CN100363482C - Method for immobilizing lipase using microstructure in hydrophilic/ hydrophobic composite membrane - Google Patents
Method for immobilizing lipase using microstructure in hydrophilic/ hydrophobic composite membrane Download PDFInfo
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- CN100363482C CN100363482C CNB2005101263630A CN200510126363A CN100363482C CN 100363482 C CN100363482 C CN 100363482C CN B2005101263630 A CNB2005101263630 A CN B2005101263630A CN 200510126363 A CN200510126363 A CN 200510126363A CN 100363482 C CN100363482 C CN 100363482C
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- 102000004882 Lipase Human genes 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 108090001060 Lipase Proteins 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 239000004367 Lipase Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 235000019421 lipase Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 230000003100 immobilizing effect Effects 0.000 title abstract 3
- -1 polytetrafluorethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000007853 buffer solution Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910000162 sodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229940058401 polytetrafluoroethylene Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920006221 acetate fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 abstract description 29
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 abstract description 29
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 238000000053 physical method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isooctane Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)(C)C NHTMVDHEPJAVLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- JVSWJIKNEAIKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl-hexane Natural products CCCCCC(C)C JVSWJIKNEAIKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000005514 two-phase flow Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 108010093096 Immobilized Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006136 alcoholysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001311 chemical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006053 organic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
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- Immobilizing And Processing Of Enzymes And Microorganisms (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a method for immobilizing lipase through using the microstructure in a hydrophilic/ hydrophobic composite membrane, which belongs to the field of enzyme immobilization in biological engineering. The present invention firstly makes hydrophilic membrane material cellulose acetate dissolved in dimethyl formamide to be prepared into a hydrophilic membrane solution, a hydrophobic polytetrafluorethylene membrane is laid on a glass plate, the hydrophilic membrane solution is coated on the surface of the glass plate, a composite membrane composed of a compact hydrophilic layer and a porous hydrophobic layer is prepared through a dry-wet phase converting method, and then the present invention utilizes the microstructure of the composite membrane to realize the immobilization of lipase through filtering method. Compared with the present lipase membrane immobilizing method, the present invention has the advantages that the present invention utilizes a physical method to realize the immobilization of the lipase so as to have simple method and low cost; the lipase has low activity loss in the process of being immobilized, and the prepared immobilized lipase membrane has high activity and recovery rate of the activity and good stability in use; an enzyme has easy control of loaded quantity; a vector can be regenerated and repeated use so that the present lipase membrane has cost reduction.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of method of utilizing microstructure in the hydrophilic/hydrophobic composite membrane to carry out lipase immobilization, belong to the enzyme immobilization technology field in the biotechnology.
Background technology
Lipase can be on oil-water interface synthetic, the transesterify of the hydrolysis of catalysis ester or alcoholysis, ester, various organic reactions such as polypeptide is synthetic and superpolymer is synthetic, be widely used in food, fine chemistry industry and the pharmaceutical industry.As important biological catalyst, lipase effectiveness of application and economy depend on the immobilization of enzyme to a great extent.Carrier as immobilized enzyme is a lot, as lipase fixed carrier, combines separation function, function vector and the separation function of film with film, has the incomparable advantage of other carriers.
In present research, various flat boards from hydrophilic to hydrophobic or tubular fibre mould material are used for lipase immobilization and are in the news.Hydrophilic film comprises Mierocrystalline cellulose, polymeric amide and polyacrylonitrile, and hydrophobic membrane comprises polypropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) and polysulfones etc.The same with the carrier of other types, the fixation method method of enzyme has absorption method, crosslinking and entrapping method or the like.Wherein absorption method and crosslinking are to use more method.But the inevasible meeting of chemical process (crosslinked and covalent attachment) immobilized enzyme causes the loss of enzyme part avtive spot, thereby reduces the vigor of enzyme.Also bring the preparation cost height simultaneously, and carrier can't reusable problem.Though and absorption method can well keep the activity of enzyme, because the limitation of material absorption property, the charge capacity of enzyme is too little, makes that the vigor of unit surface fixed enzyme membrane is lower.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to set up a kind of composite membrane that utilizes special construction, realize the method for lipase immobilization with the means of physics.
