CA2366236A1 - Apparatus for accelerating condensation with the aid of structured surfaces - Google Patents
Apparatus for accelerating condensation with the aid of structured surfaces Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2366236A1 CA2366236A1 CA002366236A CA2366236A CA2366236A1 CA 2366236 A1 CA2366236 A1 CA 2366236A1 CA 002366236 A CA002366236 A CA 002366236A CA 2366236 A CA2366236 A CA 2366236A CA 2366236 A1 CA2366236 A1 CA 2366236A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- condensation
- elevations
- condensing
- vapor
- gas
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
- F28F13/185—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings
- F28F13/187—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings especially adapted for evaporator surfaces or condenser surfaces, e.g. with nucleation sites
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D5/00—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation
- B01D5/0003—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation by using heat-exchange surfaces for indirect contact between gases or vapours and the cooling medium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D5/00—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation
- B01D5/0003—Condensation of vapours; Recovering volatile solvents by condensation by using heat-exchange surfaces for indirect contact between gases or vapours and the cooling medium
- B01D5/0015—Plates
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/04—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by preventing the formation of continuous films of condensate on heat-exchange surfaces, e.g. by promoting droplet formation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2245/00—Coatings; Surface treatments
- F28F2245/04—Coatings; Surface treatments hydrophobic
Abstract
Apparatus for condensing a gas on a surface, Where the surface for condensing the gas has elevations of average height of from 50 nm to 1 mm, and with an average separation of from 50 nm to 1 mm.
Use of the apparatus in distillation systems.
Use of the apparatus in distillation systems.
Description
-. 0.Z.5707 Apparatus for accelerating condensation with the aid of structured surfaces The invention relates to an apparatus for condensing gases. An important parameter for many industrial processes is the condensation behavior of a vapor/gas. For the purposes of the present invention, condensation is the phase change of an element or of a compound from a gaseous phase into a liquid phase.
1 o The preconditions needed here are the following - described in this instance by taking the example of the water/air system, i.e. humidity. A
certain percentage of water vapor is present in the air of the outdoor atmosphere. This water vapor is termed humidity. The ratio of the mass of water vapor present in a volume of air to that volume of air is termed the absolute humidity. However, a more important value is that known as relative humidity. Relative humidity is defined as the mass of water vapor present in a volume of air divided by the mass of water vapor when that volume of air is saturated, and can be described by the following formula:
cg = Po _ f Ps fmax where cg = relative humidity; Po = water vapor partial pressure; PS =
saturation vapor pressure; f = absolute moisture level; fmaX = maximum moisture level.
Relative humidity of 100% therefore means that the water vapor partial pressure is the same as the saturation vapor pressure of water at a given temperature and pressure. It is known from thermodynamics that for two phases to exist alongside one another in equilibrium their chemical 3 o potentials have to be identical. Liquid phase and vapor phase can therefore only exist alongside one another at a certain pressure, which is temperature-dependent.
Condensation processes are used in a wide variety of industrial processes, e.g. distillation, reactive distillation, cooling water circuits in power plant r r~, = O.Z.5707 - 2 -turbines, and work-up of aqueous or organic solutions by drawing off the solvent. These processes therefore have a major part to play in industry.
The energy balance is an important economic criterion here, implying that the less energy needed to condense a liquid, the more cost-effective the condensation process. This process may be described as follows, taking the example of condensation of water vapor from air:
A surface (condenser) is cooled with respect to the surrounding gas phase. In the immediate vicinity of the surtace there is cooling of the' gas and of the water vapor. If the pressure is held constant here, the prevailing water vapor partial pressure can exceed the saturation vapor pressure associated with the lower temperature. In that case condensation occurs, leading to deposition of water on the surface. The droplet present on the surface then gives up heat to the surface and thus cools. In many types of condensation apparatus, this transfer of heat has to be compensated, therefore requiring constant recooling of the condensation surface. The cooling of these surtaces is a very energy-intensive process. The greater the amount of condensate on the surface and the longer its residence time, 2 o the more energy the condensate gives up to the surface. It is therefore desirable that the water droplet is conducted away from the surface as rapidly as possible and that its temperature is as high as possible at that juncture.
