CA2442366A1 - Histone deacetylase inhibitors - Google Patents

Histone deacetylase inhibitors Download PDF

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CA2442366A1
CA2442366A1 CA002442366A CA2442366A CA2442366A1 CA 2442366 A1 CA2442366 A1 CA 2442366A1 CA 002442366 A CA002442366 A CA 002442366A CA 2442366 A CA2442366 A CA 2442366A CA 2442366 A1 CA2442366 A1 CA 2442366A1
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alkyl
compound
alkoxy
hydroxyl
hydrocarbon chain
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CA2442366C (en
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Hsuan-Yin Lan-Hargest
Robert J Kaufman
Norbert L. Wiech
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Errant Gene Therapeutics LLC
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Priority claimed from US09/812,944 external-priority patent/US6495719B2/en
Priority claimed from US09/812,945 external-priority patent/US7312247B2/en
Priority claimed from US10/025,947 external-priority patent/US8026280B2/en
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Priority to CA2783647A priority Critical patent/CA2783647A1/en
Publication of CA2442366A1 publication Critical patent/CA2442366A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C57/00—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C57/52—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing halogen
    • C07C57/58—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing halogen containing six-membered aromatic rings
    • C07C57/60—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing halogen containing six-membered aromatic rings having unsaturation outside the rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/16—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C259/00—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, an oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom being further bound to an oxygen atom and not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C259/04—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, an oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom being further bound to an oxygen atom and not being part of nitro or nitroso groups without replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group, e.g. hydroxamic acids
    • C07C259/06—Compounds containing carboxyl groups, an oxygen atom of a carboxyl group being replaced by a nitrogen atom, this nitrogen atom being further bound to an oxygen atom and not being part of nitro or nitroso groups without replacement of the other oxygen atom of the carboxyl group, e.g. hydroxamic acids having carbon atoms of hydroxamic groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C57/00—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C57/30—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing six-membered aromatic rings
    • C07C57/42—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms containing six-membered aromatic rings having unsaturation outside the rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
    • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D307/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D307/54—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals

Abstract

Histone deacetylase is a metallo-enzyme with zinc at the active site.
Compounds having a zinc-binding moiety, such as, for example, a hydroxamic acid group or a carboxylic acid group, can inhibit histone deacetylase.
Histone deacetylase inhibition can repress gene expression, including expression of genes related to tumor suppression. Accordingly, inhibition of histone deacetylase can provide an alternate route for treating cancer, hematological disorders, e.g., hemoglobinopathies, and genetic related metabolic disorders, e.g., cystic fibrosis and adrenoleukodystrophy.

Claims (118)

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A method of inhibiting histone deacetylation activity in cells comprising contacting the cells with an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), thereby treating one or more disorders mediated by histone deacetylase; said compound having the following formula:
wherein A is a cyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of C3-14 cycloalkyl, 3-membered heterocycloalkyl, C4-14 cycloalkenyl, 3-8 membered heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; the cyclic moiety being optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, or alkylsulfonyl; or A is a saturated branched C3-12 hydrocarbon chain or an unsaturated branched C3-12 hydrocarbon chain optionally interrupted by -O-, -S-, -N(R a)-, -C(O)-, -N(R a)-SO2-, -SO2-N(R
a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-SO2-, -SO2-O-, or -O-C(O)-O-, where each of R a and R b, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl; each of the saturated and the unsaturated branched hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, or alkylsulfonyl;
each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -N(R c)-, -N(R c)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R c)-, -N(R c)-C(O)-N(R a)-, -O-C(O)-O-, or a bond; each of R c and R d, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;
L is a straight C2-12 hydrocarbon chain optionally containing at least one double bond, at least one triple bond, or at least one double bond and one triple bond;
said hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, hydroxyl, halo, amino, nitro, cyano, C3-5 cycloalkyl, 3-5 membered heterocycloalkyl, monocyclic aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-4 alkyloxycarbonyl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyl, or formyl; and further being optionally interrupted by -O-, -N(R e)-, -N(R e)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R e)-, -N(R e)-C(O)-N(R f)-, or -O-C(O)-O-; each of R e and R f, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;
X1 is O or S; and X2 is -OR1, -SR1, -NR3-OR1, -NR3-SR1, -C(O)-OR1, -CHR4-OR1, -N=N-C(O)-N(R3)2, or -O-CHR4-O-C(O)-R5, where each of R1 and R2, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, haloalkyl, or a hydroxyl protecting group; R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, haloalkyl, or an amino protecting group; R4 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl; R5 is alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl; and provided that when L is a C2-3 hydrocarbon containing no double bonds and X2 is -OR1, Y1 is not a bond and Y2 is not a bond;
or a salt thereof; and determining whether the level of acetylated histones in the treated cells is higher than in untreated cells under the same conditions.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein X1 is O.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein X1 is S.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein X2 is -OR1, -NR3-OR1, -C(O)-OR1, -CHR4-OR1, or -O-CHR4-O-C(O)-R5.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein X2 is -OR1, -NR3-OR1, -C(O)OR1, or -O-CHR4-O-C(O)-R5.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -N(R c)-, or a bond.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-or a bond.
