CA2947246C

CA2947246C - Selecting, producing, and feeding whole algae as a feed supplement for cattle and bison to produce meat high in omega 3's for human health

Info

Publication number: CA2947246C
Application number: CA2947246A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Donald M. Smith
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2014-05-08
Filing date: 2014-05-08
Publication date: 2024-02-27
Anticipated expiration: 2034-05-08
Also published as: PH12016502169A1; AU2014393411B2; RU2016142331A3; JP2017514528A; EP3151679A4; MA39445A1; BR112016025985A2; RU2660264C2; EP3151679A1; CA2947246A1; ZA201607465B; CN106659145A; KR20170005832A; AU2014393411A1; MX2016014568A; MA39445B2; JP6445144B2; RU2016142331A; BR112016025985B1; WO2015171151A1

Abstract

The present invention is a system and method for creating and using algae as a food supplement for cattle and buffalo thereby providing a desirable food supplement for cattle and buffalo wherein the meat and fat produced has increased specific Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for a product, which imparts a healthier cardiovascular or healthier central nervous system.

Description

SELECTING, PIMUCING, AND FEEDING WIIOLE ALGAE
AS A FEED SUPPLENIENT FOR CATTLE AND BISON' =
TO PRODUCE MEAT ITIGI4 IN OMEGA VS FOR IIUMANI/EAL'Ill BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the invention hi general, the .present invention is a composition; system and method of ereatin.8 and using whole algae as a footi supplement tbr. animals. The algae are high in omega :3.s DliA and .or EPA (and other constituents) in relation to total fats, and are StAO* for cattle and bison's digestive system. The resulting meat with high MIA. and EPA provides a superior beef with heart healthy properties and other healthy properties far the consumer.

2. Description of the Prior Art Thereis a current recognition of the diverse benefits of algae as a nutritional supplement, a pottinial tnofuei. and with e.oine webnotogies forgrowing as a means to capture excess or unwanted CO,. The field of algae growth, harvesting and processing is burgeoning and hundreds of millions of dollars aro being invested into this industry, mostly tinned at identifying. the.most promising strains of algae for biofuel and developing prototype cultivation facilities for their growth. Additionally, more recently, algae growors are Ibmsing on growing algae high in Omega 3's and to process the algae into its constituents, with the Omega 3's being of' very high value and then producing biofuel with the remaining fats, and Waving a..residual for other constituents including a byproduct animal feed high in protein. Algae may someday achieve the game changing ability to convert renewable sunlight into transportation fuel.
Sustainable transportation fuel was the hope underlying corn based ethanol but the reality is that energy yields from corn are too low, while the use of prime cropland to grow ethanol reedsteek has crowded our agricultural system.
Algae is nature's most basic photosynthesis organism- Some algae eonsume -wafer, stinEeht and carbon dioxide (C0z) to produce sugars. Those sugars and -reduced high-energy eompthinds eventually produce the lipids, which can be readily processed into bit:rthd that can be used In place of diesel fuel.. Corn grown.on America's best farmland can.
yield less than 200 gallons per acre of bloothanol. Experts agree that algae can yield more than 25 times the energy density of com-deti ved bioluel: algae grOwn On au acre of wasteland (retiuiring only decent sunlight) can yield anywhere between 2,000 and 7,000 gallons of biofuel per Year. Algae may be a biolnel competitive with diesel oil priced at $2.00 to t 3.00 per gallon if algae can be found or made to grow 6ster. or the algae can be modified metically to refine filet such as gasoline, which is then -excreted through the cell Wall of the algae so it does not have ni be processed.
However. algae, -Which is heterotrophie, Oitil use organie carbon sources in the water, such as sugar under fermentation, or glucose, as a substitute for sunlight, or in addition to sunlight. This 13 patent -focusses on the growth of such hetetotrophie algae for use itS
an animal :feed supplement.
becawe there are now available techniques for growing such algae that are much less expensive than former methods. While this vowing technique does not directly nse CO2 from power plant and ethanol plant emissions, them is CO2 removed from. the atmosphere by the plant. sugar cane, which uses the CO2 ( front power plant or ethanol plant emissions) Ti the photosynthetic proems.
The heterothonnie algae also commonly have silica cell walls thaking less likely to break In the rumm and leave the omega 3's intact when released in the small intestine.
There are two groups of essential Patty acids, Omega-3 fatty adds and Oineg.a.-6 fatty acids. Ornega-1 finty acids are Thundriaturally in the oil of cold-water-fishõ
such as mackerel, saiman, iiardines, anchovies and nma, or as extracted oil fromõ.plants, Such as flaxseed., canola (rapeseed). or soybean. Examples of Ornega-3 fatty acids include docottahexaenoie acid (DHA), eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) and alpha linolenic acid (ALA). Of key.immtance, the Omega 3's EPA. and DI IA are found...in large amounts only in cold,-water fish, and not in land animals or seeds, Hence, to obtain large amounts of EPA and DHA., humans need eat oily fish or take oil supplements, which are made from fish or from the algae that form the base of the food chain for fish. ALA. hi contrast, is fbund abundantly in seeds such as lks. Omega-3 fatty acids are linked to a wide variety of beneficial health effects in documented intervention studies as essential constituents of' twits, especially brain cells, nerve cells, retina, adrenal glands, and reproductive cells. !.ong chain Omega-3 polyunsaturates (PUFA*8) such as DIJA&EPA are thought to have health benefits for the heart, skin, and immune system and help regulate inflammatory diseases. attention deficit disorders and infant dmicipment.
There are also number of studies underway that suggestbenefits in preventing Alzheimer's, dementia, colorectal cancers, and redwing deaths due to heart disease.
15I here have been a number of patents granted outlining the benelits from specific Omega fittty acids present in food and/or supplements. SevOat 'patents have also been granted for the enrichment of foods that ate normally low or deficient in Omega-3I6 and PLII:Als. For example, J.S. Pat, No, 5,932,257 (Wright et al.) relates to DI-IA being. produced in cow's milk through the feedin of cold-water fishmeal to cows, using a feather meal based feed supplement. The feather meal used according to this prior art ref.4enee is used as an inhibitor of microbial. degradation of MIA in the rumen of the dairy cattle. U.S. Pat. Ns. 4.911,9441 and 5.290,573 also disclose the use &feed supplements containing fishmeal combined with animal b:y=-produets e.g. leather

