CH716009B1 - Process for the transformation by pyrolysis of mixed waste into plastics and rubbers and device for carrying out the process. - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method and device (100) for manufacturing pyrolysis oils, advantageously installed in at least one standard container. The device comprises, in its initial phase, a pyrolysis reactor (10) for treating, during a first stage, by cracking raw materials comprising waste plastics and/or rubber products. Following said reactor (10), the device (100) is preferably equipped with a dechlorination tank (20) to eliminate chlorine-based products, and various equipment to separate the water from the pyrolyzed oil produced by cracking, heat exchanger devices to carry out the condensation of the pyrolysis gases into pyrolysed oil and finally a device for purifying the oils following a temperature rise by heating in the absence of oxygen, making it possible to produce a purified pyrolysed oil, substantially equivalent to a fuel of the diesel type, usable by internal combustion engines called diesel engines.

Description

Technical area

The present invention relates to a process for transforming mixed waste comprising plastic materials, in particular comprising thermoplastic materials and/or various rubber products, with a view to producing a liquid fuel of the type called "diesel" which can be used by gasoline engines. internal combustion engines designed to use this type of fuel.

[0002] The invention also relates to a device for converting mixed waste plastic materials, comprising in particular different thermoplastic materials and/or rubber products, with a view to producing a liquid fuel of the type called "diesel" which can be used by gasoline engines. internal combustion engines designed to use this type of fuel.

Prior technique

[0003] Economic growth and changes in consumption and manufacturing patterns lead to a rapid increase in the production of plastic waste in the world. For more than 50 years, global plastic production has been steadily increasing. And since plastic is a non-biodegradable material, it stays in the ground and pollutes the environment.

[0004] The world currently recycles only around 14% of the plastic packaging used and around 8 million tonnes of plastic material, a large part of which corresponds to packaging, is dumped into the oceans each year. These trap or are ingested by marine organisms and birds, which greatly affects their lives. Some plastics also risk binding to industrial chemicals, which have polluted the oceans for decades, and raise concerns that toxins could end up in the food chain. Recycling the balance of the remaining 86% of plastic materials used in a single capacity, in particular as packaging or packaging products, could generate revenues of between 80 and 120 billion dollars, according to a recent report by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation.

[0005] The purpose of the waste-to-energy technology is to process the potential materials contained in the waste, namely plastics, biomass and rubber-based tires, to transform them into combustible products, in particular biofuels. .

[0006] One of the known methods has consisted in selectively sorting waste and treating it according to its composition, in suitable centres, installed on appropriate collection and storage sites. These adapted centers are qualified to process certain plastic materials and are designed to send waste corresponding to materials for which the specific technique is not suitable to other centers. This is particularly the case of polyethylenes and polypropylenes which are transformed into thermoformable granules and which are sold, in particular to the automobile industry for the manufacture of thermoformed accessories. Waste containing chlorinated products is totally prohibited in this range of products and must be pre-treated and eliminated. This waste collection is necessarily selective, or requires a pre-treatment phase and the return of materials to a site specialized in the treatment of chlorinated products. In addition, the centers are generally existing and the treatment units are not able to go to mixed waste storage sites. On the other hand, the waste must be moved to existing suitable treatment sites, often over considerable distances, which makes the operation difficult and economically unprofitable.

[0007] On the other hand, an advantageous solution may consist in collecting the mixed waste and treating it directly without sorting it to transform it into liquid fuel in two stages, namely a first stage consisting in transforming the raw materials into a crude liquid fuel , and a second step which consists in purifying this raw fuel and transforming it into a liquid fuel capable of being used as a fuel of the diesel type by internal combustion engines of this type.

[0008] The technique of pyrolysis constitutes a very interesting option for achieving energy recovery from waste, because it makes it possible to obtain a biofuel intended to replace part of the fossil fuel. Pyrolysis is a simple process in which organic matter is subjected, in an oxygen-deprived environment, to a high temperature of about 300°C to 500°C, which results in the thermal cracking of the organic matter, which is favored to obtain final fuels in liquid, coal and gas form. The advantage of the pyrolysis treatment process, to obtain a liquid biofuel, lies in its ability to crack unsorted and uncleaned plastic materials. In addition, pyrolysis does not emit toxic or harmful emissions for the environment, unlike incineration, which improves working conditions and does not add unfavorable conditions to make a situation that has deteriorated considerably profitable. degraded for years.

[0009] The oil obtained by the pyrolysis of waste plastics and rubber products is generally dark brown or black and its smell is very unpleasant. According to the analyses, the composition of this pyrolysis oil is complex, since it contains in addition to alkanes, aromatics and olefins, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, sulphides and other impurities. Due to the high amount of impurities, the value of crude pyrolysis oil is a priori low and in particular its combustion may even affect the service life of heavy oil burners. Therefore, a pyrolysis oil refining process is required to produce high quality primary diesel type fuel. Primary diesel type fuel can be used in a wide range of applications, such as powering various agricultural equipment, heavy trucks, road construction equipment, ships, diesel type generators.