It was an object of the present invention, therefore, to improve the economics of the condensation process, i.e. the process extending from condensation of a vapor to collecting the resultant liquid.
Surprisingly, it has been found that this is possible with the aid of a 3 o structured surface.
The present invention therefore provides an apparatus for condensing a gas on a surface, where the surface for condensing the gas has elevations of average height of from 50 nm to 1 mm, and with an average separation of from 50 nm to 1 mm.
The arrangement of the elevations may be regular or stochastic. The elevations may moreover have an average height of from 500 nm to 50 Vim.
O.Z.5707 - 3 -The surface energy may be from 5 to 20 mN/m, preferably from 10-20 mN/m. Higher surface energies, such as from 20-40 mN/m, are also possible but are not generally necessary, e.g. for condensing water.
Structured surfaces are known and termed lotus surfaces, and have been described, e.g. in DE 198 03 787 and WO 96/104 123, where the self-cleaning action of the structured surtaces is described.
1 o Those surtaces of the apparatus of the invention at which the vapor condenses have a very small run-off angle for liquids, in this case for the condensate. Once a condensed droplet has begun to move, it runs off the surface without assistance and collects other droplets, and this applies even to very small droplets. A droplet size below 0.5 ~,I is sufficient for this purpose. The droplets therefore have relatively low adhesion to the surfaces and thus run off from the surface relatively rapidly. This phenomenon affords many thermodynamicltechnica,l advantages. The shorter residence time of the condensate on the surface reduces the amount of heat which can be given up by the liquid to the surface, since 2 o this process proceeds in proportion to temperature difference and time.
The results of the more rapid transport of the condensate away from the surface are firstly that less energy is transferred and secondly that what are known as condensation nuclei are made available again more rapidly.
The sites at which the liquid phase is produced are termed condensation nuclei. Condensation within the vapor has to begin with formation of small droplets. The smaller the droplet, the greater its vapor pressure, and therefore at a given level of oversaturation the droplets that can grow are only those whose radius exceeds a certain value. All droplets with a 3 o smaller radius tend to re-evaporate. Condensation of the oversaturated vapor can take place only after a nucleus has been produced as a result of a fluctuation phenomenon associated with a fall in entropy. The frequency of this nucleation is a decisive factor in determining whether a phase change from gaseous to liquid is likely to occur at a given level of oversaturation. The frequency is found to be very sensitive to the level of oversaturation of the vaporlgas. Within a relatively narrow range of oversaturation levels, the scale will extend from almost no condensation events to very frequent condensation events. Whether oversaturation of a J
O.Z.5707 - 4 -the vapor is present or not depends to a major extent on the microscopic environmental parameters applicable to the vapor.
The condensation surface of the present invention therefore preferably has one or more of the following features:
~ Angle of inclination of at least 3°, in particular at least 10°, preferably at least 30°, particularly preferably at least 45°
~ Surface energy of from 5-20 mN/m, determined on a surface without 1 o elevations (by the method of Owens et al., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 13, 1741, 1969) ~ Material: polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, or polymers made from pertluoroalkoxy compounds, and/or metals, as sole constituent, main constituent, or coating ~ Coating made from fluoroalkanes, from alkyl- fluorosilanes, or from fluorinated vinyl compounds.
The apparatus of the invention may be used in cooling systems, distillation systems, reactors, reflux condensers, or power plant condensers, or else 2 o in air conditioning systems, dehumidifiers, or cold traps.
Particular applications which have been mentioned are cooling, distillation, or condensation systems for any of the elements and compounds which can change their phase from gaseous to liquid, in particular for water, ethanol, methanol, MTBE, hydrocarbons, fuels, combustion gases, or liquefied gases, such as NZ or air.
1 o The preconditions needed here are the following - described in this instance by taking the example of the water/air system, i.e. humidity. A
certain percentage of water vapor is present in the air of the outdoor atmosphere. This water vapor is termed humidity. The ratio of the mass of water vapor present in a volume of air to that volume of air is termed the absolute humidity. However, a more important value is that known as relative humidity. Relative humidity is defined as the mass of water vapor present in a volume of air divided by the mass of water vapor when that volume of air is saturated, and can be described by the following formula:
cg = Po _ f Ps fmax where cg = relative humidity; Po = water vapor partial pressure; PS =
saturation vapor pressure; f = absolute moisture level; fmaX = maximum moisture level.