3 meal, hone. meal and the like. A number of patents have idso been granted for th elevation of Omega-3 in eggs using flax-meal or algae/DI-IA feed supplements in chickens.
in terms of algae: (DMA fermented concentrates), these feed and food mixes arc produced via genetic mombination technology, which has limited consumer tav or in most markets. Prior art feed ibrmulas have a number of deficiencies on a practical basis. Pm- example, fish meal/feather meal feed supplements arc very unpalatable and oan be a feeding deterrent to livestock such as cows; and only limited amounts of.i)HA. can be achieved in the milk. Also the use of miinal by-products, i.e., blood meal/feather meal, have been bannedin most countries to prevent the spread rif infectious diseases.
0 There is a need in the art for feed supplements capable of elevating the amount of Omega-3 fatty acids in beef The above discussed limitations in. the prior art.
is not intended to be exinra;;tive. The. current invention provides a solution not currently found in the known art.

4 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In view of the foregoing disadvantages inhereni in the known types of algae food supplements the. present invention provides a new and improved erfective algae based food supplement for beef cattle and or buffalo where the prior art fails, As such, the -general purpose ofthe present invention, which will be described snbsequently in greater detail. is to provide a new-and improved method of creating an algae based food supplement and means to reduce CO2 which has all the advantages of the prior art.andnone of the disadvantages.
To attain this, the present invention essentially comprises a system and method tbr taking commonly available carbohydrates such as sugar, which consume CO2 in the atmosphere, And feeding: it lo algae, The invention also cultivates algae-for a specific use, and feeds it to cattle improving the eardiovascular health of the beef consumer by increasing specific Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (I)UFAs) in the muscle tissue of beef:
It is further contemplated the invontim may he utilized for the general feeding of other animals,. such as but not limited to buffalo. It is contemplated that buffalo may be used a livestock for meat.
There tine thus been outlint%l, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereofthattbi lows may be better understood and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, ef come.
additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the 20- subject matter of the claims appended hereto.
In this respect, before explaining at lenst one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not. limited in this application to the details of construction, arrangement of the components, and amounts thereof set font; in the following description. The

5 Invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also. it is to be onderstood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are thr The purposed description and should not be regarded as limiting. As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the, conception upon which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as a basis fOr the designing of other compositions, methods, and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It iA important, the fire, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Further, the purpose of the foreping abstract is to ertablethe I.J.S. 'Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or ptirasco!ogy, to determine quickly from 4 cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical di wfostue of the applieation. The abstract ia neither intended to define the invention of the application, which is measured f:ly the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way, It is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved method and system to create and.. use an algae based food supplement for but not:limited to beef cattle.
Still another object of the present inkTriTiOn is to provide a new and improved algae food supplement'which prOvidesall of the advantages of the prior artõ while annuitaneously overeornine some of the disadvantages normally associated !:herewith.
'Yet another 0*i:A of the present invention is to providez new and improved method and system for new and improved algae and algae food supplement that is commercially available such that public awareness is garnered and environmental improvement is created in reenrds to CC12 (eduction,

6 Au even ihrther object of the present invention is to provide a nevi; and improved food supplement that provides the benefit of Omega-3 to the consumer with the ability to eat red meat which is far healthier than conventional red meat having a moderate or high degree of marbling, because heart healthy omega 3s counteract the negative health consequences of saturated fats present in the meat.
Stilt an. even.further object of file present inventioni.s to provide an optime yield rate of algae growth, approximately 25% or more of Omega-3 DIM and or EPA composition in harvested algae. approximately 50% of total tins in the algae, a consistent feedlot weight gain of 3 Ills/day per animal meeting industry standtmls, an increase of 10 to 20 times the healthy Omega-3 MIA. and EPA in beef ready for market, and a possibly decrease of saturated fats in beef ready for market.
It is still further an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved method and sratem to Create and use an algae baSed toed Supplem.ent for cattle and buffalo for producing A bettei heart healthy food product from the cattle i,trid buffalo Or to generally feed and nourish cattle and buffalo.
It is further contemplated, the invention may be .taili7ed. for the general feeding of otilt.tr anitrialg, such as but not limited to buffalo. It is contemplated. thathu Mk) may be used a livestock fur meat.
It is a further invention of thts produce. to modit:y the traditional modem *allot composition substantially by reducing r()Iled corn and substituting. wheat or barley with nutch lower fat content to then allow much higher amounts of algae to be fed the cattle without sappnessinglhe total feed intake of the cattle due to too inta:õb fin, in.
addition, reducing senn

7 lowers Omega 6, whieb iS believed to be too high in the Ted meet diet itSIdarla: in ttrWrigi inflammation and Thom together with other objects of the it-Went:ion, along with the variOus features Of novelty, which characterize the .invention,.are pointed out with particularity in the.
an:i=eAi to and; forming a part a this digt.1.9Strre. For a better dricilerstanding of the invention its, opeTating advantages. and the specific objects strained by its uses, rcference should be ha1 to the accompanying descriptive matter in which there are illustrated preferred embodimouts of the invention.