Technology side of the present invention is by as follows:
1) hydrophilic film material acetate fiber element is dissolved in the dimethyl formamide, preparing massfraction is the film liquid of 10%-20%, leaves standstill and removes bubble;
2) the hydrophobicity poly tetrafluoroethylene is tiled on the sheet glass, the hydrophilic film liquid blade coating of step 1) preparation on its surface, is utilized to do-the wetting phase transformation approach makes its film forming, prepare the composite membrane of being made up of fine and close hydrophilic layer and porous hydrophobic layer;
3) lipase is dissolved in the buffer solution of sodium phosphate, fully the insolubles in the dissolving back elimination solution obtains the lipase solution that zymoprotein concentration is 84-167mg/L;
4) with step 2) the hydrophilic/hydrophobic composite membrane dead-end filtration device of packing into of preparation, make its hydrophobic layer upwards, the lipase solution of different volumes step 3) preparation is injected strainer, under 0.3-0.6Mpa pressure, filter, realize lipase immobilization.
In the technique scheme, the preferred mass mark of the cellulose acetate described in the step 1) is 15%.Doing step 2)-wetting phase transformation approach film forming is 25 ℃ of temperature, and volatilization is 20 minutes under humidity 40% condition, immerses deionized water coagulation bath film-forming then; The thickness of the fine and close hydrophilic layer step 2) is 65-135 μ m.The aperture 0.1-1.0 μ m of the hydrophobicity poly tetrafluoroethylene that adopts step 2), thickness 65-85 μ m, porosity 50%-65%).Buffer solution of sodium phosphate described in the step 3) is 0.05M, pH7.3～7.7.
The present invention compares with existing fixed lipase membrane preparation method, have the following advantages and outstanding effect: the effect of holding back of 1. utilizing fine and close hydrophilic layer, make lipase in filtering process, be deposited on the bonding surface of hydrophilic layer and hydrophobic layer and in the fenestra of hydrophobic layer, utilize the method for physics to realize lipase immobilization, method is simple, and cost is low; 2. lipase vigor loss in immobilization process is little, immobilized lipase enzyme membrane vigor for preparing and activity recovery height thereof; 3. the charge capacity of enzyme is controlled easily, and scope is at 0.002-0.08mg/cm
2Between; 4. the stability in use of fixed enzyme membrane is better; 5. the carrier repeated use of can regenerating has reduced cost.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is a hydrophilic/hydrophobic composite membrane immobilized lipase synoptic diagram, and wherein 1 is the porous hydrophobic layer, and 2 is fine and close hydrophilic layer, and 2 is immobilized lipase.
Fig. 2 is the kinetic curve of immobilized lipase enzyme membrane.
Fig. 3 is lipase charge capacity and fixed enzyme membrane vigor relation curve.
Fig. 4 reuses stable for the immobilized lipase enzyme membrane.
Embodiment
The present invention design and to have prepared with the voided polytetrafluoroethylene film be hydrophobic layer prepares the composite membrane of fine and close hydrophilic layer with cellulose acetate, utilize filtering method lipase is held back and is deposited on the bonding surface of hydrophilic layer and hydrophobic layer and the fenestra of hydrophobic layer in.By adjusting the lipase immobilization environment is optimized structure of composite membrane (as the thickness of hydrophilic layer and hydrophobic layer, aperture etc.).The charge capacity of enzyme is controlled by the concentration and the filtration volume that change lipase solution.
Further understand the present invention below in conjunction with specific embodiment.