Relative humidity of 100% therefore means that the water vapor partial pressure is the same as the saturation vapor pressure of water at a given temperature and pressure. It is known from thermodynamics that for two phases to exist alongside one another in equilibrium their chemical 3 o potentials have to be identical. Liquid phase and vapor phase can therefore only exist alongside one another at a certain pressure, which is temperature-dependent.
Condensation processes are used in a wide variety of industrial processes, e.g. distillation, reactive distillation, cooling water circuits in power plant r r~, = O.Z.5707 - 2 -turbines, and work-up of aqueous or organic solutions by drawing off the solvent. These processes therefore have a major part to play in industry.
The energy balance is an important economic criterion here, implying that the less energy needed to condense a liquid, the more cost-effective the condensation process. This process may be described as follows, taking the example of condensation of water vapor from air:
A surface (condenser) is cooled with respect to the surrounding gas phase. In the immediate vicinity of the surtace there is cooling of the' gas and of the water vapor. If the pressure is held constant here, the prevailing water vapor partial pressure can exceed the saturation vapor pressure associated with the lower temperature. In that case condensation occurs, leading to deposition of water on the surface. The droplet present on the surface then gives up heat to the surface and thus cools. In many types of condensation apparatus, this transfer of heat has to be compensated, therefore requiring constant recooling of the condensation surface. The cooling of these surtaces is a very energy-intensive process. The greater the amount of condensate on the surface and the longer its residence time, 2 o the more energy the condensate gives up to the surface. It is therefore desirable that the water droplet is conducted away from the surface as rapidly as possible and that its temperature is as high as possible at that juncture.
It was an object of the present invention, therefore, to improve the economics of the condensation process, i.e. the process extending from condensation of a vapor to collecting the resultant liquid.
Surprisingly, it has been found that this is possible with the aid of a 3 o structured surface.
The present invention therefore provides an apparatus for condensing a gas on a surface, where the surface for condensing the gas has elevations of average height of from 50 nm to 1 mm, and with an average separation of from 50 nm to 1 mm.
The arrangement of the elevations may be regular or stochastic. The elevations may moreover have an average height of from 500 nm to 50 Vim.
O.Z.5707 - 3 -The surface energy may be from 5 to 20 mN/m, preferably from 10-20 mN/m. Higher surface energies, such as from 20-40 mN/m, are also possible but are not generally necessary, e.g. for condensing water.
Structured surfaces are known and termed lotus surfaces, and have been described, e.g. in DE 198 03 787 and WO 96/104 123, where the self-cleaning action of the structured surtaces is described.
1 o Those surtaces of the apparatus of the invention at which the vapor condenses have a very small run-off angle for liquids, in this case for the condensate. Once a condensed droplet has begun to move, it runs off the surface without assistance and collects other droplets, and this applies even to very small droplets. A droplet size below 0.5 ~,I is sufficient for this purpose. The droplets therefore have relatively low adhesion to the surfaces and thus run off from the surface relatively rapidly. This phenomenon affords many thermodynamicltechnica,l advantages. The shorter residence time of the condensate on the surface reduces the amount of heat which can be given up by the liquid to the surface, since 2 o this process proceeds in proportion to temperature difference and time.
The results of the more rapid transport of the condensate away from the surface are firstly that less energy is transferred and secondly that what are known as condensation nuclei are made available again more rapidly.
The sites at which the liquid phase is produced are termed condensation nuclei. Condensation within the vapor has to begin with formation of small droplets. The smaller the droplet, the greater its vapor pressure, and therefore at a given level of oversaturation the droplets that can grow are only those whose radius exceeds a certain value. All droplets with a 3 o smaller radius tend to re-evaporate. Condensation of the oversaturated vapor can take place only after a nucleus has been produced as a result of a fluctuation phenomenon associated with a fall in entropy. The frequency of this nucleation is a decisive factor in determining whether a phase change from gaseous to liquid is likely to occur at a given level of oversaturation. The frequency is found to be very sensitive to the level of oversaturation of the vaporlgas. Within a relatively narrow range of oversaturation levels, the scale will extend from almost no condensation events to very frequent condensation events. Whether oversaturation of a J
O.Z.5707 - 4 -the vapor is present or not depends to a major extent on the microscopic environmental parameters applicable to the vapor.