8 BRIEF' DESCRIPTION OF THE PICTORIAL TWSTRATIONS, GRAPHS, DRAWINGS, .AND APPENDICES
The intvation will be bettor understood and object$ Qtlittr than those t'it ,forth above bttoult apparent when eonslcieratiOn isgivttin..0 the :followittg detailed.
&kriOon thomr. SucJ
deseriPtion makes refereboc to the atmexod pitttpthll flittstration3.õ
drawin and apponclietµs.
Figure I is generally a graphical repmsentation of concontrations of fatty ;kids per man tissue,

9 . .
DETAILED DESC.RTIMO.N.
In a preferred embodiment, the composition generally tally-rises algae as a tOod supplement for animals such as but not limited to beef cattle. It is a further object attic present invention to provide a new and improved method and system to create and Ilse amalgat based food supplement for animals such as but not Iiirtitd to buffalareattle, and other meat sources ir Inunan consumption that is more heart healthy as further described below.
It is undermood that the ibllowing description or said ompononts IS not limited to exact percentages, quantities. or ingredients and that it is understood equivalent ingredients known in the art may be substituted or added. The current invention contemplates a unique algae-based cattle feed production system that will result in the commercial production of cattle feed with healthier fat COTIT.Orit that may also include the capture and disposable of CO2 from power generation.
There are more than 30.000 cultivars identified and catalogued to date. The current invention may utilize some specific etiltivars of algae at readily produce high levels of DHA
1.5 lipids, Docosahexaeonie Acid (DHA) a n-3 royansawrate4 Fatty Acid (PUFA) lras been aSsociated=with decreasing levels of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, inflammation, arrhythmia, and circulating triglyeeridc levels while increasing neural development and visUal acuity t. National Academy of soienees, 2002; Knapp et al.. 200). nest:lipids can be either extracted from the harvested algae. or the harvested algae can be condensed into a slurry, or can 2.0 be dried and ean be &sd whole, directly to cattle. The Teel lie algae culti vats chosen becomes an ingredient in the total feeding process for the cattle and it will result in the development of increased DHA and eicosapentacnoic acid, EPA, polyunsaturated fats in the finished beef.

. . . .
Theeurrent invention May utilize { I) acultivar that 'produces high Weis of DEA and or P.PA; and (2) growing environment (algae formibiereactor) that includes feeding the algae. with a carbon source As earbOhydrate (such as sugar) This-algae growth system meofimizes algae growth and the production of the omega 3.8..in the maximum amounts and grows it at reiraively S row cost.
This invention does not include the technology for growing the algae itself.
That -technology is developed and patented by others. This invention choseS the.
algae to be grown in the algae growing system, especially for its ability both to produce high omega 3's and also ti-.1 have a tough cell wall which will allow the algae to protect the omega rs as the algae transits the rumen into the small intestine. Also this invention employs the whole algae in a feeding protocol which maximizes the intake of omega 3's, While it does not suppress the total feed intake: and tines not-reduce the commercially ideal average doily gain of the cattle in the feed yard.
= lt-i s contemplated that it is desirableto achieve not VillY sufficient growth rates and high.
IS levels ofrecoverable fat content in the algae "crop;'. but relatively high percentages of polyunsaturated fats- in relation to total this. The saturated =fats are not useful in producing Ontegtkrs in cattle; but reduce the total feed intake if tot& tats reach appro-xintately Se..Y.;) of Mc total feed.intake. A goal is to feed large amounts of algae containing large.
amounts olDITA
and or EPA without reducing food intake to maintain industry standouts of daily weight gain in the: catiie of about 3..5 lbsiday These success factors depend in turn upon the selection of the best algae oll.!vitieli there are thou.sands ufeisti.ng candidates and more being genetically engineered and:the performance of the ale.al growth with a bioreacior environment.

It is contemplated that the current invention may utilize algae strains found in the current art. It is also contemplated that the. ClErrent invention may utilizenew.and non-prior art algae strains with the desired charaeterislics. It is still farther onteruplated the current Invention may use Whole, not processed, algae as a feed for clink and bison, as feeding ()Mega- :Vs directly,.
that is WithOlittile= protection of the. Omega- 3's by the cell wall while, n the rumen, is not suitable for the digestive system of cattle which otherwise destroys the polyunsaturated rendering them un-useful for absorption in the small intestin6 and depositing Omega in the marbling (yr the meat.
One embodiment may dewatcr the:algae to about 18% and deliver the whole unprocessed algae immediately to a nearby iced yard for mixing With the modified tradi(iona1 feed ration.
Whole algae may also be.dried and fed directly to cattle for a. -source of protein, carbohydrate, and lipids.
it is also contemplated: growing a very particular kind of algae with appropriate environmental growing conditions including nutrition and stress protocols that enhancethe tristing, but underutilized genetic proclivity of the algae strain to maximize high valve tpdynnsaturated fatty acids) containing the Omega-3 fatty acids INIA. and.
EPA, These PUPA.
algae can be -used whole/dried and or wet and mixed directly with the cattle teed.. Feed with such shows the ability of cattle to ingest and incorporate the DIAA and EPA into the marbling tat of the or into the muscle cell walls; or into the interior of the muscle cells, transibrming the beefinto a new loon of5licaith,y beer, which may improve the heart health and central nervous system of the consumer. It is eamentplated the current invention may utilize di fle.rent dosages, iniin of tired, duration, deposition razes and depositiou position.