Embodiment 1:
Adopt mean pore size 0.1 μ m, porosity 50%, thickness is that the poly tetrafluoroethylene of 85 μ m is as hydrophobic layer.The massfraction of hydrophilic layer preparation liquid is 15%, and control cellulose acetate hydrophilic layer thickness is 65 μ m, and 25 ℃ of temperature, volatilization is 20 minutes under humidity 40% condition, immerses deionized water coagulation bath film-forming then.Lipase is dissolved in 0.05M, in the buffer solution of sodium phosphate of pH7.5, obtains the lipase solution that zymoprotein concentration is 167mg/L.With area is 26cm
2The film strainer of packing into adds the 15ml lipase solution, filters under 0.6MPa.Composite membrane is 20% to the once filtration rejection of lipase, and obtaining lipase protein load amount is 0.0201mg/cm
2The immobilized lipase enzyme membrane.
With the fixed enzyme membrane two-phase enzyme mebrane reactor of packing into, oil phase adopts the isooctane solution of 0.05-1.0M (ester bond concentration) sweet oil, water adopts 0.05M, the buffer solution of sodium phosphate of pH7.0, under 37 ℃, two phase flow is 15ml/min, and vitality test 4h is carried out in the two-phase circulation, the kinetic curve of the fatty enzyme membrane of being fixed, as shown in Figure 4.When wherein concentration of substrate was 0.5M, vigor was 1.24 μ mol-FFA/min cm
2
Embodiment 2: adopt mean pore size 0.1 μ m, and porosity 50%, thickness is that the poly tetrafluoroethylene of 85 μ m is as hydrophobic layer.The massfraction of hydrophilic layer preparation liquid is 15%, and control cellulose acetate hydrophilic layer thickness is 135 μ m, and 25 ℃ of temperature, volatilization is 20 minutes under humidity 40% condition, immerses deionized water coagulation bath film-forming then.Lipase is dissolved in 0.05M, in the buffer solution of sodium phosphate of pH7.5, obtains the lipase solution that zymoprotein concentration is 167mg/L.With area is 26cm
2The film strainer of packing into adds the 15ml lipase solution, filters under 0.6MPa.Composite membrane is 22% to the once filtration rejection of lipase, and obtaining lipase protein load amount is 0.0212mg/cm
2The immobilized lipase enzyme membrane.
With the fixed enzyme membrane two-phase enzyme mebrane reactor of packing into, oil phase adopts the isooctane solution of 0.05-1.0M (ester bond concentration) sweet oil, water adopts 0.05M, the buffer solution of sodium phosphate of pH7.0, under 37 ℃, two phase flow is 15ml/min, and vitality test 4h is carried out in the two-phase circulation, the kinetic curve of the fatty enzyme membrane of being fixed, as shown in Figure 4.When wherein concentration of substrate was 0.5M, vigor was 0.875 μ mol-FFA/min cm
2
Embodiment 3:
Adopt mean pore size 0.1 μ m, porosity 50%, thickness is that the poly tetrafluoroethylene of 85 μ m is as hydrophobic layer.The massfraction of hydrophilic layer preparation liquid is 10%, and control cellulose acetate hydrophilic layer thickness is 65 μ m, and 25 ℃ of temperature, volatilization is 20 minutes under humidity 40% condition, immerses deionized water coagulation bath film-forming then.Lipase is dissolved in 0.05M, in the buffer solution of sodium phosphate of pH7.5, obtains the lipase solution that zymoprotein concentration is 84mg/L.With area is 26cm
2The film strainer of packing into adds the 10ml lipase solution, filters under 0.3MPa.Composite membrane is 14.3% to the once filtration rejection of lipase, and obtaining lipase protein load amount is 0.0046mg/cm
2The immobilized lipase enzyme membrane.