The condensation surface of the present invention therefore preferably has one or more of the following features:
~ Angle of inclination of at least 3°, in particular at least 10°, preferably at least 30°, particularly preferably at least 45°
~ Surface energy of from 5-20 mN/m, determined on a surface without 1 o elevations (by the method of Owens et al., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 13, 1741, 1969) ~ Material: polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, or polymers made from pertluoroalkoxy compounds, and/or metals, as sole constituent, main constituent, or coating ~ Coating made from fluoroalkanes, from alkyl- fluorosilanes, or from fluorinated vinyl compounds.
The apparatus of the invention may be used in cooling systems, distillation systems, reactors, reflux condensers, or power plant condensers, or else 2 o in air conditioning systems, dehumidifiers, or cold traps.
Particular applications which have been mentioned are cooling, distillation, or condensation systems for any of the elements and compounds which can change their phase from gaseous to liquid, in particular for water, ethanol, methanol, MTBE, hydrocarbons, fuels, combustion gases, or liquefied gases, such as NZ or air.
Claims (9)
1. An apparatus for condensing a gas on a surface, wherein the surface for condensing the gas has elevations of average height of from 50 nm to 1 mm, and with an average separation of from 50 nm to 1 mm.
2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the surface has an angle of inclination of at least 3°.
3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the surface without elevations has a surface energy of from 5 to 20 mN/m.
4. The apparatus as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the condensation surface has been coated with polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, or polymers made from perfluoroalkoxy compounds, or is composed of these materials.
5. The apparatus as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the condensation surface is composed of metal.
6. The apparatus as claimed in any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the condensation surface has a coating made from fluoroalkanes, from alkylfluorosilanes, or from fluorinated vinyl compounds.
7. The apparatus as claimed in any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the arrangement of the elevations is stochastic.
8. The use of the apparatus as claimed in any of claims 1 to 7 in cooling assemblies or distillation systems.
9. The use of the apparatus as claimed in any of claims 1 to 7 for distilling or condensing water, alcohol, fuel, or liquefied gases.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10065797A DE10065797A1 (en) | 2000-12-30 | 2000-12-30 | Device for accelerating condensation using structured surfaces |
| DE10065797.4 | 2000-12-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2366236A1 true CA2366236A1 (en) | 2002-06-30 |
Family
ID=7669478
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002366236A Abandoned CA2366236A1 (en) | 2000-12-30 | 2001-12-28 | Apparatus for accelerating condensation with the aid of structured surfaces |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20020148601A1 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP1219912A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2002219301A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2366236A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE10065797A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (32)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10118346A1 (en) * | 2001-04-12 | 2002-10-17 | Creavis Tech & Innovation Gmbh | Self-cleaning, water-repellent textiles, used e.g. for tents, sports clothing and carpets, made by impregnating textile material with a suspension of hydrophobic particles and then removing the solvent |
| DE10134477A1 (en) * | 2001-07-16 | 2003-02-06 | Creavis Tech & Innovation Gmbh | Self-cleaning surfaces through hydrophobic structures and processes for their production |
| DE10160055A1 (en) * | 2001-12-06 | 2003-06-18 | Degussa | Diffuse reflecting surfaces for their manufacture |
| DE10160054A1 (en) * | 2001-12-06 | 2003-06-18 | Degussa | Light-scattering materials with self-cleaning surfaces |