8. The method of any of claims 1-7, wherein L is a saturated hydrocarbon chain.
9. The method of any of claims 1-7, wherein L is a C3-8 hydrocarbon chain substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
10. The method of any of claims 1-7, wherein L is an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain containing at least one double bond and no triple bond.
11. The method of any of claims 1-7, wherein L is an unsaturated C4-8 hydrocarbon chain substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the double bond is in trans configuration.
13. The method of any of claims 1-7, wherein L is an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain containing at least one double bond and one triple bond.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the double bond is in trans configuration.
15. The method of any of claims 1-14, wherein A is a C5-8 cycloalkenyl or 5-8 membered heteroalkenyl containing at least one double bonds.
16. The method of any of claims 1-14, wherein A is phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl.
17. The method of any of claims 1-14, wherein A is phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, or amino.
18. The method of any of claims 1-14, wherein A is a saturated branched C4-10 hydrocarbon chain optionally interrupted by -N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -O-C(O)-, or -C(O)-O- where each of R a and R b, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, or hydroxyl.
19. The method of any of claims 1-14, wherein A is an unsaturated branched C4-hydrocarbon chain optionally interrupted by -N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -O-C(O)-, or -C(O)-O- where each of R a and R b, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, or hydroxyl.
20. The method of claim 19, wherein A contains only double bonds.
2I . The method of claim 1, wherein the cells are treated with a compound of formula (I) in vivo.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein the cells are treated with a compound of formula (I) in vitro.
23. The method of claim 1, wherein the cells being treated are cancerous.
24. A method of inhibiting histone deacetylase in cells comprising contacting the cells with an effective amount of a compound of formula (I):

wherein A is phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, or amino;
each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -N(R c)-, or a bond;
where R c is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;
L is a straight C2-12 hydrocarbon chain optionally containing at least one double bond, at least one triple bond, or at least one double bond and one triple bond;
said hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, hydroxyl, halo, amino, nitro, cyano, C3-5 cycloalkyl, 3-5 membered heterocycloalkyl, monocyclic aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-4 alkyloxycarbonyl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyl, or formyl; and further being optionally interrupted by -O-, -N(Re)-, -N(R e)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R e)-, -N(R e)-C(O)-N(R f)-, or -O-C(O)-O-; each of R e and R ;
independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;
X1 is O or S; and X2 is -OR1, -SR1, -NR3-OR1, -NR3-SR1, -C(O)-OR1, -CHR4-OR1, -N=N-C(O)-N(R3)2, or -O-CHR4-O-C(O)-R5; where each of R1 and R2, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, haloalkyl, or a hydroxyl protecting group; R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, haloalkyl, or an amino protecting group; R4 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl; R5 is alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl; and provided that when L is a C2-3 hydrocarbon containing no double bonds and X2 is -OR1, Y1 is not a bond and Y2 is not a bond;
or a salt thereof; and determining whether the level of acetylated histones in the treated cells is higher than in untreated cells under the same conditions.
