CA2567681A1 - Alloy for use in galvanic protection - Google Patents
Alloy for use in galvanic protection Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2567681A1 CA2567681A1 CA002567681A CA2567681A CA2567681A1 CA 2567681 A1 CA2567681 A1 CA 2567681A1 CA 002567681 A CA002567681 A CA 002567681A CA 2567681 A CA2567681 A CA 2567681A CA 2567681 A1 CA2567681 A1 CA 2567681A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- per cent
- anode
- minus
- plus
- cathode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 12
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- BCCGKQFZUUQSEX-WBPXWQEISA-N (2r,3r)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid;3,4-dimethyl-2-phenylmorpholine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O.OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O.O1CCN(C)C(C)C1C1=CC=CC=C1 BCCGKQFZUUQSEX-WBPXWQEISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 208000004434 Calcinosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004210 cathodic protection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004907 gland Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001256 stainless steel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F13/00—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
- C23F13/02—Inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection cathodic; Selection of conditions, parameters or procedures for cathodic protection, e.g. of electrical conditions
- C23F13/06—Constructional parts, or assemblies of cathodic-protection apparatus
- C23F13/08—Electrodes specially adapted for inhibiting corrosion by cathodic protection; Manufacture thereof; Conducting electric current thereto
- C23F13/12—Electrodes characterised by the material
- C23F13/14—Material for sacrificial anodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F2213/00—Aspects of inhibiting corrosion of metals by anodic or cathodic protection
- C23F2213/30—Anodic or cathodic protection specially adapted for a specific object
- C23F2213/31—Immersed structures, e.g. submarine structures
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Prevention Of Electric Corrosion (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to an aluminium alloy and anode made therefrom containing silicon, iron, copper, manganese, magnesium, chromium, zinc and titanium. The anode is used as a sacrificial anode in water vessels with non-metallic hulls.
Description
TITLE
"ALLOY FOR USE IN GALVANIC PROTECTION"
FIELD OF THE YNVENTION
The present invention relates to an alloy used in the galvanic protection of non metallic water vessels.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVEN'TION
In the marine industry the prevention of corrosion of components, such as metal fasteners, shaft and propeller components, constructed from stainless steel and bronze alloys is a primazy concern. In aerated marine environments these materials are susceptible to crevice and pitting corrosion. Sacrificial anodes are commonly employed to provide cathodic protection to these components. Application of these sacrificial anodes on wooden and fibreglass vessels can result in an over protection, which may result in a reduced life of coatings and an enhanced level of marine growth and wood rot.
The present invention seeks, therefore, among other things, to provide an alloy which overcomes some of the above mentioned disadvantages.
SiJMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An alloy which comprises from 0.30 to 0.6 per cent silicon plus or minus 5 per cent, 0. l to 0.30 per cent iron plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.10 copper plus or minus 5 per cent, 0,10 per cent manganese plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.35 to 0.6 per cent magnesium plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.05 per cent chromium plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.15 per cent zinc plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.10 per cent titanium plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.05 maximum
"ALLOY FOR USE IN GALVANIC PROTECTION"
FIELD OF THE YNVENTION
The present invention relates to an alloy used in the galvanic protection of non metallic water vessels.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVEN'TION
In the marine industry the prevention of corrosion of components, such as metal fasteners, shaft and propeller components, constructed from stainless steel and bronze alloys is a primazy concern. In aerated marine environments these materials are susceptible to crevice and pitting corrosion. Sacrificial anodes are commonly employed to provide cathodic protection to these components. Application of these sacrificial anodes on wooden and fibreglass vessels can result in an over protection, which may result in a reduced life of coatings and an enhanced level of marine growth and wood rot.
The present invention seeks, therefore, among other things, to provide an alloy which overcomes some of the above mentioned disadvantages.
SiJMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An alloy which comprises from 0.30 to 0.6 per cent silicon plus or minus 5 per cent, 0. l to 0.30 per cent iron plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.10 copper plus or minus 5 per cent, 0,10 per cent manganese plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.35 to 0.6 per cent magnesium plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.05 per cent chromium plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.15 per cent zinc plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.10 per cent titanium plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.05 maximum
2 individual trace metals plus or minus 5 per cent, 0. 15 per cent total trace metals plus or minus 5 per cent and the balance aluminium.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
In the drawing there is shown Figure 1 which is a schematic side elevation of an anode formed of the alloy of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In, a preferred embodiment of the present invention the metallic components of a water vessel with a non-metallic hull are protected by connecting the alloy of the present invention and the metallic components of the water vessel to form an electrochemical cell. This electrochemical cell is created through the electrical connection of an anode formed of the alloy the present invention to a cathode which are the metallic components of a vessel. The cathode and the anode are both located in a bridging medium.