The objective according to the invention is achieved by the method as defined in the preamble and characterized in that, during a first step, a transformation of the raw materials into pyrolyzed oils is carried out, by a process for thermal treatment by pyrolysis, in that during this first stage a mechanical fractionation of the said raw materials is carried out, by rotating them continuously in a reactor during a heating operation with a view to their heating by pyrolysis , in that a succession of steps is carried out during said first step consisting in particular in extracting chlorinated products, water, solid residues, non-condensable gases, and condensation of the pyrolyzed oils, and in that one proceeds, during a second step, to a purification of the pyrolyzed oil produced with said raw materials during said first step, in which said purification of the pyrolyzed oil is equal ment carried out according to a process of heat treatment by pyrolysis.

According to a preferred embodiment, during said first step of producing pyrolysis oil according to a thermal treatment process by pyrolysis, a gradual increase in the temperature of the raw materials is carried out substantially between 200 and 500° C, preferably advantageously between 250 and 400°C and preferably approximately of the order of 400°C.

Then, during said first step by a thermal treatment process by pyrolysis, the pyrolysis gases containing hydrochloric acid extracted from plastic materials containing chlorine are advantageously dechlorinated, using a reagent based on an alkaline solution and in particular a solution based on caustic soda or the like. This technology is advantageously applied because the raw materials are not sorted and certain plastic materials may contain chlorine.

Since the raw materials are not sorted, during said first stage of thermal treatment by pyrolysis, after the dechlorination of the gases, a first separation of the water mixed with the pyrolysis gases is carried out.

[0014] For its practical use, in particular as fuel for vehicles of the diesel type, the pyrolysis oil is transformed into liquid fuel of the diesel type, and the pyrolysis oil vapor is condensed into liquid oil. .

Subsequently, the method consists, during said first step, by heat treatment process by pyrolysis, to carry out a filtration of the liquid pyrolysis oil.

Preferably, said filtration of the pyrolysis oil is carried out with silica sand, before entering a tank of crude pyrolysis oil.

During said second step, distillation of the pyrolyzed crude oil is advantageously carried out by raising its temperature between a value of approximately 200 to 350° C., preferably between 250 and 300° C. and advantageously to approximately 280 °C.

During said second step, after condensation of the pyrolysis gases, a fraction of non-condensable gases is returned to a hybrid burner and used as additional auxiliary fuel.

During said second step, condensation of the distilled oil is advantageously carried out using recirculated cooling water.

During said second step, after the condensation, the oil is advantageously filtered, in particular with silica sand, then this oil is broken down before storing it for use.

[0021] During said second stage, the non-condensable combustible gas enters the water tank to avoid overpressures and flashbacks, then this non-condensable gas is introduced into a hybrid combustion system for its combustion. serving as an additional energy input and to eliminate the risk concerning the safety of the process and the treatment device.

During said second step, desulfurization and dust removal of the combustion gases is advantageously carried out.

The object according to the invention is achieved by the device as defined in the preamble and characterized in that it comprises a first piece of equipment comprising a first reactor, called a pyrolysis reactor comprising a cracking vessel, means for driving said cracking vessel rotating about its central axis, a spiral piece of steel welded inside the cracking vessel for advancing said raw materials through the cracking vessel and means for raising the temperature of the materials raw materials during a first step to produce crude pyrolyzed oils, and, with a view to proceeding to a second step, by purification of the pyrolyzed oil produced with said raw materials, by means of a device for distilling the pyrolyzed crude pyrolysis oil obtained during said first stage.

According to a preferred embodiment, the device advantageously comprises a dechlorination tank (20) for the pyrolysis gases containing chlorine, using a reagent based on an alkaline solution and in particular a solution based on caustic soda. or similar.

The device also comprises a gas and liquid separator, through which the products from the dechlorination tank pass, comprising a tank and containing, in the direction of the height, a mist eliminator consisting of a porous layer with through which a large part of the liquid droplets in the gas phase are removed.

[0026] After the separator, the device advantageously comprises a condenser consisting of a shell which allows the high temperature oil vapor to pass through the heat exchanger, said high temperature oil vapor being condensed by water. cooling which passes through pipes placed in the tank before coming out of the tank.

According to a preferred embodiment, the device comprises an integrated composite installation which comprises two superposed horizontal reservoirs which are separated by a fixed wall, the upper reservoir comprising in its upper part an oil filtering surface which retains the particles solids and the lower tank located under the first oil tank is intended to contain water and preferably several negative pressure fans are installed to dissipate the heat generated by the pyrolyzed oil from the tank and the heat absorbed by the water.