25. A method of treating a histone deacetylase-mediated disorder comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of compound of formula (I):

wherein A is a cyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of C3-14 cycloalkyl, 3-membered heterocycloalkyl, C4-14 cycloalkenyl, 4-14 membered heterocycloalkenyl, monocyclic aryl, or heteroaryl; the cyclic moiety being optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, or alkylsulfonyl; or A
is a saturated branched C3-12 hydrocarbon chain or an unsaturated branched C3-12 hydrocarbon chain optionally interrupted by -O-, -S-, -N(R a)-, -C(O)-, -N(R a)-SO2-, -SO2-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-SO2-, -SO2-O-, or -O-C(O)-O- where each of R a and R b, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl; each of the saturated and the unsaturated branched hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, aminocarbonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, or alkylsulfonyl;
each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -N(R c)-, -N(R c)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R c)-, -N(R c)-C(O)-N(R d)-, -O-C(O)-O-, or a bond; each of R c and R d, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;
L is a straight C3-12 hydrocarbon chain optionally containing at least one double bond, at least one triple bond, or at least one double bond and one triple bond;
said hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, hydroxyl, halo, amino, nitro, cyano, C3-5 cycloalkyl, 3-5 membered heterocycloalkyl, monocyclic aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-4 alkyloxycarbonyl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyl, or formyl; and further being optionally interrupted by -O-, -N(R e)-, -N(R e)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R e)-, -N(R e)-C(O)-N(R f)-, or -O-C(O)-O-; each of R e and R f, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;
X1 is O or S; and X2 is -OR1, -SR1, -NR3-OR1, -NR3-SR1, -C(O)-OR1, -CHR4-OR1, -N=N-C(O)-N(R3)2, or -O-CHR4-O-C(O)-R5; where each of R1 and R2, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, haloalkyl, or a hydroxyl protecting group; R3 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, haloalkyl, or an amino protecting group; R4 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl; R5 is alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl; and provided that when L is a C2-3 hydrocarbon containing no double bonds and X2 is -OR1, Y1 is not a bond and Y2 is not a bond;
or a salt thereof.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein A is phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, or amino.
27. The method of any of claims 15-20, or 24-26, wherein L is a saturated C3-8 hydrocarbon chain optionally substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
28. The method of any of claims 15-20, 25 or 26, wherein L is an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain containing only double bonds, said unsaturated hydrocarbon chain optionally substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
29. The method of any of claims 15-20, 25 or 26, wherein L is an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain containing at least one double bond and one triple bond, optionally substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
30. The method of any of claims 15-20, or 25-29, wherein X1 is O; X2 is -OR1, -NR3-OR1, -C(O)OR1, or -O-CHR4-O-C(O)-R5; and each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -N(R c)-, or a bond.
31. The method of any of claims 1-30, wherein said disorder is selected from the group consisting of cancer, hemoglobinopathies, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, protozoan infection, adrenoleukodystrophy, alpha-1 anti-trypsin, retrovirus gene vector reactivation, wound healing, hair growth, peroxisome biogenesis disorder, and adrenoleukodystrophy.
32. The method of any of claims 1-30, wherein said disorder is cancer, cystic fibrosis, or adrenoleukodystrophy
33. The method of any of claims 1 or 25, wherein said compound 5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid, 3-methyl-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid, 4-methyl-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid, 4-chloro-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid, 5-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-2,4-pentadienoic acid, 5-(2-furyl)-2,4-pentadienoic acid, 5-phenyl-2-en-4-yn-pentanoic acid, 6-phenyl-3,5-hexadienoic acid, 7-phenyl-2,4,6-heptatrienoic acid, 8-phenyl-3,5,7-octatrienoic acid, potassium 2-oxo-6-phenyl-3,5-hexadienoate, potassium 2-oxo-8-phenyl-3,5,7-octatrienoate, cinnamoylhydroxamic acid, methyl-cinnamoylhydroxamic acid, 4-cyclohexanebutyroylhydroxamic acid, benzylthioglycoloylhydroxamic acid, 5-phenylpentanoylhydroxamic acid, 5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoylhydroxamic acid, N-methyl-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoylhydroxamic acid, 3-methyl-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoylhydroxamic acid, 4-methyl-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoyl hydroxamic acid, 4-chloro-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoylhydroxamic acid, 5-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-2,4-pentadienoylhydroxamic acid, 5-phenyl-2-en-4-yn-pentanoylhydroxamic acid, 5-(2-furyl)-2,4-pentadienoylhydroxamic acid, 6-phenylhexanoylhydroxamic acid, 6-phenyl-3,5-hexadienoylhydroxamic acid, N-methyl-6-phenyl-3,5-hexadienoylhydroxamic acid, 7-phenylheptanoylhydroxamic acid, 7-phenyl-2,4,6-hepta-trienoylhydroxamic acid or 8-phenyloctanoylhydroxamic acid.