The connection of the anode and the cathode in this way allows for the passage of electrons from the anode to the cathode. These electrons are generated through oxidation of species at the anode and reduction of species at the cathode.
In a galvanic protection system the physical integrity of the anode is sacrificed in orderto maintain the physical integrity of the cathode. The physical integrity of the anode is sacrificed through the dissolution of the anode into the bridging medium. The suitability of the anode for galvanic protection is determined by the electrochemical potential ofthe anode compared to the cathode and the capacity of the anode to protect the oathode.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
In the drawing there is shown Figure 1 which is a schematic side elevation of an anode formed of the alloy of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In, a preferred embodiment of the present invention the metallic components of a water vessel with a non-metallic hull are protected by connecting the alloy of the present invention and the metallic components of the water vessel to form an electrochemical cell. This electrochemical cell is created through the electrical connection of an anode formed of the alloy the present invention to a cathode which are the metallic components of a vessel. The cathode and the anode are both located in a bridging medium.
The connection of the anode and the cathode in this way allows for the passage of electrons from the anode to the cathode. These electrons are generated through oxidation of species at the anode and reduction of species at the cathode.
In a galvanic protection system the physical integrity of the anode is sacrificed in orderto maintain the physical integrity of the cathode. The physical integrity of the anode is sacrificed through the dissolution of the anode into the bridging medium. The suitability of the anode for galvanic protection is determined by the electrochemical potential ofthe anode compared to the cathode and the capacity of the anode to protect the oathode.
3 The alloy forming the anode has a chemical composition comprising 0.30 to 0.6 per cent silicon plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.1 to 0.30 per cent iron plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.10 copper plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.10 per cent manganese plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.35 to 0.6 per cent magnesium plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.05 per cent chromium plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.15 per cetnt zinc plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.10 per cent titanium plus or minus S per cent, 0.05 maximum in.dividual trace metals plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.15 per cent total trace metals plus or minus 5 per cent with the balance being aluminium.
The anode forrned of the alloy of the present invention has an electrochemical potential more negative than that of the cathode, preferably with an electrochemical potential in the range of -500 to -1200 mV, more preferably with an electrochemical potential in the range of -500 to -1100 mV.
The capacity of the anode to protect the cathode may be in the range of 1000 to 2000 At/kg, preferably in the range of 1400 to 1700 Ah/kg.
The surface area of the anode 10 shown in Figure 1 is increased through the incorporation of ridges 12 on the surface of the anode. The surface area ratio of the anode to the cathode may be in the range of 1:1 to 1:20, preferably in the range of 1;2 to 1:20.
The electrical connection provides a passage for the flow of electrons between the cathode and the anode. The electrical connection is preferably a metallic wire, more preferably a copper wire.
The anode forrned of the alloy of the present invention has an electrochemical potential more negative than that of the cathode, preferably with an electrochemical potential in the range of -500 to -1200 mV, more preferably with an electrochemical potential in the range of -500 to -1100 mV.
The capacity of the anode to protect the cathode may be in the range of 1000 to 2000 At/kg, preferably in the range of 1400 to 1700 Ah/kg.
The surface area of the anode 10 shown in Figure 1 is increased through the incorporation of ridges 12 on the surface of the anode. The surface area ratio of the anode to the cathode may be in the range of 1:1 to 1:20, preferably in the range of 1;2 to 1:20.
The electrical connection provides a passage for the flow of electrons between the cathode and the anode. The electrical connection is preferably a metallic wire, more preferably a copper wire.
4 The bridging medium provides a passage for the flow of electrons between the anode and the cathode. The bridging medium is preferably an aqueous solution, more preferably saltwater, particularly sea water.
s By applying an excess negative electcochemical potential applied across the cell the accumulation of excess calcium deposits, wood rot and paint disbondment may be prevented. This excess negative electrochemical potential is applied across the cell due to the differences in the electrochemical potential of the anode and the cathode.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, seawater as a bridging medium may be replaced with another suitable aqueous liquid, preferably brackish water or fresh water.
The anode may be connected to the metallic components of the vessel using known techniques such as connecting the anode to the shaft gland/ seal and, or shaft support bracket and, or the rudder and, or the trimtabs through a bonding buss bar/
system via bonding wire, The anode of the present invention is particularly envisaged for use with water vessels with fibreglass or wooden hulls.
Modifications or variations as would be apparent to a slcilled addressee are deemed to be within the scope of the present invention.
s By applying an excess negative electcochemical potential applied across the cell the accumulation of excess calcium deposits, wood rot and paint disbondment may be prevented. This excess negative electrochemical potential is applied across the cell due to the differences in the electrochemical potential of the anode and the cathode.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, seawater as a bridging medium may be replaced with another suitable aqueous liquid, preferably brackish water or fresh water.
