CA2322498A1 - Materiaux de distribution de liquides possedant des proprietes de distribution ameliorees en etat de saturation partielle - Google Patents

Materiaux de distribution de liquides possedant des proprietes de distribution ameliorees en etat de saturation partielle Download PDF

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Publication number
CA2322498A1
CA2322498A1 CA002322498A CA2322498A CA2322498A1 CA 2322498 A1 CA2322498 A1 CA 2322498A1 CA 002322498 A CA002322498 A CA 002322498A CA 2322498 A CA2322498 A CA 2322498A CA 2322498 A1 CA2322498 A1 CA 2322498A1
Authority
CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
saturation
permeability
materials
properties under
under sub
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CA002322498A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
CA2322498C (fr
Inventor
Fred Desai
Thomas Allen Desmarais
Bruno Johannes Ehrnsperger
Mattias Schmidt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Procter and Gamble Co
Original Assignee
Fred Desai
Thomas Allen Desmarais
Bruno Johannes Ehrnsperger
Mattias Schmidt
The Procter & Gamble Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fred Desai, Thomas Allen Desmarais, Bruno Johannes Ehrnsperger, Mattias Schmidt, The Procter & Gamble Company filed Critical Fred Desai
Publication of CA2322498A1 publication Critical patent/CA2322498A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CA2322498C publication Critical patent/CA2322498C/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
    • A61F13/534—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad
    • A61F13/537—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad characterised by a layer facilitating or inhibiting flow in one direction or plane, e.g. a wicking layer
    • A61F13/5376—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad characterised by a layer facilitating or inhibiting flow in one direction or plane, e.g. a wicking layer characterised by the performance of the layer, e.g. acquisition rate, distribution time, transfer time
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/15203—Properties of the article, e.g. stiffness or absorbency
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
    • A61F13/534—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad
    • A61F13/537—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having an inhomogeneous composition through the thickness of the pad characterised by a layer facilitating or inhibiting flow in one direction or plane, e.g. a wicking layer
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/15203—Properties of the article, e.g. stiffness or absorbency
    • A61F2013/15284—Properties of the article, e.g. stiffness or absorbency characterized by quantifiable properties
    • A61F2013/15463—Absorbency
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/15203—Properties of the article, e.g. stiffness or absorbency
    • A61F2013/15284—Properties of the article, e.g. stiffness or absorbency characterized by quantifiable properties
    • A61F2013/15487—Capillary properties, e.g. wicking
    • A61F2013/1552—Capillary properties, e.g. wicking with specific diffusion velocity
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/15203—Properties of the article, e.g. stiffness or absorbency
    • A61F2013/15284—Properties of the article, e.g. stiffness or absorbency characterized by quantifiable properties
    • A61F2013/15544—Permeability
    • A61F2013/15552—Air permeability
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
    • A61F2013/530437—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having a part with elevated absorption means
    • A61F2013/530452—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having a part with elevated absorption means having chemically-stiffened fibres
    • A61F2013/530459—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having a part with elevated absorption means having chemically-stiffened fibres being curled
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
    • A61F2013/530437—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having a part with elevated absorption means
    • A61F2013/530452—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having a part with elevated absorption means having chemically-stiffened fibres
    • A61F2013/530467—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium having a part with elevated absorption means having chemically-stiffened fibres being twisted
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F13/00—Bandages or dressings; Absorbent pads
    • A61F13/15—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators
    • A61F13/53—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium
    • A61F2013/530802—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium characterized by the foam or sponge other than superabsorbent
    • A61F2013/53081—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium characterized by the foam or sponge other than superabsorbent with special pore dimension or arrangement
    • A61F2013/530817—Absorbent pads, e.g. sanitary towels, swabs or tampons for external or internal application to the body; Supporting or fastening means therefor; Tampon applicators characterised by the absorbing medium characterized by the foam or sponge other than superabsorbent with special pore dimension or arrangement being open cells
CA002322498A 1998-03-13 1999-03-12 Materiaux de distribution de liquides possedant des proprietes de distribution ameliorees en etat de saturation partielle Expired - Lifetime CA2322498C (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
USPCT/US98/05041 1998-03-13
PCT/US1998/005041 WO1999045876A1 (fr) 1998-03-13 1998-03-13 Materiaux de distribution de liquide aux proprietes de distribution ameliorees dans des conditions de sous-saturation
PCT/IB1999/000409 WO1999047092A1 (fr) 1998-03-13 1999-03-12 Materiaux de distribution de liquides possedant des proprietes de distribution ameliorees en etat de saturation partielle