34. The method of any of claims 1 or 25, wherein said compound is 5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid, 8-phenyl-3,5,7-octatrienoic acid, potassium 2-oxo-8-phenyl-3,5,7-octatrienoate, benzylthioglycoloylhydroxamic acid, 5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoylhydroxamic acid, 6-phenylhexanoylhydroxamic acid, 7-phenyl-2,4,6-hepta-trienoylhydroxamic acid, or 8-phenyloctanoylhydroxamic acid.
35. The method of claim 25, wherein Y1 is not a bond.
36. A compound of formula (I):
wherein A is a cyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of C3-14 cycloalkyl, 3-membered heterocycloalkyl, C4-14 cycloalkenyl, 3-14 membered heterocycloalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; the cyclic moiety being optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, or alkylsulfonyl;
each of X1 and X2, independently, is O or S;
each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -O-C(O)-O-, or a bond; each of R a and R b, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;
L is a straight C3-12 hydrocarbon chain optionally containing at least one double bond, at least one triple bond, or at least one double bond and one triple bond;
said hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, hydroxyl, halo, amino, nitro, cyano, C3-5 cycloalkyl, 3-5 membered heterocycloalkyl, monocyclic aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-4 alkyloxycarbonyl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyl, or formyl; and further being optionally interrupted by -O-, -N(R c)-, -N(R c)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R c)-, -N(R c)-C(O)-N(R d)-, or -O-C(O)-O-; each of R c and R d, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl; provided that when L contains two or more double bonds, the double bonds are not adjacent to each other; and further provided that when L contains less than 6 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain, Y1 is not a bond;
or a salt thereof.
37. The compound of claim 36, wherein X1 is O.
38. The compound of claim 36, wherein X2 is O.
39. The compound of claim 36, wherein each of X1 and X2 is O.
40. The compound of claim 36, wherein each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -N(R a)-, or a bond.
41. The compound of claim 36, wherein A is a C5-8 cycloalkenyl or 5-8 membered heteroalkenyl containing at least two double bonds.
42. The compound of claim 36, wherein A is phenyl, naphthyl, indanyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl.
43. The compound of claim 36, wherein A is phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, or amino.
44. The compound of claim 36, said compound being 4-chloro-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid, 5-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-2,4-pentadienoic acid, 5-(2-furyl)-2,4-pentadienoic acid, 5-phenyl-2-en-4-yn-pentanoic acid, 7-phenyl-2,4,6-heptatrienoic acid, or 8-phenyl-3,5,7-octatrienoic acid.
45. The compound of claim 36, said compound being 7-phenyl-2,4,6-heptatrienoic acid or 8-phenyl-3,5,7-octatrienoic acid.
46. A compound of claim 36, wherein A is a cyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of aryl or heteroaryl; the cyclic moiety being optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, or amino;
each of X1 and X2, independently, is O or S;
each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -O-C(O)-O-, or a bond; each of R a and R b, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl;
L is a straight C3-12 hydrocarbon chain optionally containing at least one double bond, at least one triple bond, or at least one double bond and one triple bond;
said hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, or amino, and further optionally interrupted by -O- or -N(R c)-, where R c is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl; provided that when L contains two or more double bonds, the double bonds are not adjacent to each other; and further provided that when L
contains less than 6 carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain, Y1 is not a bond; or a salt thereof.