The anode may be connected to the metallic components of the vessel using known techniques such as connecting the anode to the shaft gland/ seal and, or shaft support bracket and, or the rudder and, or the trimtabs through a bonding buss bar/
system via bonding wire, The anode of the present invention is particularly envisaged for use with water vessels with fibreglass or wooden hulls.
Modifications or variations as would be apparent to a slcilled addressee are deemed to be within the scope of the present invention.
5
Claims (12)
1. An alloy which comprises from 0.30 to 0.6 per cent silicon plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.1 to 0.30 per cent iron plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.10 copper plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.10 per cent manganese plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.35 to 0,6 per cent magnesium plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.05 per cent chromium plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.15 per cent zinc plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.10 per cent titanium plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.05 maximum individual trace metals plus or minus 5 per cent, 0.15 per cent total trace metals plus or minus 5 per cent and the balance aluminium.
2. An anode formed of an alloy according to claim 1.
3. An anode as according to claim 2, wherein the electrochemical potential of the anode is more negative than that of the cathode.
4. An anode as according to claim 3, wherein the electrochemical potential of the anode is in the range of -500 to -1200 mV.
5. An anode as according to claim 4, wherein the electrochemical potential of the anode is in the range of -500 to -1100 mV.
6. An anode as according to any of the claims 2 to 5, wherein the capacity of the anode to protect the physical integrity of the cathode is in the range of 1000 to 2000 Ah/kg.
7. An alloy as according to claim 6, wherein the capacity of the anode to protect the physical integrity of the cathode is in the range of 1400 to 1700 Ah/kg.
9. An anode as according to any of the claims 2 to 7, for use in the galvanic protection of water vessels with non-metallic hulls.
9. An anode as according to claim 8, wherein the vessel is designed for use in seawater.
10. An anode as according to any of the claims 2 to 9, wherein the surface area ratio of the anode to the cathode in the electrochemical cell is in the range of 1:1 to 1:20.
11. An anode as according to claim 10, wherein the surface area ratio of the anode to the cathode is in the range of 1:2 to 1:20.
12. An anode as according to any of the claims 2 to 11, characterised in that an excess negative electrochemical potential is applied across the electrochemical cell.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2006235903A AU2006235903B2 (en) | 2006-11-03 | 2006-11-03 | Alloy for use in galvanic protection |
| AU2006235903 | 2006-11-03 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2567681A1 true CA2567681A1 (en) | 2008-05-03 |
Family
ID=37890999
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002567681A Abandoned CA2567681A1 (en) | 2006-11-03 | 2006-11-10 | Alloy for use in galvanic protection |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20080107560A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1918393B1 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE513933T1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2006235903B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2567681A1 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO20065162L (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ551262A (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105256178A (en) * | 2015-10-29 | 2016-01-20 | 无锡市嘉邦电力管道厂 | Corrosion resisting aluminum alloy and preparing method thereof |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3368952A (en) * | 1964-05-18 | 1968-02-13 | Olin Mathieson | Alloy for cathodic protection galvanic anode |
| US3496620A (en) * | 1966-11-07 | 1970-02-24 | Olin Mathieson | Composite aluminum article |
| US6602363B2 (en) * | 1999-12-23 | 2003-08-05 | Alcoa Inc. | Aluminum alloy with intergranular corrosion resistance and methods of making and use |
| JP4436553B2 (en) * | 2000-09-25 | 2010-03-24 | 株式会社ナカボーテック | Aluminum alloy for low temperature seawater environmental current anode |
| KR20050067605A (en) * | 2003-12-29 | 2005-07-05 | 주식회사 삼공사 | Aluminum alloy for galvanic anode |
-
2006
- 2006-11-03 AU AU2006235903A patent/AU2006235903B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-11-10 CA CA002567681A patent/CA2567681A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-11-10 NO NO20065162A patent/NO20065162L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-11-13 NZ NZ551262A patent/NZ551262A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-11-16 EP EP06124232A patent/EP1918393B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2006-11-16 AT AT06124232T patent/ATE513933T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-11-17 US US11/600,909 patent/US20080107560A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NZ551262A (en) | 2007-03-30 |
| AU2006235903A1 (en) | 2008-05-22 |
| EP1918393A2 (en) | 2008-05-07 |
| EP1918393A3 (en) | 2009-01-28 |
| ATE513933T1 (en) | 2011-07-15 |
| EP1918393B1 (en) | 2011-06-22 |
| AU2006235903B2 (en) | 2011-03-03 |
| US20080107560A1 (en) | 2008-05-08 |
| NO20065162L (en) | 2008-05-04 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Discontinued |
Effective date: 20121113 |