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CA2322498A1 true CA2322498A1 (fr) 1999-09-23
CA2322498C CA2322498C (fr) 2005-03-29

Family

ID=22266591

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CA002322498A Expired - Lifetime CA2322498C (fr) 1998-03-13 1999-03-12 Materiaux de distribution de liquides possedant des proprietes de distribution ameliorees en etat de saturation partielle

Country Status (18)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1061883A1 (fr)
KR (1) KR100555155B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1299261A (fr)
AR (1) AR018156A1 (fr)
AU (2) AU6555998A (fr)
BR (1) BR9908747A (fr)
CA (1) CA2322498C (fr)
CO (1) CO5090872A1 (fr)
CZ (1) CZ20003276A3 (fr)
EG (1) EG21983A (fr)
HU (1) HU224283B1 (fr)
IL (1) IL138255A (fr)
IN (1) IN2000DE00173A (fr)
MX (1) MXPA00008959A (fr)
TR (1) TR200002635T2 (fr)
TW (1) TW449467B (fr)
WO (2) WO1999045876A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA991996B (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10449516B2 (en) 2016-05-16 2019-10-22 Technion Research & Development Foundation Limited Superabsorbent polymeric structures
US10851218B2 (en) 2016-06-26 2020-12-01 Technion Research & Development Foundation Limited Polyhipes by interfacial step-growth polymerization
US11401386B2 (en) 2017-07-19 2022-08-02 Technion Research & Development Foundation Limited Doubly-crosslinked, emulsion-templated hydrogels through reversible metal coordination
US11530285B2 (en) 2016-08-16 2022-12-20 Technion Research & Development Foundation Limited PolyHIPE-based substance-releasing systems
US11548986B2 (en) 2017-11-02 2023-01-10 Technion Research & Development Foundation Limited HIPE-templated zwitterionic hydrogels, process of preparation and uses thereof

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999045877A1 (fr) * 1998-03-13 1999-09-16 The Procter & Gamble Company Structures absorbantes comprenant des elements de stockage de fluide presentant une capacite amelioree de sechage des elements de distribution
EG22761A (en) * 2000-06-29 2003-07-30 Shell Int Research Method of transferring fluids through a permeable well lining
US8147472B2 (en) 2003-11-24 2012-04-03 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Folded absorbent product
US7569742B2 (en) 2005-09-07 2009-08-04 Tyco Healthcare Group Lp Self contained wound dressing with micropump
US20080275415A1 (en) * 2007-05-04 2008-11-06 Wheeler Katherine C Gender-specific, disposable, adult-incontinence articles
CA2840641A1 (fr) 2011-06-30 2013-01-03 The Procter & Gamble Company Structure absorbante comprenant un composant eliminateur d'huile
CN107252383A (zh) 2011-07-14 2017-10-17 史密夫及内修公开有限公司 伤口敷料和治疗方法
CN107049603B (zh) 2012-05-23 2021-01-26 史密夫及内修公开有限公司 用于负压伤口治疗的装置和方法
RU2015106112A (ru) 2012-08-01 2016-09-20 СМИТ ЭНД НЕФЬЮ ПиЭлСи Раневая повязка
AU2013298198B2 (en) 2012-08-01 2017-05-11 Smith & Nephew Plc Wound dressing
CA2952284C (fr) 2014-06-18 2023-03-28 Smith & Nephew Plc Pansement et procede de traitement
GB2555584B (en) 2016-10-28 2020-05-27 Smith & Nephew Multi-layered wound dressing and method of manufacture
WO2022021295A1 (fr) * 2020-07-31 2022-02-03 The Procter & Gamble Company Article pouvant être porté comprenant un stratifié élastique ayant de bonnes propriétés d'effet de mèche