47. The compound of any of claims 36-45, wherein L is a C3-8 saturated hydrocarbon chain optionally substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
48. The compound of any of claims 36-45, wherein L is an unsaturated C4-8 hydrocarbon chain containing only double bonds in trans configuration, said unsaturated hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
49. The compound of any of claims 47-48, wherein the double bond is in trans configuration.
50. A compound of formula (I):
wherein A is a heteroaryl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, or amino;
each of X1 and X2, independently, is O or S;
each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -O-C(O)-O-, or a bond; each of R a and R b, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl;
L is a straight C3-12 hydrocarbon chain optionally containing at least one double bond, at least one a triple bond, or at least one double bond and one triple bond;
said hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, or amino, and further optionally interrupted by -O- or -N(R c)-, where R c is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl; or a salt thereof.
51. The compound of claim 50, wherein A is furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, or pyridyl.
52. A compound of formula (I):
wherein A is a phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, or amino;
each of X1 and X2, independently, is O or S;
each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -O-C(O)-O-, or a bond; each of R a and R b, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl;

L is a straight C3-12 hydrocarbon chain containing at least one double bond and one triple bond; said hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, or amino, and further optionally interrupted by -O-or -N(R c)-, where R c is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl; or a salt thereof.
53. The compound of any of claims 50-52, wherein L is an unsaturated C4-8 hydrocarbon chain containing at least one double bond in trans configuration and no triple bond, said unsaturated hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
54. The compound of any of claims 50-52, wherein L is an unsaturated C4-8 hydrocarbon chain containing at least one double bond and one triple bond, said unsaturated hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
55. A compound of formula (I):
wherein A is a saturated branched C3-12 hydrocarbon chain or an unsaturated branched hydrocarbon chain optionally interrupted by -O-, -S-, -N(R a)-, -C(O)-, -N(R
a)-SO2-, -SO2-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -O-SO2-, -SO2-O-, or -O-C(O)-O- where each of R a and R b, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl; each of the saturated and the unsaturated branched hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, or alkylsulfonyl;
each of X1 and X2, independently, is O or S;
each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -N(R c)-, -C(O)-, -N(R
c)-SO2-, -SO2-N(R c)-, -N(R c)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R c)-, -N(R c)-C(O)-N(R d)-, -O-SO2- -SO2-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, or a bond; each of R c and R d, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;

L is a straight C2-12 hydrocarbon chain optionally containing at least one double bond, at least one a triple bond, or at least one double bond and one triple bond;
said hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, hydroxyl, halo, amino, nitro, cyano, C3-5 cycloalkyl, 3-5 membered heterocycloalkyl, monocyclic aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-4 alkyloxycarbonyl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyl, or formyl; and further being optionally interrupted by -O-, -S-, -N(R e)-, -C(O)-, -N(R e)-SO2-, -SO2-N(R e)-, -N(R e)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R e)-, -N(R e)-C(O)-N(R f)-, -O-SO2-, -SO2-O-, or -O-C(O)-O-; each of R e and R f, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl; provided that when L
contains two or more double bonds, the double bonds are not adjacent to each other; and further provided that A contains a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, S, or N or a double or triple bond; or a salt thereof.
56. The compound of claim 55, wherein X1 is O.
57. The compound of claim 55, wherein X1 is O.
58. The compound of claim 55, wherein each of X1 and X2 is O.
59. The compound of claim 55, wherein each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -N(R c)-, or a bond.
60. The compound of claim 55, wherein each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2- or a bond.
61. The compound of any of claims 55-60, wherein A is a saturated branched C4-hydrocarbon chain interrupted by -N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -O-C(O)-, or -C(O)-O- where each of R a and R b, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, or hydroxyl.
62. The compound of any of claims 55-60, wherein A is an unsaturated branched hydrocarbon chain optionally interrupted by -N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -O-C(O)-, or -C(O)-O- where each of R a and R b, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, or hydroxyl.
63. The compound of any of claims 55-60, wherein A contains at least one double bond in trans configuration and no triple bond.