h is contempli:nclto main an algae having a cuhivr With flgh Omega-3.'s and kIppropriate cell wall. The cell walls.of micro algae.can naturally he corapoSed of very diftent IlilitOriai$ and having very different degrees or digestibility in the normal rumen of cattle, whicit I s highly acidies and the small. intestine; which is highly basic. It is-oontomplated to Utifin an algae which pnxittees-a cell wall that is not digestible in the rumen, where the Omega- 3's inside;
are protected front hydrogenation during digestionis hut the cell wall does break in the small intestine; releasing the Omega- 3's. In effect, the appropriate cell wall behaves like a time -release capsule.
Now retrring generally to the figures and more in particular to Figure . the graph generally shows the increase of EPA. and DEA with three alternate feed rations of no algae, modest aigae, and rich algae. The data was obtained with feed demonstrations at Oklahoma State Efrtiversity, The demonATZORN ØSed a commercially available product, Marte.k.GULII, which is .particularly high in MIA and not high in EPA.: The demunstrations generally utilie:ed mix or dry algae to modified mixtures of typical cattle fbed rations and provided a successful 'corailusion of the high depositions of EPA and DlIA into the muscie and fat within the muscle of beef cattle.
It is also contemplated that the current invention may provide algae feed rations withont compromising the average dailrweight gain of the catde,Ar; the daily gain of cattle must be as good as with non-algae rations, to produce the desired eutcom of not significantly icing the total coat of the fully fed steer, it k kimwn in the industry to provide algae for some other end products. High value algae.
p4rticularry containing high amounts of DNA algae have been commercialized by Marta Bioseiences based in Baltimore, MD. The Martek algae contain the right cell Wall ano the tight amounts of RHA but are hetenamphie, meaning they are fed sugar, and the vowing and containment system is expensive., making the product very expensive. Their products are marketed to egg production and infant baby formulas and many other products.
It is contemplate the current invention may he utilized with heterotrophio production systems which are much lower in cost than Mart& s system While the current price of heterotrophic Martek algae is S 9000 per ton, it 44 expected that other systems may produce the-requisite algae for $3,000 to $4000 per*ton. The value of algae for beef is math greater than for biodiesel, rendering, this use of algae more economical in the nen terill.
Docosahexaeortic Acid (DI:lA) an .11-3 Dolyunsaturatvd Fatty Acid (PUPA) has been associated with decreasing levels of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, inflammation, arrhythmia:, and circulating triglyee,sride levels while increasing neural development aud visuai acuity (National Academy a Sciences, 2002; Knapp et al., 200,3). Until now, DHA has been sourced from fish oil, fishmeal, fivsh fish and algae. It is eonteinpIated that the s:vrrent invention may use various feeds for-cattle to increase tile proportion of healthy to unhealt4 fat in tiVir "Ink-Wing.' Increased levels al:D/4A in cattle feeds has been shown to additionally increase the levels of (NA upted linoleic and vaccenie acids in riarninatit fat unsaturated fatty acids are also implicated in enhanced human health bent:ills Ilwmarket for algae as- cattle feed is tko potentially 'mac. ft -would take the daily .20 produotioo of 200,000 pounds to supply the feedlot cattle for the "natural Bier market (without hormonal Dr antibiotic chenlicals), Another 4t10,000 pounds per clay would supply algae to.
cattle destined for the White tablecloth market. And 20,000,000 pounds per day would he nockled to supply the more than10.000,000 cattle in U.S, feed yards h ths.
Corn fic.lit from the Texas Panhandle to South Dakota.
The currentinvention contomplates the util 'ado') of U system wherein the location or algae growth facility, and or cattle are optimized with a preferred emtiNlintent locating the algae -growth facility, and fmllot for the cattle in such a mariner that no processing or drying is needed.
and. no or little transliortation is needed between same.
It la contemplated to produce Omega.-3 rich algae feed for bet( cattle which in Mtn results in a potentially healthier meat product containing higher levels of protective nits and lower levelS of unhealthy saturated fats than the. market standard.
In a preferred embodiment, an array of algae growing facilities will be located close to the to feedlots. The close location win both minimize transportation expenses and allow .for the algal slurry, eontaininct a 20:80 algae-water minure, to be delivered directly to feed cattle without drying it-first. Ibis arrangement may serve as an ellkient design model, for the commercial algae-fed cattle industry.. It is also coittemplarkxl the algae will be &watered to a ratio of 18% algae by weight fig easy pumping and cost-effective trucking to a feed yard for the cattic. ftis contemplated that avoiding the cost of drying the algae will reduce casts arid.
processing time. The algae/water mixture may be sprayed on the primary cattle reed in the "bunk" as a. top dressing, or it may be mixed, as is customary, in the feed truck itself to provide uniferm algaegeed mixture.
In a prefetred embodiment of the invention, whole algae may be added immediately to typical bin adjusted cattle feed rations to optimize the average daily gain:
of the cattle at about 3 pounds per day. The concept of l'mding algae to cattle only for its ealoric !boil value to the clink itself or to. improve the health of the cattle itself isnot unique.
However, the concept of feeding algae to mile to shift the marbling let from saturated fat to polyunsaturated fats or to produce more polyunsaturated fats in the musck tissue is unique.
= Presentfy food-grade algae, high in Omega-3 DIM, is expensive ($19,000 per ton) and thus not praotical to teed animals in large quantities. The current invetnion contemplates producing algae containing MIA and EPA Omega-Ts at $3,000 per ton. This will allow a unique cattle.fmding program resulting in Substantially reduced saturated fats and an increase in healthy polyunsaturated Rms.
With algae fed beef, the current invention contemplates ten times or more. of Omega-3's and a SuhstantiAl reduction of saturated fats, It Ia further contemplated the health benefits of redueing saturated fats and increasing unsaturated fats with Omegs-3's, will attract 00t1RITtleffi to the product who will pay a premium, which is not expected to be more than .10 percent above standard beef and is less expensive than beef with no antibiotics and no hormonal implants, or than organic beef,1 he price of existing niche beef which is sold asztealthy beer', is as much as riAdie the price of regular commercial beef This very high price is likely due to the very low sales volumes and inefficiencies of the producers. At this tim.e, the price of beef free of chemical residuals from .tirlibiotics or hormonal implants is $5,00 higher than comparable beef. The cost of algae supplement.. is predicted to add about 5l.40 to the Wholesale Cost of beef:
A cattle feeding demonstration has proven The eonccpt that algae can be=fed to cattle and the meat can contain high amounts of On DRA and lTA, such as ate available otherwise in salt-water White fish. Algae was utilized from -the Martetk Corporation thathad high Omega-3.
The Omega-3 of Martek is about tii% lipids (flit) of which about half or 24%
of the algae weight is MIA, and 2% is EPA.
It is noteworthy that Omega-3's cannot be led to cattle directly, such as from fish oil in high quantities, but can be fed the anega-3's in algae. In previous feeding trials by others. it was determined that feeding cattle fish oil containing Ornega-l's depressed rumen function.
Microorganisms in the cattle's rumen hydrogenate the Omega-Ts polyunsaturated fatty acids into saturated fats so that the fish oil could not supply unsaturated fitts in the small intestine where they could be absorbed. In contrast, the current invention utilizes algae that have a cell wall that bas a natural advantage, The cell wall is not as readily and as tapidly broken down lathe rumen. More of the algae cell is transmitted to the duodenum intact where the pH change and digestive enzymes break down the algae rs4easing the Omega-3's to be absorbed in the small intostine, the valuable ()mega-3's need to be mieroeneapsulated in order to be absorbed intItct.
The algal enhivais of the current embodiment will feed to cattle haw the Otnega--3's mieroencapsulated naturally. Herioe, the. algae provide a natural fond supplement to improve the healthiness of beef.
ii is also t;onternplaed to utilize different types of cultivar selection programs to develop more efficient aud effective -seeds' for use in feeding cattle. A variety of species from multiple alttal d iVjA.011R, classes, order, families, Er:etterit and species Ill fly he Itiii7ccI. Optimal culture patterns may use a variety of potential cultivars picked Air their growth rates, nutrition profiies, or production of tatique sec.ondary metabolites. Jnitkd. lab erorts by a DOE
funded project in Arizona resulted in the down-selection of a few potential etiltivars that:were subsequently grown in large outdoor cultivators, A summary of those strains bases-apt:A. and potentiaj for 1.1sc are illustrated in below.

