is characterized in that, described first liquid-crystal apparatus and described second liquid-crystal apparatus (20-28,21 '-28 ') are parallel to each other in fact.
64. display as claimed in claim 58 is characterized in that, each of described first liquid crystal indicator and described second liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') has uniform calibration.
65. display as claimed in claim 58 is characterized in that, each of described first liquid crystal indicator and described second liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') is the transmission mode device.
66. display as claimed in claim 58 is characterized in that, described first and second liquid crystal modes are identical types.
67. display as claimed in claim 58 is characterized in that, the described first and second asymmetric observating characteristics are oriented at opposite in fact direction.
68. display as claimed in claim 58 is characterized in that, described first liquid crystal indicator and described second liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') have and are oriented in rightabout in fact calibration.
69. display as claimed in claim 58 is characterized in that, at least one of described first and second liquid crystal modes is two formula nematic, mixing calibration nematic and two patterns of turning round in the formula vertical calibration nematic turned round.
70. display as claimed in claim 58 is characterized in that, described first liquid crystal indicator and described second liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') comprise the collection of pixels of different color.
71. as the described display of claim 70, it is characterized in that, described first liquid crystal indicator and the described second liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') one of them comprises redness in, green and blue pixels is gathered, in described first liquid crystal indicator and described second liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') another comprises cyan, peony and yellow collection of pixels.
72. as the described display of claim 70, it is characterized in that, described first liquid crystal indicator and the described second liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') each in comprises colour filter striped (60-62), and they extend to the plane that comprises described first and second observed rays in fact abreast.
73. display as claimed in claim 58, it is characterized in that, comprise multicolour time series (30a backlight, 30b) and drive unit (29), this drive unit (29) is set to drive the color of described first liquid crystal display and described second liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') on time series.
74. display as claimed in claim 58, it is characterized in that, the image that described drive unit (29) is set to provide time-multiplexed is to described first liquid crystal display and described second liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 '), and synchronously controlling party to disposable backlight.
75. display as claimed in claim 58 is characterized in that, each of described first liquid crystal indicator and described second liquid crystal indicator (20-28,21 '-28 ') comprises the space phase modulator.
76. display as claimed in claim 1 is characterized in that, comprises disposable light diffuser, it can carry out conversion between the disperse state of non-disperse state of essence that shows many views display mode and demonstration single-view display mode.
77. multi-view display, comprise liquid crystal indicator (20-28), it has even calibration, with asymmetric liquid crystal mode with asymmetric observation angle characteristic, it is characterized in that, described multi-view display comprises a drive unit (29), it adopts first drive scheme (40) to drive described liquid crystal indicator (20-28), be used to be presented at first image on first observed ray (1), and adopt second drive scheme (41) different with first drive scheme (40), be used to be presented at second image of second observed ray (2) that is different from described first observed ray (1).
78. multi-view display, it is characterized in that, comprise: liquid-crystal apparatus (20-28), comprise first pixel (101) and second pixel (102), wherein said first pixel has first configuration of the first asymmetric observation angle characteristic, and described second pixel has second configuration of the second asymmetric observating characteristic, and this second configuration is different from first configuration, and the second asymmetric observating characteristic is directed different with the first asymmetric observating characteristic; A drive unit (29), be used to drive first pixel (101) and go up demonstration first image in first observed ray (1), and driving second pixel (102) at last second image that shows of second observed ray (2), second observed ray is different from described first observed ray.
79. multi-view display, it is characterized in that, comprise: liquid-crystal apparatus (20-28), comprise first pixel (101) and second pixel (102), wherein said first pixel has first configuration of the first asymmetric observation angle characteristic, and described second pixel has second configuration of the second asymmetric observating characteristic, and described second configuration is different from described first configuration; A drive unit (29) is used to drive first pixel (101) at the last demonstration of first and second observed rays (2,115) first image, and drives second pixel (102) at last second image that shows of described second observed ray (115).
80. multi-view display, it is characterized in that, comprise: first liquid-crystal apparatus (20-28), it has the first asymmetric liquid crystal mode of the first asymmetric observation angle characteristic, it is characterized in that comprising: second liquid-crystal apparatus (21 '-28 '), it has the second asymmetric liquid crystal mode of the second asymmetric observating characteristic, and this second asymmetric liquid crystal mode is directed and is different from the first asymmetric liquid crystal mode; A drive unit (29), adopt first drive scheme to drive described first liquid-crystal apparatus (20-28), be used for going up demonstration first image in first observed ray (1), and adopt second drive scheme to drive described second liquid-crystal apparatus (21 '-28 ') and go up demonstration second image in described second observed ray (2), described first observed ray is different from described second observed ray.
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