64. The compound of any of claims 55-60, wherein A contains at least one double bond and one triple bond.
65. The compound of any of claims 50-52 or 61-64, wherein L is a saturated C3-hydrocarbon chain optionally substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
66. The compound of any of claims 61-64, wherein L is an unsaturated C4-8 hydrocarbon chain containing at least one double bond and no triple bond, said unsaturated hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
67. The compound of any of claims 36-45, 50, 51 or 61-64, wherein L is an unsaturated C4-8 hydrocarbon chain containing at least one double bond and one triple bond;
said unsaturated hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
68. The compound of any of claims 66 or 67, wherein the double bond is in trans configuration.
69. The compound of any of claims 61-64, wherein L is an unsaturated C4-8 hydrocarbon chain containing only double bonds, said unsaturated hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
70. The compound of any of claims 53-54 or 65-69, wherein each of X1 and X2 is O; and each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -N(R c)-, or a bond.
71. A compound of formula (I):
wherein A is a cyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of C3-14 cycloalkyl, 3-membered heterocycloalkyl, C4-14 cycloalkenyl, 3-14 membered heterocycloalkenyl, monocyclic aryl, or monocyclic heteroaryl; the cyclic moiety being optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, or alkylsulfonyl;
each of X1 and X2, independently, is O or S;
Y1 is -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, or a bond; each of R a and R b, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;
Y2 is -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -N(R c)-, -N(R c)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R c)-, -N(R c)-C(O)-N(R d)-, -O-C(O)-, or -O-C(O)-O; each of R c and R d, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;
L is (1) a saturated straight C1-12 hydrocarbon chain substituted with C1-4 alkyl, alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, halo, carboxyl, amino, nitro, cyano, C3-6 cycloalkyl, 3-6 membered heterocycloalkyl, monocyclic aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-4 alkyloxycarbonyl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyl, or formyl, or at least two hydroxyl; and further optionally interrupted by -O-, -N(R e)-, -N(R e)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R e)-, -N(R e)-C(O)-N(R f)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, or -O-C(O)-O-; each of R e and R f, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl; or (2) an unsaturated straight C4-12 hydrocarbon chain containing at least two double bonds, at least one triple bond, or at least one double bond and one triple bond; said unsaturated hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, hydroxyl, halo, carboxyl, amino, nitro, cyano, C3-6 cycloalkyl, 3-6 membered heterocycloalkyl, monocyclic aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-4 alkyloxycarbonyl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyl, or formyl; and further being optionally interrupted by -O-, -N(R g)-, -N(R g)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R g)-, -N(R g)-C(O)-N(R h)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, or -O-C(O)-O-; each of R g and R h, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;
R1 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, haloalkyl, or an amino protecting group; and R2 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, haloalkyl, or a hydroxyl protecting group;

or a salt thereof.
72. The compound of claim 71, wherein R1 is hydrogen.
73. The compound of claim 71, wherein R2 is hydrogen.
74. The compound of claim 71, wherein X1 is O.
75. The compound of claim 71, wherein X2 is O.
76. The compound of claim 71, wherein Y1 is a bond.
77. The compound of any of claims 71-76, wherein L is a saturated straight C4-hydrocarbon chain substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, or amino, and further optionally interrupted by -O- or -N(R c)-.
78. The compound of any of claims 71-76, wherein L is a saturated straight C5-8 hydrocarbon chain substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, or amino, and further optionally interrupted by -O- or -N(R c)-.
79. The compound of any of claims 71-86, wherein L is an unsaturated straight hydrocarbon chain containing 2-5 double bonds optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, or C1-4 alkoxy, and further being optionally interrupted by -O- or -N(R g)-.
80. The compound of any of claims 71-76, wherein L is an unsaturated straight hydrocarbon chain containing 1-2 double bonds and 1-2 triple bonds, said hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, or C1-4 alkoxy; and further being optionally interrupted by -O- or -N(R g)-.
81. The compound of any of claims 71-80, wherein A is phenyl, furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, or pyridyl.