Advantageously, the device for distilling the pyrolysis oil obtained during said first step comprises a tank provided with an inlet for the crude oil and an outlet for the pyrolysis gases, means for to raise the temperature of said oil during a distillation heating procedure, a gas separator which separates the gas from the water which is generated during the distillation of the crude oil.

Advantageously, the device for distilling the pyrolysis oil obtained during said step comprises a gas separator, in which the separation of water and gas is carried out, a horizontal condenser which uses recirculating cooling water, supplied by a cold water tank, which is integral with integrated composite equipment.

The pyrolysis oil distillation device advantageously comprises a horizontal condenser arranged to condense the pyrolyzed oil vapors into liquid pyrolyzed oil.

The device for distilling the pyrolysis oil advantageously comprises a device for filtering the pyrolyzed oil, this filtering device containing in particular silica sand.

The pyrolysis oil distillation device is preferably advantageously equipped with a reservoir of filtered pyrolyzed oil.

[0033] In the end, the pyrolysis oil distillation device advantageously comprises a hybrid combustion system with liquid fuel spray guns and gas flame guns to burn certain waste (non-condensable oil vapor) and which are arranged at the base of the distillation reactor.

Brief description of figures

The present invention and its advantages will be better understood on reading the detailed description of a preferred mode of implementation of the method and of the device suitable for this implementation and the drawings illustrating a specific embodiment of said device. to apply said method with a view to producing a liquid fuel of the fuel type called Diesel to supply corresponding engines, in which: FIG. 1 represents a schematic view of an embodiment of a first part of the device according to the invention, making it possible to decompose a mixture of waste to be treated, consisting of plastic materials or rubber products, initially into gaseous components, then in crude pyrolyzed oil; FIG. 2 represents a sectional view of a pyrolysis reactor for ensuring thermal cracking of the components of said waste mixture, FIG. 3 represents a cross-sectional view of an embodiment, in cross-section, of a tank for dechlorinating the components obtained at the outlet of the pyrolysis reactor, FIG. 4 represents a sectional view of one embodiment of an apparatus capable of separating gases and liquids from the components obtained at the outlet of the pyrolysis reactor, FIG. 5 represents an advantageous sectional view of an embodiment of a tubular heat exchanger, in which some of the components pass, at the outlet of the pyrolysis reactor, FIG. 6 represents an advantageous sectional view of one embodiment of a composite device comprising an oil reservoir, an oil filtering device, a cold cooling water reservoir, and a ventilation device, FIG. 7 represents a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a water tank to prevent gas overpressure and avoid flashback during the cracking of the mixed plastic materials; FIG. 8 represents a sectional view of an embodiment for desulfurization of the combustion gases from the burner; FIGS. 9A and 9B show a view of an apparatus for dust removal of the combustion gases from the burner, FIG. 10 represents a schematic view of an embodiment of a second compartment of the device making it possible to treat the crude pyrolysis oil obtained by the pyrolysis of compounds of plastic materials and/or of rubber products, in order to obtain a liquid of the diesel type, FIG. 11 represents a sectional view of a distillation reactor for treating the pyrolysis oil to obtain a fuel of the Diesel type which can be used directly by internal combustion engines.

Best ways to carry out the invention

The method according to the invention consists first of all, during a first step, in transforming the raw materials into a pyrolyzed oil by means of a first piece of equipment represented schematically by FIGS. 1 and 2, then , during a second step, in purifying the pyrolyzed oil produced, by means of a second equipment which is partly close to said first equipment, and which is represented in more detail by FIGS. 10 and 11. Initially, at During the first stage, the waste plastics and/or rubber products are first crushed into relatively small pieces. These small pieces are then fed into a pyrolysis reactor where they undergo a pyrolysis heating process, whereby the materials are heated to high temperature in the absence of oxygen. Plastic materials are gradually transformed, by cracking, into pyrolysis gas. If the waste plastics contain PVC, when the pyrolysis process reaches high temperatures between approximately 200 and 500°C, or advantageously between 250 and 450°C and preferably at around 400°C, the PVC undergoes a reaction dehydrochlorination which releases hydrogen chloride and forms a conjugated polyene, such as aromatic hydrocarbons. As hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) is irritating and corrosive, a dechlorination process is necessary afterwards, to eliminate the chlorinated products. This process can be carried out via a dechlorination tank connected to the pyrolysis reactor and containing a 10-20% mass NaOH solution or other types of alkaline solutions to neutralize the hydrochloric acid. After passing through a dechlorination tank, a process of reducing the water content of the pyrolysis gas, is to pass through the gas and liquid separator, the water entrained in the pyrolysis gas and some impurities can be effectively removed.

Next, the pyrolysis gas is introduced into shell and tube heat exchangers to condense. Inside the heat exchangers, the water dissolved in the pyrolysis gases can be condensed and then collected, stored and recovered. At the same time, large quantities of combustible compounds, present in the pyrolysis gases, condense into an oil called pyrolyzed oil.