| DE10205007A1 (en) * | 2002-02-07 | 2003-08-21 | Creavis Tech & Innovation Gmbh | Process for the production of protective layers with dirt and water repellent properties |
| DE10210671A1 (en) * | 2002-03-12 | 2003-09-25 | Creavis Tech & Innovation Gmbh | Mold release agent which has hydrophobic, nanoscale particles and use of these mold release agents |
| DE10210674A1 (en) * | 2002-03-12 | 2003-10-02 | Creavis Tech & Innovation Gmbh | Surface extrudates with self-cleaning properties and process for producing such extrudates |
| DE10210668A1 (en) * | 2002-03-12 | 2003-09-25 | Creavis Tech & Innovation Gmbh | Device manufactured by injection molding, for storing liquids and processes for the production of this device |
| DE10210666A1 (en) * | 2002-03-12 | 2003-10-02 | Creavis Tech & Innovation Gmbh | Shaping process for the production of moldings with at least one surface which has self-cleaning properties, and moldings produced using this process |
| DE10231757A1 (en) | 2002-07-13 | 2004-01-22 | Creavis Gesellschaft Für Technologie Und Innovation Mbh | Process for the preparation of a surfactant-free suspension on an aqueous basis of nanostructured, hydrophobic particles and their use |
| DE10233830A1 (en) * | 2002-07-25 | 2004-02-12 | Creavis Gesellschaft Für Technologie Und Innovation Mbh | Method for preparation of self cleaning surfaces by application and fixing of particles to the surface useful for production of films, shaped parts, objects subjected to high dirt and water loads, especially in outdoor sports |
| DE10242560A1 (en) * | 2002-09-13 | 2004-03-25 | Creavis Gesellschaft Für Technologie Und Innovation Mbh | Process for preparation of self-cleaning surfaces on coated flat textile structures useful for cladding technical textiles and structures obtained from these and production of raincoats and safety clothing with signaling effect |
| DE10250328A1 (en) | 2002-10-29 | 2004-05-13 | Creavis Gesellschaft Für Technologie Und Innovation Mbh | Production of suspensions of hydrophobic oxide particles |
| DE10308379A1 (en) * | 2003-02-27 | 2004-09-09 | Creavis Gesellschaft Für Technologie Und Innovation Mbh | Dispersion of water in hydrophobic oxides for the production of hydrophobic nanostructured surfaces |
| DE10315128A1 (en) * | 2003-04-03 | 2004-10-14 | Creavis Gesellschaft Für Technologie Und Innovation Mbh | Process for suppressing mold formation using hydrophobic substances and an anti-mold agent for parts of buildings |
| DE10321851A1 (en) * | 2003-05-15 | 2004-12-02 | Creavis Gesellschaft Für Technologie Und Innovation Mbh | Use of particles hydrophobized with fluorosilanes for the production of self-cleaning surfaces with lipophobic, oleophobic, lactophobic and hydrophobic properties |
| US7108054B2 (en) * | 2003-09-11 | 2006-09-19 | Honeywell International, Inc. | Heat exchanger |
| DE112005002875A5 (en) * | 2004-09-17 | 2007-08-30 | Peter Vinz | Heat transfer wall with multifunctional nanostructured surface coatings |
| DE102004062743A1 (en) * | 2004-12-27 | 2006-07-06 | Degussa Ag | Process for increasing the water-tightness of textile fabrics, textile fabrics treated in this way and their use |
| DE102004062740A1 (en) * | 2004-12-27 | 2006-07-13 | Degussa Ag | Process for increasing the water-tightness of textile fabrics, textile fabrics treated in this way and their use |
| DE102004062739A1 (en) * | 2004-12-27 | 2006-07-06 | Degussa Ag | Self-cleaning surfaces with protrusions formed by hydrophobic particles, with improved mechanical strength |
| US20070028588A1 (en) * | 2005-08-03 | 2007-02-08 | General Electric Company | Heat transfer apparatus and systems including the apparatus |
| US20070031639A1 (en) * | 2005-08-03 | 2007-02-08 | General Electric Company | Articles having low wettability and methods for making |
| US20080073063A1 (en) * | 2006-06-23 | 2008-03-27 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Reduction of fouling in heat exchangers |
| US8349267B2 (en) | 2007-10-05 | 2013-01-08 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Crude oil pre-heat train with improved heat transfer |
| DE102008032431A1 (en) * | 2008-07-10 | 2010-01-14 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Bionically inspired condenser for fuel cell system, has fluid channel provided with wall that includes projection, where projection has surface with hydrophilic surface materials at side of projection |