Family Cites Families (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3575174A (en) 1969-07-11 1971-04-20 Personal Products Co Sanitary napkin
US3952745A (en) 1974-11-19 1976-04-27 The Procter & Gamble Company Disposable diaper having readily flushable absorbent media and improved pad intergrity in use
US4578068A (en) 1983-12-20 1986-03-25 The Procter & Gamble Company Absorbent laminate structure
US4898642A (en) 1986-06-27 1990-02-06 The Procter & Gamble Cellulose Company Twisted, chemically stiffened cellulosic fibers and absorbent structures made therefrom
US4781710A (en) 1987-05-15 1988-11-01 The Procter & Gamble Company Absorbent pad having improved liquid distribution
US4988344A (en) 1988-05-24 1991-01-29 The Procter & Gamble Company Absorbent articles with multiple layer absorbent layers
CA2014203C (fr) 1989-05-08 2000-03-21 Margaret Gwyn Latimer Article absorbant a capacite tampon accrue; produits ainsi fabriques
US5147345A (en) * 1991-08-12 1992-09-15 The Procter & Gamble Company High efficiency absorbent articles for incontinence management
NZ268535A (en) 1993-06-30 1998-05-27 Procter & Gamble Absorbent article comprising layers of superabsorbent material
US5849000A (en) * 1994-12-29 1998-12-15 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Absorbent structure having improved liquid permeability
US5843852A (en) * 1995-12-21 1998-12-01 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Absorbent structure for liquid distribution
US5855572A (en) * 1996-03-22 1999-01-05 The Procter & Gamble Company Absorbent components having a fluid acquisition zone
DE69618763T2 (de) * 1996-05-28 2002-08-22 Procter & Gamble Flüssigkeitverteilungsmaterialen mit verbesserten Dochteigenschaften

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10449516B2 (en) 2016-05-16 2019-10-22 Technion Research & Development Foundation Limited Superabsorbent polymeric structures
US10994260B2 (en) 2016-05-16 2021-05-04 Technion Research & Development Foundation Limited Superabsorbent polymeric structures
US10851218B2 (en) 2016-06-26 2020-12-01 Technion Research & Development Foundation Limited Polyhipes by interfacial step-growth polymerization
US11530285B2 (en) 2016-08-16 2022-12-20 Technion Research & Development Foundation Limited PolyHIPE-based substance-releasing systems
US11401386B2 (en) 2017-07-19 2022-08-02 Technion Research & Development Foundation Limited Doubly-crosslinked, emulsion-templated hydrogels through reversible metal coordination
US11548986B2 (en) 2017-11-02 2023-01-10 Technion Research & Development Foundation Limited HIPE-templated zwitterionic hydrogels, process of preparation and uses thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1999045876A1 (fr) 1999-09-16
CN1299261A (zh) 2001-06-13
TR200002635T2 (tr) 2000-12-21
CA2322498C (fr) 2005-03-29
CO5090872A1 (es) 2001-10-30
MX216810B (fr) 2003-10-08
KR100555155B1 (ko) 2006-03-03
HU224283B1 (hu) 2005-07-28
HUP0102368A2 (hu) 2001-10-28
ZA991996B (en) 1999-10-27
WO1999047092A1 (fr) 1999-09-23
AU6555998A (en) 1999-09-27
CZ20003276A3 (cs) 2001-01-17
BR9908747A (pt) 2000-12-26
EP1061883A1 (fr) 2000-12-27
HUP0102368A3 (en) 2001-11-28
IN2000DE00173A (fr) 2006-03-03
IL138255A0 (en) 2001-10-31
TW449467B (en) 2001-08-11
AU2634199A (en) 1999-10-11
KR20010041759A (ko) 2001-05-25
AR018156A1 (es) 2001-10-31
EG21983A (en) 2002-05-31
MXPA00008959A (es) 2001-05-01
IL138255A (en) 2005-12-18

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Effective date: 20190312