The pyrolyzed oil is a mixture of aliphatic, aromatic and polar compounds having a boiling point of between about 70 and 400°C. Therefore, it is difficult to find possible applications without purification. The pyrolyzed oil is pumped into a distillation reactor where the distillation takes place substantially between 250 and 280 ° C. Then, a stage of separation of the evaporated oil vapor is provided, in which solid residues mixed with a heavy oil , impurities and residual water are separated from the product mixture using specific separating devices. The heavy oil can be recycled as feed material made of next waste plastics and rubber products for next raw material cracking process by pyrolysis. Hot oil vapors are routed to shell and tube heat exchangers, where cold water is used to cool and condense the incoming gas stream. After which, the condensate is subjected to the processes of decolorization, deodorization and filtration, and finally becomes a fuel equivalent to a primary diesel fuel. Purification of pyrolyzed oil will have a mass loss of about 10-20%. After the condensation, a small fraction of non-condensable gases is returned to the hybrid burner and used as an additional fuel, with the aim of reducing the risks during the cracking decomposition of the raw materials.

[0038] The combustion gases are subjected to desulfurization and dedusting processes before being safely emitted into the atmosphere, avoiding any additional pollution.

The processing device according to the invention consists of a first set comprising the equipment which ensures the processing of the raw material, namely the mixture of plastic materials and / or rubber products, to obtain a liquid fuel which consists of crude oil, which will subsequently be purified to be usable as a Diesel-type fuel by engines of this type. For this purpose, this fuel must be purified, either immediately or subsequently, by means of appropriate equipment which is relatively close to the production device.

[0040] Figure 1 illustrates said first assembly 100 whose constituent equipment is successively a horizontal rotary pyrolysis reactor 10 which is advantageously designed to be integrated into a standard container, preferably 20 feet, and illustrated in more detail by the figure 2, as well as various other complementary equipment allowing the raw materials, which are mixed waste, to be transformed into a liquid fuel which will have to be purified afterwards. This additional equipment is advantageously illustrated in detail by Figures 3 to 9.

It will be noted that the raw materials, consisting of plastic materials and/or rubber products, are introduced into the reactor vessel 10 in the direction of arrow A, then are heated to a temperature of approximately 400° C. in the reactor 10 in order to ensure the cracking of the raw materials. In order to ensure uniform heating of the raw materials to be treated, the pyrolysis reactor 10 rotates slowly and continuously around its axis, during the heating process which can last several hours, until the materials begin to decompose. by vaporizing.

At the outlet of the pyrolysis reactor 10, schematically represented by the arrow B, is placed a second piece of equipment, consisting of a dechlorination tank 20 which is intended to eliminate gases containing chlorine, resulting from raw materials containing in particular plastic materials containing in particular polyvinyl (PVC), and treated by cracking. The dechlorination tank 20 is made of stainless steel to resist chlorine. It advantageously contains a solution containing between 10 and 20% by weight of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or another similar alkaline solution, which absorbs gaseous chlorine.

At the outlet of the dechlorination tank 20, the following equipment consists of a gas separator 30, through which the products from the dechlorination tank 20 pass. Inside the gas separator 30, the mixture of oil vapor produced by the cracking of the raw materials to be processed and produced by the high temperature, with respect to the oil, is separated from the water.

The equipment following the gas separator 30 consists of a horizontal condenser 40 which receives the products at the outlet of the gas separator 30. The oil vapors contained in these products are cooled in the horizontal condenser 40 , which uses recirculating cooling water. This cooling water is provided by a cold water tank, which is part of the following equipment, consisting of an integrated composite device 50. The integrated composite device 50 is an equipment containing a cold water tank used as water cooler, an oil filter device, an oil tank and a ventilation device. Crossing the horizontal condenser 40, the oil vapor is condensed by cooling with said reserve of cold water, that is to say transformed into liquid oil, then passes through a filtration device, containing silica sand, before finally penetrating into an oil reservoir of the composite device 50.

[0045] A very small quantity of non-condensed oil vapor passes through a water tank 60, which makes it possible to avoid flashbacks and to adjust the pressure during the process, before being introduced into a gas line of a hybrid combustion system. Thus, this oil vapor not only serves as an additional source of energy, but is also eliminated, which reduces the risks with regard to the safety of the process and the treatment device.

[0046] For safe emission, the combustion exhaust gases pass through a desulphurization system 70 and a dust removal system 80 using a draft fan for further processing.

[0047] Set up in a standard container of the standard 20-foot container type, for example, this system is designed to carry out a daily treatment of the order of 1000 kg of used tires or other rubber products and/or 500 kg of mixed plastic materials, containing in particular polluting, dirty products, such as dyes and having stayed for sometimes very long periods on unprotected sites.