82. The compound of any of claims 71-80, wherein A is phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, or amino.
83. The compound of claim 71, said compound being benzylthioglycoloylhydroxamic acid, N-methyl-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoyl hydroxamic acid, 3-methyl-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoyl hydroxamic acid, 4-methyl-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoyl hydroxamic acid, 4-chloro-5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoyl hydroxamic acid, 5-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-2,4-pentadienoyl hydroxamic acid, 5-phenyl-2-en-4-yn-pentanoyl hydroxamic acid, 5-(2-furyl)-2,4-pentadienoylhydroxamic acid, N-methyl-6-phenyl-3,5-hexadienoyl hydroxamic acid, or 7-phenyl-2,4,6-hepta-trienoylhydroxamic acid.
84. The compound of claim 71, said compound being 5-phenyl-2,4-pentadienoylhydroxamic acid.
85. The compound of claim 71, said compound being 7-phenyl-2,4,6-heptatrienoylhydroxamic acid.
86. A compound of formula (I):
wherein A is a cyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of monocyclic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl; the cyclic moiety being optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, or amino;
each of X1 and X2, independently, is O or S;
Y1 is -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-O-, or a bond; each of R a and R b, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;
Y2 is -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -N(R c)-, -N(R c)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R c)-, -N(R c)-C(O)-N(R d)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, or -O-C(O)-O; each of R c and R d, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;
L is (1) a saturated straight C3-10 hydrocarbon chain substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, or amino, and further optionally interrupted by -O-or -N(R e)-, where R e is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl; or (2) an unsaturated straight C4-10 hydrocarbon chain containing at least two double bonds, at least one triple bond, or at least one double bond and one triple bond;
said unsaturated hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, or amino, and further optionally interrupted by -O-or -N(R f)-, where R f is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl; and each of R1 and R2, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl;
or a salt thereof.
87. The compound of any of claims 71-76 or 86, wherein L is a saturated straight C4-8 hydrocarbon chain.
88. The compound of any of claims 71 or 86, wherein Y1 is -CH2-, -O-, -N(R a)-, or a bond, and Y2 is -CH2-, -O-, or -N(R c)-.
89. The compound of any of claims 71-76 or 86-88, wherein L is -(CH=CH)m-, where m is 2 or 3.
90. The compound of any of claims 71-76 or 86-88, wherein L is -C.ident.C-(CH=CH)n-, where n is 1 or 2.
91. A compound of formula (II):
wherein A is a cyclic moiety selected from the group consisting of monocyclic aryl or monocyclic heteroaryl; each of said cyclic moieties being optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, or amino;
each of X1 and X2, independently, is O or S;
each of R1 and R2, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, or haloalkyl;
each of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10, independently, is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, hydroxyl, halo, hydroxylC1-4 alkyl, haloC1-4 alkyl, or amino; and each of a, b, c, d, e, and f, independently, is 0 or 1; provided that at least one of b, c, d, and a is not zero; or a salt thereof.
92. The compound of claim 91, wherein R1 is hydrogen.
93. The compound of claim 91, wherein R2 is hydrogen.
94. The compound of claim 91, wherein X1 is O.
95. The compound of claim 91, wherein X2 is O.
96. The compound of claim 91, wherein a is 0.
97. The compound of claim 91, wherein f is 0.
98. The compound of claim 91, wherein each of a and f is 0.
99. The compound of claim 91, wherein the total number of b, c, d, and a is 3 or 4.
100. The compound of claim 99, wherein the total number of b, c, d, and e is 3 or 4.
101. The compound of claim 91, wherein each of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10, independently, is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylC1-4 alkyl, or amino.
102. The compound of claim 91, wherein each of R5, R6, R7, and R8, independently, is hydrogen, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylC1-4 alkyl, or amino; and each of R3, R4, R9 and R10, independently, is hydrogen.
103. The compound of claim 91, wherein each of R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9 and R10 is hydrogen.
104. The compound of any of claims 91-103, wherein A is phenyl, furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, or pyridyl.
105. The compound of any of claims 91-103, wherein A is phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, or amino.