With the fixed enzyme membrane two-phase enzyme mebrane reactor of packing into, oil phase adopts the isooctane solution of sweet oil, water adopts 0.05M, the buffer solution of sodium phosphate of pH7.0, under 37 ℃, two phase flow is 15ml/min, and vitality test 4h is carried out in the two-phase circulation, when concentration of substrate was 0.5M, the fatty enzyme membrane vigor of being fixed was 0.25 μ mol-FFA/min cm
2
Embodiment 4:
Adopt mean pore size 0.1 μ m, porosity 50%, thickness is that the poly tetrafluoroethylene of 65 μ m is as hydrophobic layer.The massfraction of hydrophilic layer preparation liquid is 20%, and control cellulose acetate hydrophilic layer thickness is 65 μ m, and 25 ℃ of temperature, volatilization is 20 minutes under humidity 40% condition, immerses deionized water coagulation bath film-forming then.Lipase is dissolved in 0.05M, in the buffer solution of sodium phosphate of pH7.5, obtains the lipase solution that zymoprotein concentration is 167mg/L.With area is 26cm
2The film strainer of packing into adds the 15ml lipase solution, filters under 0.6MPa.Composite membrane is 20% to the once filtration rejection of lipase, and obtaining lipase protein load amount is 0.0201mg/cm
2The immobilized lipase enzyme membrane.
With the fixed enzyme membrane two-phase enzyme mebrane reactor of packing into, oil phase adopts the isooctane solution of sweet oil, water adopts 0.05M, the buffer solution of sodium phosphate of pH7.0, under 37 ℃, two phase flow is 15ml/min, and vitality test 4h is carried out in the two-phase circulation, when concentration of substrate was 0.5M, the fatty enzyme membrane vigor of being fixed was 1.27 μ mol-FFA/min cm
2
Embodiment 5:
Adopt mean pore size 1.0 μ m, porosity 65%, thickness is that the poly tetrafluoroethylene of 85 μ m is as hydrophobic layer.The massfraction of hydrophilic layer preparation liquid is 15%, and control cellulose acetate hydrophilic layer thickness is 65 μ m, and 25 ℃ of temperature, volatilization is 20 minutes under humidity 40% condition, immerses deionized water coagulation bath film-forming then.Lipase is dissolved in 0.05M, in the buffer solution of sodium phosphate of pH7.5, obtains the lipase solution that zymoprotein concentration is 84mg/L.With area is 26cm
2The film strainer of packing into adds the 20ml lipase solution, filters under 0.6MPa.Composite membrane is 16.8% to the once filtration rejection of lipase, and obtaining lipase protein load amount is 0.0108mg/cm
2The immobilized lipase enzyme membrane.
With the fixed enzyme membrane two-phase enzyme mebrane reactor of packing into, oil phase adopts the isooctane solution of sweet oil, water adopts 0.05M, the buffer solution of sodium phosphate of pH7.0, under 37 ℃, two phase flow is 15ml/min, and vitality test 4h is carried out in the two-phase circulation, when concentration of substrate was 0.5M, the fatty enzyme membrane vigor of being fixed was 0.51 μ mol-FFA/min cm
2
Claims (4)
1. method of utilizing the microstructure immobilized lipase in the hydrophilic/hydrophobic composite membrane, this method is carried out as follows:
1) hydrophilic film material acetate fiber element is dissolved in the dimethyl formamide, preparing massfraction is the film liquid of 10%-20%, leaves standstill and removes bubble;
2) the hydrophobicity poly tetrafluoroethylene is tiled on the sheet glass, the hydrophilic film liquid blade coating of step 1) preparation on its surface, is utilized to do-the wetting phase transformation approach makes its film forming, prepare the composite membrane of being made up of fine and close hydrophilic layer and porous hydrophobic layer; The thickness of described fine and close hydrophilic layer is 65-135 μ m; The aperture 0.1-1.0 μ m of the hydrophobicity poly tetrafluoroethylene that is adopted, thickness 65-85 μ m, porosity 50%-65%;
3) lipase is dissolved in the buffer solution of sodium phosphate, fully the insolubles in the dissolving back elimination solution obtains the lipase solution that zymoprotein concentration is 84-167mg/L;
4) with step 2) the hydrophilic/hydrophobic composite membrane dead-end filtration device of packing into of preparation, make its hydrophobic layer upwards, the lipase solution of the different volumes of step 3) preparation is injected strainer, under 0.3-0.6Mpa pressure, filter, realize lipase immobilization.