[0048] FIG. 2 illustrates an advantageous embodiment of the pyrolysis reactor 10 for the transformation treatment by cracking of a mixture of waste plastic materials and/or rubber products which constitute the raw materials to be treated. The raw materials are introduced along the arrow A into a central pyrolysis cracking tank 11 and are gradually subjected to thermal decomposition by cracking, at relatively high temperature. To facilitate the feeding of the materials, the inlet of the cracking vessel 11 of the pyrolysis reactor 10 advantageously comprises a metal door 12 which can be completely opened. The side walls 13 of the central cracking vessel 11 of the pyrolysis reactor 10 are preferably made of stainless steel or boiler steel. Said side walls 13 are insulated by an insulating layer 14. In order to ensure uniform heating of the raw materials in the cracking vessel 11, the pyrolysis reactor 10 is rotated slowly and unidirectionally by a mechanical drive device external 15. A spiral steel piece 16 is welded inside the side wall 13 of the cracking vessel 11 of the pyrolysis reactor 10. By rotating, the cracking vessel 11 drives the spiral steel piece 16 to entrain and push the raw material towards the outlet B towards the rear end of the cracking vessel 11. The spiral steel piece 16 also serves to push the solid pyrolysis residues towards the slag tank 18.

The pyrolysis reactor 10 is powered by a hybrid oil and gas combustion system. The hybrid combustion system is located at the bottom of the cracking vessel 11 of the pyrolysis reactor 10 and comprises, for example, three liquid fuel spray guns 19a, centered as the main source of energy. Two sets of gas flame guns 19b, serving as an additional energy supply, are distributed on the left and right sides of the gun sets 19a.

[0050] FIG. 3 illustrates the following piece of equipment, consisting of a cross-sectional view of the dechlorination tank 20 of FIG. is intended to receive pyrolysis gas which may contain gaseous hydrochloric acid (HCl), depending on the composition of the plastic materials to be treated. To this end, it is provided with at least one vertical pipe 23 having an inlet 24 located at the top of the vertical pipe 23, preferably located outside the tank 21 and an outlet 25, located at the bottom of the pipe 23 at inside at the bottom of the tank 21. On the side wall of the tank 21, is located an inlet 26 intended to receive the soda solution (NaOH) at 10-20% by mass or other types of alkaline solutions intended to neutralize hydrochloric acid. After neutralization of a sufficient quantity of gaseous hydrochloric acid, the solution can be discharged through a discharge orifice 28 which opens at the base of the vessel 21. The gas resulting from the cracking within the framework of the pyrolysis treatment is discharged through an outlet 27, placed at the top of the tank 21.

Figure 4 shows additional equipment consisting of a device 30 for separating gas and liquid, arranged after the dechlorination tank 20 of Figure 1. The oil vapor from the pyrolysis treatment and which is called pyrolysis gas, is a complex mixture containing a lot of water. When a high temperature gas enters a large container, instantaneous expansion can cause liquefaction. The gas and liquid separator 30 adopts this principle to realize the separation of gas and liquid. The gas and liquid separator 30 consists of a tank 31, arranged vertically and which is separated, in the direction of the height, by a mist eliminator 33 consisting of a porous layer through which a large part of the liquid droplets in the gas phase are eliminated. The free water mixed with the gas at the outlet 27 of the tank 21 of the dechlorination tank 20 and the heavy oil are separated by gravity. They are introduced into the tank 31 of the apparatus 30 for separating the gas and the liquid through an inlet 32 which is the inlet, according to the arrow G, of the pyrolysis oil vapour. The heavy oil initially present in the pyrolysis oil is discharged through an outlet 34a and the water is evacuated through an outlet 34b. The relatively dry oil vapors are evacuated through an outlet 36, according to arrow H. Outlet 37 is used for drainage and slag. A safety valve 38 is arranged at the top of the tank 31 to regulate the gas pressure. Reference 39 designates the liquid level valves used to adjust the liquid level.

[0052] Figure 5 illustrates equipment corresponding to a sectional view of an advantageous embodiment of the heat exchanger 40 of Figure 1. After the gas and liquid separator 30, the oil vapor to high temperature penetrates inside a horizontal tank 41 through an inlet 42, along the arrow J. To allow heat exchange, cooling water is introduced through the inlet 44 along the arrow L and crosses the horizontal tank through pipes 41a, 41b, 41c and 41d. The cooling water is then evacuated through the outlet 45 according to the arrow M. The oil vapor exchanges heat with the cooling water contained in the pipes 41a, 41b, 41c and 41d throughout its passage in the horizontal vessel 41. The path of the oil vapor is impeded by baffles 46 which allow a better heat exchange between the oil vapor and the cooling water in the heat exchanger 40. This vapor oil is condensed and can escape through outlet 43 according to arrow K.