| DE102008045201A1 (en) * | 2008-08-30 | 2010-03-04 | Wolf, Peter, Dr. | Device for utilization of energy of condensable gases from gas flow, has evaporation space equipped with distribution device for fluid, where energy of condensable gases is used directly for processing of fluids by evaporation |
| DE202008014853U1 (en) * | 2008-11-08 | 2010-04-15 | Potthoff, Rüdiger | Molded plastic part |
| EP2294931A1 (en) * | 2009-09-02 | 2011-03-16 | Drom Fragrances GmbH & Co. KG | Improved process and improved apparatus for yielding plant ingredients |
| DE102009060760A1 (en) * | 2009-12-30 | 2011-07-07 | Hinterding, Hans, 48282 | Drinking water producing sea water container extracting drinking water from salty sea water, comprises a glass or an appropriate foil |
| EP3059541B1 (en) * | 2013-10-15 | 2022-06-22 | NATOMICS Co., Ltd. | Method of preserving heat exchange surface and method of cooling moist air |
| CN111481957B (en) * | 2020-05-21 | 2023-07-25 | 江西依思特香料有限公司 | Quick condensing equipment is used in essence spices extraction |
Family Cites Families (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB889157A (en) * | 1959-01-16 | 1962-02-07 | Gen Electric | Improvements in condensing surface structures particularly for use in distillation apparatus |
| US3354022A (en) * | 1964-03-31 | 1967-11-21 | Du Pont | Water-repellant surface |
| JPS538855A (en) * | 1976-07-13 | 1978-01-26 | Hitachi Cable Ltd | Condensing heat transmission wall |
| US4358046A (en) * | 1977-03-17 | 1982-11-09 | Union Carbide Corporation | Oriented graphite layer and formation |
| GB2058324B (en) * | 1979-09-14 | 1983-11-02 | Hisaka Works Ltd | Surface condenser |
| JPS6086192A (en) * | 1983-10-19 | 1985-05-15 | Yoshiro Nakamura | Heat transfer accelerator and method for using the same |
| US5199486A (en) * | 1988-05-18 | 1993-04-06 | Dri-Steem Humidifier Company | Coated heat exchanger for humidifier |
| KR940018419A (en) * | 1993-01-18 | 1994-08-18 | 이마무라 가즈수케 | Fluorine-containing polymer molded article having improved water repellency and cleaning jig prepared therefrom |
| JPH0875384A (en) * | 1994-07-01 | 1996-03-19 | Hitachi Ltd | Heat transfer tube for non-azeotrope refrigerant, heat exchanger using the same tube, assembling method and refrigerating air conditioner using the same exchanger |
| JP3253851B2 (en) * | 1996-04-18 | 2002-02-04 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Super water repellent paint and super water repellent coating using the same |
| US6156389A (en) * | 1997-02-03 | 2000-12-05 | Cytonix Corporation | Hydrophobic coating compositions, articles coated with said compositions, and processes for manufacturing same |
| US6427767B1 (en) * | 1997-02-26 | 2002-08-06 | American Standard International Inc. | Nucleate boiling surface |
| DE19803787A1 (en) * | 1998-01-30 | 1999-08-05 | Creavis Tech & Innovation Gmbh | Structured surfaces with hydrophobic properties |
| US6176302B1 (en) * | 1998-03-04 | 2001-01-23 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Boiling heat transfer tube |
| DE19917366A1 (en) * | 1999-04-16 | 2000-10-19 | Inst Neue Mat Gemein Gmbh | Substrate surface, useful for the production of easy clean systems, comprises a hydrolyzable compound condensate having a microstructure such that the contact angle with water or oil is increased. |
| GB9910841D0 (en) * | 1999-05-10 | 1999-07-07 | Univ Nanyang | Heat transfer surface |
| US6470691B1 (en) * | 2000-06-13 | 2002-10-29 | Atofina Chemicals, Inc. | Fluid transport |
-
2000
- 2000-12-30 DE DE10065797A patent/DE10065797A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2001
- 2001-12-14 EP EP01129824A patent/EP1219912A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2001-12-27 JP JP2001398137A patent/JP2002219301A/en active Pending
- 2001-12-28 CA CA002366236A patent/CA2366236A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-12-28 US US10/028,365 patent/US20020148601A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE10065797A1 (en) | 2002-07-04 |
| EP1219912A1 (en) | 2002-07-03 |
| JP2002219301A (en) | 2002-08-06 |
| US20020148601A1 (en) | 2002-10-17 |
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