2. the method for utilizing the microstructure immobilized lipase in the hydrophilic/hydrophobic composite membrane according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the massfraction of the cellulose acetate described in the step 1) is 15%.
3. the method for utilizing the microstructure immobilized lipase in the hydrophilic/hydrophobic composite membrane according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterized in that: step 2) described in do-wetting phase transformation approach film forming is 25 ℃ of temperature, volatilization is 20 minutes under humidity 40% condition, immerses deionized water coagulation bath film-forming then.
4. the method for utilizing the microstructure immobilized lipase in the hydrophilic/hydrophobic composite membrane according to claim 1 is characterized in that: the buffer solution of sodium phosphate described in the step 3) is 0.05M, and pH 7.3～7.7.
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Families Citing this family (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101538566B (en) * | 2009-04-22 | 2011-02-16 | 浙江大学 | Preparation method of immobilized lipase used for grease hydrolysis |
| US8889373B2 (en) * | 2010-08-12 | 2014-11-18 | Eastman Chemical Company | Enzyme catalyst immobilized on porous fluoropolymer support |
| CN102068918B (en) * | 2010-12-09 | 2013-07-24 | 苏州汇龙膜技术发展有限公司 | Hydrophilic polyethylene hollow fiber membrane and preparation method thereof |
| CN102399628A (en) * | 2011-09-20 | 2012-04-04 | 东北农业大学 | Method for degumming crude soybean oil by immobilized phosphatidase membrane |
| CN102304503A (en) * | 2011-09-20 | 2012-01-04 | 东北农业大学 | Method for immobilizing lipase by using cellulose acetate/polytetrafluoroethylene complex film |
| CN102304504A (en) * | 2011-09-20 | 2012-01-04 | 东北农业大学 | Method for immobilizing phospholipase by using cellulose acetate/polytetrafluoroethylene complex film |
| TWI519339B (en) | 2012-12-28 | 2016-02-01 | 財團法人工業技術研究院 | Filtering membrane |
| CN106811455A (en) * | 2015-11-27 | 2017-06-09 | 丰益(上海)生物技术研发中心有限公司 | Immobilised enzymes and preparation method thereof |
| CN105954273A (en) * | 2016-05-04 | 2016-09-21 | 新疆农业大学 | "Relief" type paper-based micro-fluidic detection device and production method thereof |
| CN108931568B (en) * | 2018-05-25 | 2020-09-01 | 南京佳乐净膜科技有限公司 | Biosensor and method for manufacturing the same |
| CN111440784B (en) * | 2019-01-16 | 2023-06-09 | 重庆理工大学 | Method for modifying and immobilizing lipase on surface of ceramic membrane by Janus |
| CN110846306B (en) * | 2019-12-09 | 2021-08-17 | 江苏省中国科学院植物研究所 | Amphiphilic enzyme immobilization carrier |
| CN113930899B (en) * | 2021-10-22 | 2023-06-23 | 北京工商大学 | Lipase membrane and preparation method and application thereof |
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| CN1456674A (en) * | 2002-05-10 | 2003-11-19 | 北京化工大学 | Fixed lipase catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid low carbon alcohol ester |
| WO2004044281A2 (en) * | 2002-11-12 | 2004-05-27 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Nano-porous fibers and protein membranes |
| US20040175811A1 (en) * | 2001-04-14 | 2004-09-09 | Hans-Willi Kling | Method for fixing biomolecules onto chemically inert surfaces |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20040175811A1 (en) * | 2001-04-14 | 2004-09-09 | Hans-Willi Kling | Method for fixing biomolecules onto chemically inert surfaces |
| CN1456674A (en) * | 2002-05-10 | 2003-11-19 | 北京化工大学 | Fixed lipase catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid low carbon alcohol ester |
| WO2004044281A2 (en) * | 2002-11-12 | 2004-05-27 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Nano-porous fibers and protein membranes |
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