[0053] Figure 6 illustrates equipment corresponding to a sectional view of an advantageous embodiment of the integrated composite device 50 of Figure 1. This device comprises an upper horizontal tank 51a and a lower horizontal tank 51b which are respectively a pyrolyzed oil tank for the upper tank 51a and a water tank for the lower tank 51b. The upper horizontal tank 51a and the lower horizontal tank 51b are separated by a horizontal separating member 52. The pyrolyzed oil enters the upper tank 51a through the inlets 54, and the upper tank 51a comprises a horizontal filter sheet 53, through which the pyrolyzed oil must pass in order to be stored in the tank. An outlet 55 is arranged at the base of the upper tank 51a to allow the recovery of the liquid pyrolyzed oil stored in this tank. The lower tank 51b constitutes a water tank located under the pyrolyzed oil tank. Water enters through conduit 56 and is evacuated through 57. Water circulation is ensured by an external water pump. A metal grid cooling mesh and several 59 negative pressure fans are installed to dissipate the heat from the pyrolyzed oil and the heat absorbed from the water.

The next component 60 of Figure 1 is shown in more detail by Figure 7 to act as a safety valve to prevent gas overpressure and avoid flashbacks during thermal cracking of plastics. This is a water tank 60 intended to prevent gas leaks, to recover the dialysed gas, to regulate the pressure of the device and finally to prevent flashbacks. The water tank 60 consists of a tank 61, arranged vertically. The tank 61 comprises at the top, an inlet 62 which is connected to a central vertical tube 63, descending beyond the middle of the tank 61 and which serves as a conduit, open at its base, to bring the non-condensable combustible gas into the water from the tank 61, in order to prevent gas leaks, to recover the dialysed gas, to regulate the pressure of the device and to prevent flashbacks originating from the combustion of the gases of the hybrid combustion system. The water is added to the tank 61 through an inlet 64. The combustible gas, after having been in contact with the mass of water in the tank 61, is evacuated through a side outlet 65. The excess internal water is evacuated through an outlet 66 located at the base of the tank 61.

The next component 70 of the device of Figure 1 is shown in more detail by Figure 8 which illustrates a flue gas desulfurization apparatus. The combustion gases contain sulfur and enter the desulfurization apparatus 70 which is composed of a tank 71 arranged vertically. This tank 71 has an inlet 72 through which the combustion gases enter. Inside the tank 71 are arranged several horizontal nozzles, staggered between them and distributed in the upper and lower layers in order to clean and desulphurize the combustion gases. From bottom to top, the tank contains two rinsing ramps 73 with nozzles directed downwards to rinse the combustion gases entering through an inlet 72, according to arrow 1. Above these rinsing ramps 73 is located another ramp 74 with nozzles directed upwards, in the direction of a distributor 75 of antifoam products. A second distributor 75 of anti-foam products is arranged higher up, under a central outlet 76 of the tank 71. Between the two distributors 75 of anti-foam products is positioned a double water spray ramp 77 with two series of nozzles which squirt water respectively downwards and upwards on said distributors 75. The circulation water used by the various nozzles is supplied by a circulation pump 78 or by a complementary pipe. After an initial cleaning, the rising combustion gases pass through the lower and upper layers of the antifoam agent and are finally exhausted by 76, in the direction of arrow J. The material adsorbed on the antifoam agent 75 is removed by rinse water. The waste water generated during the desulfurization process is discharged through an outlet 79, according to the arrow K, placed at the bottom of the tank 71.

The next component 80 of the device of Figure 1 is shown in more detail by Figures 9A and 9B which illustrate the component parts of a dust removal device 80 of the combustion gases. Figure 9A shows the complete dust removal apparatus. The combustion gases emitted by the combustion are taken care of by the dust removal device 80 which comprises, as shown in FIG. 9A, for example a frame in the form of a hollow container 81, completed downwards and upwards by two trunks of cone 82 which each have an inlet 83, respectively serving as inlet and outlet of the gases before and after the dust removal of the gases. Frame 81 has a door 84, behind which there is a cylindrical bucket 85 of stainless steel wire mesh, shown in Figure 9B. Door 84 is an openable metal door. The cylindrical bucket 85 is open at the top and closed at its bottom to hold the activated carbon for gas adsorption. The combustion gas enters the dust removal device 80 through the lower inlet 83, according to the arrow O and the clean combustion gas is discharged through the upper outlet 83, according to the arrow P.

The crude oil refining device produced with plastics and rubbers is advantageously housed entirely in a standard container, in particular 20 feet, to be able to be moved easily and above all in a standardized manner in a room designed according to a rational and complete architecture. However, the manufacture of dialysed oils requires a purification treatment so that these oils resulting from mixed products can be used effectively as a fuel of the diesel type, by engines adapted to fuels of the diesel type. This is the reason why this pyrolyzed oil must undergo a second operation, which is a purification operation and which must complete the oil production operation which consists in particular of cracking plastic materials. This second operation is carried out during a second step by a device which will be described in detail and illustrated by FIGS. 10 and 11.