=
Mi.:tat. Species t Nagnochiorop.tis 660 Sokertavorm 12'27 Sooruth.Kmief, if 08.
=
G.:laming Period t'd) 206 I 40.
i 210 ====¨t oroveth R4te(gita2.44 Average 1 17 ===,, =
Grow tit Rati(ginald) Meximai 26 ===t-'NW Volum,:
I Harvested Over Period (L) 122,500 1 I.700 J3:1'000 Cciture (f..) 20-,30 10-40 . =
It is cometnplated to utiii%C.rflpi cultivar based on selection criteria that extend beyond biological parameters and may include its-ability to be harvested, transportedi anti prowssell, Although these tzharact0Tistia may be secondary to utilizing a cultivar that grows rapidly,.
producing- algae that can be filtered easily or senio naturally may gmatly reduce. harvesting operational expenses. which can have a significant effect on the ea:Rival-selection process.
Potential eultivar candidates characteristics may include high production.
rates., accumulates signitIcant amOUTAS of oil under the correct conditions and eau partially settle without any energy or chemical input and are not genetically modified or enhanced. hi preferred 01.111)0dirritalt SpOCics: may consist of 2-8% lipids With the understanding other culturing conditions- in the large-scale culturing systems may accumulate up to at least 40% of the biomass.as extractable lipid. A. preferred embodiment may grow nannochloropsis with 39% lipids of which 9% was EPA. Other prthrred embodiment may be ett,ttortlea a euryhaline ((J.:3 5 ppt) and eurythermal (0-60 of') alga, witich thrive in low-light conditions.
Additionally Chloralia maccf2arcphilarepresem another potential winter spedes.
Athens,* a global genus, many Orioivila are found In waters of 40* F knight) to 65 F
(day). Some (77/oretia varieties have a high (.)ea-3 fatty acids and astaxanthin (Pigment) content, The current illVelltiat: contemplates utilizing an algae such as a particular sehizochytrium With -similar constituents to DNA GOLD TM from MAXTEK also known as MARTEIC
GOLD.
0 Generally, the total. fat may be 56% and the percentage of fat that is MIA and F.PA may generally be4,1%. h. LS understood that DHA GOLD TM is a thrmentation product, and due to .th, characteristics of producing organism some variability in the nutritional values will be observed from lot to lot. The bask components (g/.100) may be but isnot limited to moisture 2.03, protein 6.66, crude fiber 4.5, atilt 8.81, crude lia 5537, and earbc.thydrates (by subb'nt 15, 12.43, The minerals in the algae (g/100) may be but is notlimited to calcium 0.01 sodium 2.21, potassium 0.51, magnesium 0,11, and phosphorus 0.13.
The fay acid profile (%117A) may be but is not limited to:
12:0 Laurie 0.3 20 14:0 Myritnic 15;0 ---Pentademo 0.3 16:0 Pahnitie 23.2 18:0 =Stearie 0.8 24:0 ¨Ligtweric 0,9 .3116 - ipolenic 0.4 18An3 Q42tadecatotranottie 0.4 20:1.1%5 Hornoga iirma)Inei 1 .56 20:4;37 C,:icoiatetrartoie 0.9 20',3:113 ¨EPA i9 2:5n6OPA 17.7 22: 6n3 ¨DHA 42.3 The.amino acid profile (gil Mg) may be but is not limited to:
Tryptophan 0.16 Aspartie Acid 1.2$
Threonine 0,46 Serine= 0.49 atlantic Acid 3,86 Proline 0,50 Slyeine 0,60 Marline 0.70 Cysiirm 5 Valine 0,74 0:27 Iscucine 0.37 Leiwine 0,66 Tyrne 0.29 Phenyialanine 0.42 iNidhi 0.22 Lysine 0:4-2 Aitinin4 1 .48 . =
The vitaillbl content may be but la not limited to:
Biotin 0.38 nag/100g ClioIliac .2.20 00.t Folic Acid 1.28 ing1100g Niacin 5.756 mg/100g Vitamin A true ivtinol <440 Hill 00g Beta carotene 6,440 1.k3/1 00g Vitamin ill thiamine:- HO 2.81 rog/100g, 'Vitamin 132 riboflavin 3.15 mati0Og 1.0 Vitamin 136 pyridoxine 1.90. ing/100it Vitamin C ascorbic acid 14.1 me1100g Vitamin 1.:' alpha tocopherOl =c: 0.7 ItS100g, Vitamin 1312 cyanocobalamin 93.6 uel 00g Paniotheitic acid 5,33 ing'100g It is. understood that feedlots. for suchanimals as cattle attemi: w max:-=!7.e the meat on an. animal while balancing the time spent on the fecxllot with tbod intake and costs associated thereof: It is typical that cattle would need apprositnately about 5.5 to 6.5 pounds of diet for an animal to 6,3:n1 pound assuming norrnal finishing diet. Also, it is understood-that the animals do not enter !l1e feedlot until they already weigh 600 to 900pounds. Dtwine, that time, they coma= mostly tbrage.prior to entering the feedlot. Most.prod.ucers use fin.age because it i s-dumper 'and a good use of fiber that would otherwise not he harvested.
Cattle are potrovily kept ()attic feedlot until tbr betwexri 15.0 and 240 days, butina this time period, they may pin 500 to 600 pounds. It is not unusual hr aniniala to arrive at 7 to 9 months of age and receive WO% grass:feed to help maintain rtunen health lOt the first fOur day&
&Nut let:dims use different types of Ititid whereas some rations may be comprised or5;even ingredients, including corn, soy, alfalfa, straw, and wet grain distillers that are hy-produers of the ethanol industry. These feeds range- from 0% corn to 75% corn.
The typical steer arrives at. the feedlot weighing approximately NO pounds and on average, leaves 6 months- later, having eaten 5,000 pounds ol feed to gain 600 pounds in weight.
Cattle are normally fed 25 pounds of grain and small amounts of other constituents. For commercial viability in the feed yard, the average cow must consume enough Itml for a weight gain of approximately 3.5 pounds a day.
1.0 The current invention contemplates providing a araximum amount of algae, whieh.zi cow could consume without suppressing the remainder of the feed intake ;Mil without reducing the daily gain as measured by pounds of body weight per day. In a preferred embodiment. a.
daily intake of alate mq contain. approximately 24% Oinrot-3's, DIIA and EPA
in order to 111;X:dilliZe: the deposition of Omega-3's in the matbling, It is f,dso contempiatcd -that an.
optimum diet may eliminate one of the nonual constituents of pig fin and. or reduced corn and increase of algae. such as but not limited to MARTEK GOLD, to obtain -the corroct choleric value of the total feed. It is contemplated that fbeding too much algae may suppress the diet of the animal. By exam*, 2 pounds of Martek algae combined with the other ingredient and ingested as above with a high amount of oil in the corn resulted in the cow eating haff its total 2.0 feed for the day and, resulted in the cow not gainhm sufficient -weight per day.
A preferred 4.'..mbodiment provides .8. to 1.0 pounds of Martek ali,ae per day. It is contemplated the suppression of daily intake may be caused by an e,CCiNS unman of tin in the diet Bee ('cattle reduce food intake by themselves when the flu composition of the feed exceeds .8%. Corn, the main ingredient in a fed kri ration,. is 5.4% fat from corn oil and therefore i.efi a small window of approximately 2% fat, which could be adat.-!d by the algae without suppressintt the diet. One pound of aloe, which contained 50% fat, half saturated fat and half .polyunsaturated flu:, would 0111.1.611 approximately 2% fat by weight in the .tied lot ration. The 2% it in the algae plus the neatly 6% fat in the coin totakif approximeely 8%
which is the daily Limit for beef cattle.
It is contemplated to utilize a new feedlot ration.substituting wheat and/or barley for corn.
Wheat or barley contain approximately 2% fat and can substitute for corn for the high calorie catbohydrate in the ration. This leaves approximately 6% fat that could be added by the algae.
This would allow an additional 1,..5 pounds of fat, which would be present in 3 pounds of nitrile from Marta, or 6 pounds. of other possible algae. It is contemplated to substitute wheat or barley for corn and provides 4 pounds of algae rather than I pound, Therefore, another Intl-erred imibodirritmt may include utilizing barley instead of and or With corn. It is contemplated to utilize 2 to 3 pounds of algae, such as but not limited, to MARTEK (iOLI) midi-mincing the IS barley or wheat ration slightly to maintain total caloric intake.
A prelerred embodiment may include the use of algae without whole corn. it is contemplated to maize wheat and corn gluten wherein the total fat content is.-under 8% and around 6%; and wherein the algae content is higher than with whole-corn, which hits more tin from corn oil. A prefturcti embodiment may contain wheat 56.5 %, corn gluten feed 20.0 %.
;3,0 alfalfa hay fair 4,75 %, prairie hay 5.0 %, algae 7.5 Wheat mills 1,0 %, urea 0,3.2 potassium chloride 0.3 %, limestone at 38% 1.65 ='1, salt 0.25 %, manganou5 oxide 0 002 zinc 30iiiite 0.015 (P;.i. magnesium oxide 0.10 %. vitamin a-30,000 0.004 %, vitamin e-50%
0.0022%, corn dont No. 2 .2.5767%, rurnensin 90 0.0188% , and tylart40 0.0113%, it Is understood that the amount may be approximate and the invention may or may not include all the same elements.
It is therefore contemplated to provide a method for increasing the omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content of meat for human consumption comprising feeding algae to cattle and or buffalo without suppressing the remainder of the feed intake of said cattle and without reducing the daily gain as measured by pounds of body weight per day of said cattle and or buffalo wherein said algae comprises an omega-3 unsaturated-fatty acid content of about 25%
percent of total weight in an effective amount to increase the content of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in said beef Furthermore, it is contemplated the method may utilize an omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid content of about 24 percent DHA, and or about 2 percent EPA, or with higher ratios of EPA to DHA. The effective amount is about 0.8 to 1.0 pounds of said algae per day.
A number of implementations have been described herein. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. Changes may be made in combinations, operations, and arrangements of the various steps, elements and amounts described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
***
In some aspects, embodiments of the present invention as described herein include the following items:
Item 1. A method for increasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in beef for human consumption which comprises feeding to cattle an effective amount for increasing the level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of an algae containing Omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and/or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and a cell wall that allows the algae to protect the omega-3 fatty acids as the algae transits the rumen of cattle, wherein the algae fed to the cattle comprises the whole algae cell, wherein the feeding does not suppress the remainder of feed intake to said cattle, and wherein the feeding does not reduce a daily gain of said cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day.

Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-14 Item 2. A method for increasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in beef for human consumption which comprises feeding to cattle an effective amount for increasing the level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of an algae containing Omega-3 DHA and/or EPA and a cell wall that allows the algae to protect the omega-3 fatty acids as the algae transits the rumen of cattle, wherein the algae fed to the cattle is unprocessed and comprises the whole algae cell, wherein the feeding does not suppress the remainder of feed intake to said cattle, and wherein the feeding does not reduce a daily gain of said cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day.
Item 3. A method for increasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in beef for human consumption which comprises feeding to cattle an effective amount for increasing the level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of a processed algae containing Omega-3 DHA and/or EPA, wherein the processed algae comprises the whole algae cell constituents, wherein the feeding does not suppress the remainder of feed intake to said cattle, and wherein the feeding does not reduce a daily gain of said cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day.
Item 4. The method of any one of items 1 to 3, wherein the algae is Schizochytrium.
Item 5. The method of any one of items 1 to 3, wherein the effective amount is between 0.36 to 0.45 kg (0.8 to 1.0 pound) per day.
Item 6. The method of any one of item 1 to 3, further comprising feeding to cattle at least one member selected from the group consisting of corn, wheat and barley.
Item 7. The method of any one of item 1 to 3, wherein the algae is selected from the group consisting of Chiarella saccharophila, Kaliella antartica and Schizochytrium.
Item 8. The method of any one of item 1 to 3, wherein the algae has a cell wall that is not digestible in the rumen of cattle.

Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-14 Item 9. The method of item 4 consisting essentially of feeding to cattle, without suppressing the remainder of feed intake of said cattle and without reducing daily gain of said cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day, an effective amount for increasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of the Schizochytrium; corn;
and at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of soy, alfalfa, straw and wet grain distillers.
Item 10. The method of item 4 for increasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in beef for human consumption wherein the effective amount of the Schizochytrium is between 0.91 to 1.40 kg (2 to 3 pounds) per day.
Item 11. The method of item 4, wherein the Schizochytrium comprises about 25%
by weight of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid.
Item 12. The method of item 4, wherein said method consists essentially of feeding to cattle, without suppressing the remainder of feed intake of said cattle and without reducing daily gain of said cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day, an effective amount of:
the Schizochytrium and corn, and wherein the effective amount of the Schizochytrium is between 0.36 to 0.45 kg (0.8 to1.0 pound) per day and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content is increased in the beef of said cattle.
Item 13. The method of item 4, wherein said method consists essentially of feeding to cattle, without suppressing the remainder of feed intake of said cattle and without reducing daily gain of said cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day, an effective amount of:
the Schizochytrium and at least one grain selected from the group consisting of wheat and barley, and wherein the effective amount of the Schizochytrium is between 0.91 to 1.40 kg (2 to 3 pounds) per day and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content is increased in the beef of said cattle.
Item 14. The method of item 6, wherein the effective amount of the algae is between 0.91 to 1.40 kg (2 to 3 pounds) per day.

Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-14 Item 15. The method of item 9, wherein the effective amount of the Schizochytrium is between 0.36 to 0.45 kg (0.8 to 1.0 pound) per day and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content is increased in the beef of said cattle.
Item 16. The method of item 9, wherein the effective amount of the Schizochytrium is between 0.91 to 1.40 kg (2 to 3 pounds) per day and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content is increased in the beef of said cattle.
Item 17. The method of any one of item 1 to 3, which comprises feeding to a beef animal, without suppressing the remainder of the feed intake of said animal measured by pounds of body weight per day, an effective amount for increasing the level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of the animal of an algae containing Omega-3 DHA and/or EPA, and at least one of corn, wheat and barley, wherein the effective amount is between 0.36 to 0.45 kg (0.8 to 1.0 pound) per day.

Date Recue/Date Received 2022-03-14

Claims

1. A method for increasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in beef for human consumption which comprises feeding to cattle an effective amount for increasing the level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of an algae containing Omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and/or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and a cell wall that allows the algae to protect the omega-3 fatty acids as the algae transits the rumen of cattle, wherein the algae fed to the cattle comprises the whole algae cell, wherein the feeding does not suppress the remainder of feed intake to said cattle, and wherein the feeding does not reduce a daily gain of said cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day.

2. A method for increasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in beef for human consumption which comprises feeding to cattle an effective amount for increasing the level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of an algae containing Omega-3 DHA and/or EPA and a cell wall that allows the algae to protect the omega-3 fatty acids as the algae transits the rumen of cattle, wherein the algae fed to the cattle is unprocessed and comprises the whole algae cell, wherein the feeding does not suppress the remainder of feed intake to said cattle, and wherein the feeding does not reduce a daily gain of said cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day.

3. A method for increasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in beef for human consumption which comprises feeding to cattle an effective amount for increasing the level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of a processed algae containing Omega-3 DHA and/or EPA, wherein the processed algae comprises the whole algae cell constituents, wherein the feeding does not suppress the remainder of feed intake to said cattle, and wherein the feeding does not reduce a daily gain of said cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day.

4. The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the algae is Schizochytrium.

5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the effective amount is between 0.36 to 0.45 kg (0.8 to 1.0 pound) per day.

6. The method of any one of claim 1 to 3, further comprising feeding to cattle at least one member selected from the group consisting of com, wheat and barley.

7. The method of any one of claim 1 to 3, wherein the algae is selected from the group consisting of Chiarella saccharophila, Kaliella antartica and Schizochytrium.

8. The method of any one of claim 1 to 3, wherein the algae has a cell wall that is not digestible in the rumen of cattle.

9. The method of claim 4 consisting essentially of feeding to cattle, without suppressing the remainder of feed intake of said cattle and without reducing daily gain of said cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day, an effective amount for increasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of the Schizochytrium;
corn; and at least one ingredient selected from the group consisting of soy, alfalfa, straw and wet grain distillers.

10. The method of claim 4 for increasing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in beef for human consumption wherein the effective amount of the Schizochytrium is between 0.91 to 1.40 kg (2 to 3 pounds) per day.

11. The method of claim 4, wherein the Schizochytrium comprises about 25% by weight of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid.

12. The method of claim 4, wherein said method consists essentially of feeding to cattle, without suppressing the remainder of feed intake of said cattle and without reducing daily gain of said cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day, an effective amount of:
the Schizochytrium and corn, and wherein the effective amount of the Schizochytrium is between 0.36 to 0.45 kg (0.8 to1.0 pound) per day and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content is increased in the beef of said cattle.

13. The method of claim 4, wherein said method consists essentially of feeding to cattle, without suppressing the remainder of feed intake of said cattle and without reducing daily gain of said cattle measured by pounds of body weight per day, an effective amount of:
the Schizochytrium and at least one grain selected from the group consisting of wheat and barley, and wherein the effective amount of the Schizochytrium is between 0.91 to 1.40 kg (2 to 3 pounds) per day and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content is increased in the beef of said cattle.

14. The method of claim 6, wherein the effective amount of the algae is between 0.91 to 1.40 kg (2 to 3 pounds) per day.

15. The method of claim 9, wherein the effective amount of the Schizochytrium is between 0.36 to 0.45 kg (0.8 to 1.0 pound) per day and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content is increased in the beef of said cattle.

16. The method of claim 9, wherein the effective amount of the Schizochytrium is between 0.91 to 1.40 kg (2 to 3 pounds) per day and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content is increased in the beef of said cattle.

17. The method of any one of claim 1 to 3, which comprises feeding to a beef animal, without suppressing the remainder of the feed intake of said animal measured by pounds of body weight per day, an effective amount for increasing the level of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content in the beef of the animal of an algae containing Omega-3 DHA and/or EPA, and at least one of corn, wheat and barley, wherein the effective amount is between 0.36 to 0.45 kg (0.8 to 1.0 pound) per day.