106. A compound of formula (I):

wherein A is a saturated branched C3-12 hydrocarbon chain or an unsaturated branched hydrocarbon chain optionally interrupted by -O-, -S-, -N(R a)-, -C(O)-, -N(R
a)-SO2-, -SO2-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, or -O-C(O)-O-, where each of R a and R b, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl; each of the saturated and the unsaturated branched hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, amino, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkyloxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonylamino, aminosulfonyl, or alkylsulfonyl;
each of X1 and X2, independently, is O or S;
each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -S-, -N(R c)-, -N(R c)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R c)-, -N(R c)-C(O)-N(R d)-, -O-C(O)-O-, or a bond; each of R c and R d, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;
L is a saturated straight C3-12 hydrocarbon or an unsaturated straight C4-12 hydrocarbon chain, said hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, hydroxyl, halo, carboxyl, amino, nitro, cyano, C3-6 cycloalkyl, 3-6 membered heterocycloalkyl, monocyclic aryl, 5-6 membered heteroaryl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-4 alkyloxycarbonyl, C1-4 alkylcarbonyl, or formyl; and further optionally interrupted by -O-, -N(R e)-, -N(R e)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R e)-, -N(R e)-C(O)-N(R f)-, -O-C(O)-, -C(O)-O-, or -O-C(O)-O-; each of R e and R f, independently, being hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, or haloalkyl;
R1 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, hydroxyl, haloalkyl, or an amino protecting group; and R2 is hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxylalkyl, haloalkyl, or a hydroxyl protecting group;
or a salt thereof.
107. The compound of any of claims 71, 86, 91 or 106, wherein each of R1 and R2 is hydrogen.
108. The compound of any of claims 71, 86, 91 or 106, wherein each of X1 and X2 is O.
109. The compound of any of claims 71, 86, 91 or 106, wherein each of Y1 and Y2, independently, is -CH2-, -O-, -N(R a)-, or a bond.
110. The compound of claims 106, wherein L is a saturated straight C5-8 hydrocarbon chain substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, C1-4 alkoxy, or amino, and further optionally interrupted by -O- or -N(R e)-.
111. The compound of any of claims 72-76, 87, 88 or 107-109, wherein L is an unsaturated straight C4-8 hydrocarbon chain containing 2-5 double bonds optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, or C1-4 alkoxy, and further being optionally interrupted by -O- or -N(R e)-.
112. The compound of any of claims 72-76, 87, 88 or 107-109, wherein L is an unsaturated straight C4-8 hydrocarbon chain containing 1-2 double bonds and 1-2 triple bonds, said hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-4 alkyl, C2-4 alkenyl, C2-4 alkynyl, or C1-4 alkoxy; and further being optionally interrupted by -O- or -N(R e)-.
113. The compound of any of claims 106 or 109, wherein L is an unsaturated C4-hydrocarbon chain containing only double bonds in trans configuration, said unsaturated hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
114. The compound of any of claims 106 or 109, wherein L is an unsaturated C4-hydrocarbon chain containing at least one double bond and one triple bond;
said unsaturated hydrocarbon chain being optionally substituted with C1-2 alkyl, C1-2 alkoxy, hydroxyl, -NH2, -NH(C1-2 alkyl), or -N(C1-2 alkyl)2.
115. The compound of any of claims 106, 113 or 114, wherein A is a saturated branched C4-10 hydrocarbon chain interrupted by -N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R
a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -O-C(O)-, or -C(O)-O-, where each of R a and R b, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, or hydroxyl.
116. The compound of any of claims 106, 113 or 114, wherein A is an unsaturated branched C4-10 hydrocarbon chain optionally interrupted by -N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-O-, -O-C(O)-N(R a)-, -N(R a)-C(O)-N(R b)-, -O-C(O)-, or -C(O)-O-, where each of R
a and R b, independently, is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxylalkyl, or hydroxyl.
117. The compound of any of claims 106, 113 or 114, wherein A contains at least one double bond in trans configuration and no triple bond.
118. The compound of any of claims 106, 113 or 114, wherein A contains at least one double bond and one triple bond, said double bond is in trans configuration.
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