[0058] FIG. 10 illustrates an advantageous embodiment of said second pyrolyzed oil purification device carried out, substantially like the production of pyrolyzed oil, with said second equipment which is relatively close to the first so-called pyrolyzed oil production equipment.

During this pyrolyzed oil purification process, the crude pyrolyzed oil is heated to a temperature of the order of 200 to 300° C. in a horizontal distillation reactor 100. This pyrolyzed oil is introduced into the reactor 100 along the arrow N. Said second device called purification device is advantageously positioned, like said first device, in a standard container, for example 20 feet. During this heating, the pyrolyzed oil to be purified begins to vaporize. The pyrolyzed oil vapor is transported to a gas separator 200, according to arrow L, in which the separation of water and gas is carried out. Subsequently, the oil vapor is routed to a horizontal condenser 210 which uses recirculating cooling water, supplied by a cold water tank 220b, which integrates with composite equipment 220. The equipment Integrated composite 220 contains a cooling cold water tank, an oil filter device, an oil tank and a ventilation device. After passing through a horizontal condenser 210, the oil vapors are condensed into liquid oil. Then, the liquid oil passes through an oil filtering device containing in particular silica sand, and finally enters an oil reservoir 220a. A very small quantity of non-condensed oil vapor passes into the water tank to prevent flashbacks, before being introduced through the pipes into a hybrid combustion system 119b, arranged at the base of the reactor 100. These oil vapors are burned as an additional source of energy, and/or to eliminate hazards. In order to allow evacuation in complete safety, the combustion exhaust gases are introduced into a desulphurization system and a dust removal system identical to the components of the first pyrolysis oil production device.

[0060] FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of the reactor for purification by distillation of pyrolysis oil also called pyrolyzed oil. The distillation reactor 100 consists of a vessel 91, arranged horizontally, and has a front door 92, a rear door 93 and side walls 94, which are preferably made of stainless steel or normal boiler steel. The front door 92 has an inlet 95, through which the pyrolyzed oil is introduced into the tank 91, according to the arrow N. The side wall 94 is covered with an insulating layer 96. The distillation reactor is fed by a system of hybrid combustion of oil and gas. The hybrid combustion system is located at the bottom of the distillation reactor 100, under the vessel 91 and has centered liquid fuel nozzles 119a as the main source of energy. Two sets of 119b gas flame guns are arranged on either side as an additional energy supply. The oil vapor generated after the distillation process is discharged through an outlet 97, arranged at the top and rear of the tank 91, according to the arrow L.

The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described, but may undergo various modifications or variants obvious to those skilled in the art. In particular, the various components which allow, on the one hand, the production of crude pyrolysis oil from waste plastics and used rubber products, could have particular shapes. In addition, the two pieces of equipment intended, one for the manufacture and the other for the purification of the pyrolyzed oil by distillation, could be arranged in the same site or in two separate sites. Ideally, the two sites are identical and the two pieces of equipment are relatively close from the production point of view. The sites are preferably standard containers, for example of the 20 foot type, which can be placed at strategic locations, close to waste storage areas and could even be mounted on boats to collect waste and then to dispose of it. treat directly, eliminating them as polluting waste that clutters marine surfaces.

Claims (26)

1. Process for the transformation of organic raw materials, in particular mixed waste comprising plastic materials, for example thermoplastic materials and/or various rubber products, with a view to producing a liquid fuel, in particular of the “diesel” type, usable by internal combustion engines, characterized in that, during a first step, a transformation of the raw materials into pyrolyzed oils is carried out, by a process of thermal treatment by pyrolysis, in that one carries out, during this first step, a mechanical fractionation of said raw materials, by rotating them continuously in a reactor during a heating operation with a view to their heating by pyrolysis, in that one carries out, during said first step a succession of steps consisting in particular in extracting chlorinated products by a dechlorination system, water by a gas and liquid separation system, residues due to solids by a system for evacuating solid residues by a piece of spiral steel inside the reactor, gases not condensed during the condensation phase by a system for evacuating gases, and condensation of pyrolyzed oils by a condenser, and in that one proceeds, during a second step, to a purification of the pyrolyzed oil produced with the said raw materials during the said first step, in which the said purification of the pyrolyzed oil is also carried out using a refining process. 2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, during said first step of producing pyrolysis oil according to a thermal treatment process by pyrolysis, a gradual increase in the temperature of the raw materials is carried out between 200 and 500°C, preferably advantageously between 250 and 400°C and preferably 400°C. 3. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, during said first step by a thermal treatment process by pyrolysis, dechlorination of the pyrolysis gases containing hydrochloric acid extracted from plastic materials containing chlorine is carried out, using a reagent based on an alkaline solution. 4. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, during said first step by a process of thermal treatment by pyrolysis, is carried out after the dechlorination of the gases, a first separation of the water mixed with the pyrolysis gases. 5. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, during said first step by a thermal treatment process by pyrolysis, a condensation of the pyrolysis oil vapor is carried out during which it is transformed into liquid oil then it passes through a filtration device. 6. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, during said first step by a thermal treatment process by pyrolysis, a filtration of the liquid pyrolysis oil is carried out. 7. Method according to claim 6, characterized in that said filtration of the pyrolysis oil is carried out with silica sand before entering a tank of crude pyrolysis oil. 8. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, during said second step, distillation of the crude pyrolysis oil is carried out by raising their temperature between a value of 200 to 350° C., preferably between 250 and 300° C. and advantageously at 280° C. 9. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that, during said second step, after condensation of the pyrolysis gases, a fraction of non-condensed gases is returned to a hybrid burner and used as additional auxiliary fuel. 10. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that, during said second step, a condensation of the distilled oil is carried out which uses cooling water in recirculation. 11. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that, during said second step, oil is filtered, in particular with siliceous sand, then cooling ventilation of this oil is carried out before storing it in view of its use. 12. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that, during said second step, a reserve of water is used to prevent flashbacks and overpressures. 13. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that, during said second step, a hybrid combustion is carried out for the supply of energy using as main source of energy the liquid fuel of the “diesel” type obtained at the end of the process and the uncondensed gas during the condensation step as an additional energy input. 14. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that, during said first stage and said second stage, the non-condensed gas is burned and serves as an additional energy supply, which makes it possible to eliminate this gas at risk. . 15. Method according to claim 8, characterized in that, during said first stage and said second stage, desulfurization and dust removal of the combustion gases emitted during the heating process of the distillation are carried out. 16. Device for the transformation of organic raw materials, in particular mixed waste comprising plastic materials, for example in particular thermoplastic materials and/or various rubber products, with a view to producing a liquid fuel, in particular of the “diesel” fuel type usable by internal combustion engines, the device being characterized in that it comprises first equipment comprising a first reactor (10), called a pyrolysis reactor comprising a cracking vessel (11), means for driving said vessel (11) cracker rotating about its central axis, a spiral steel piece (16) welded inside the cracking vessel (11) for advancing said raw materials through the cracking vessel (11) and means to raise the temperature of the raw materials, a dechlorination tank (20) through which the steam obtained by pyrolysis of the said raw materials has passed in order to extract the chlorinated products therefrom, a gas and liquid separator (30) to separate the dechlorinated vapor and a condenser (40) to condense the gaseous product exiting the separator, in a first step to produce crude pyrolyzed oils, and, in order to proceed in a second stage, by purification of the pyrolyzed oil produced with said raw materials, by means of a distillation device (100) of the pyrolysis oil obtained during said first stage. 17. Apparatus for converting raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a dechlorination tank (20) for the pyrolysis gases containing chlorine, using a reagent based on an alkaline solution. 18. Device for processing raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a gas and liquid separator (30), through which the products from the dechlorination tank (20) pass, comprising a tank (31 ) and containing in the height direction, a mist eliminator (33) consisting of a porous layer through which a large part of the liquid droplets in the gas phase are eliminated. 19. Device for processing raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a condenser (40) consisting of a tank (41) which contains oil vapor at high temperature, said oil vapor at high temperature being condensed by cooling water which passes through pipes (41a, 41b, 41c and 41d) arranged in the tank (41) before emerging from the tank (41). 20. Device for processing raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises an integrated composite device (50) which comprises two superimposed horizontal tanks (51a) and (51b) which are separated by a wall (52) fixed, the upper tank 51a comprising in its upper part an oil filtering surface (53) which retains the solid particles and the lower tank (51b) located under the first oil tank is intended to contain water and preferably several negative pressure fans (59) are installed to dissipate the heat generated by the pyrolyzed oil in the tank (51a) and the heat absorbed by the water (51b). 21. Raw materials processing device, according to claim 16, characterized in that the distillation device (100) of the pyrolysis oil obtained during said first step, comprises a tank (100) provided with an inlet (95) for the crude oil and an outlet (97) for the purified pyrolyzed gases, means for raising the temperature of said oil during a pyrolysis heating procedure, a separator of gas (200) which separates the gas from the water which is produced during the distillation of crude oil. 22. Device for processing raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a gas separator (200), in which the separation of water and gas is carried out, a horizontal condenser (210) which uses recirculating cooling water, supplied by a cold water tank (220b), which is integral with an integrated composite equipment (220). 23. Device for converting raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a horizontal condenser (210) arranged to condense the pyrolyzed oil vapors into liquid pyrolyzed oil. 24. Device for processing raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a device for filtering the pyrolyzed oil, this filtering device containing in particular silica sand. 25. Device for processing raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a tank of pyrolyzed oil (220a) filtered. 26. Device for converting raw materials, according to claim 16, characterized in that it comprises a hybrid combustion system (119a and 119b), arranged at the base of the distillation reactor (100).