CA2298444A1 - Tread arcs for nonrotatable automobile and light truck tires - Google Patents

Abstract

A pneumatic radial tire combination for four-wheeled automobile or light truck vehicles. The tire combination has a pair of front steer position tires and a pair of rear position tires. The front steer position tire (10) has a first tread arc (46) when the tire is normally inflated for normal load but unloaded, of decreasing radii extending toward the lateral edges (42, 44) and a straight line (50) drawn between the intersection of the tread arc curvature and the centerplane is inclined at an angle .theta. F of greater than 5.degree. relative to a tangent line L, L being tangent to the tread arc at the centerplane and parallel to the axis of rotation R. The rear tire (20) when similarly measured has a tread arc having an angle .theta.R of less than 5.degree..

Description

TREAD ARCS FOR NONROTATABLE AUTOMOBILE
AND LIGHT TRUCK TIRES
Technical FSeld This invention relates to automobile and light truck tire combinations designed specifically for either the front wheel position or rear wheel position of front engine four wheeled mounted vehicles.
Background Art Automobile and light truck vehicles that have front engines and front steering suspensions have a vehicle weight distribution that is heavily loaded on the front position tires and lightly loaded on the rear position tires.
Light truck tires are routinely driven with no weight in the bed of the vehicle causing the rear tire position to typically operate at SO °& of the tires rated load. When the track is carrying is weight the load can be increased up to 100 of the tires rated load on the rear tires.
Mini-vans and sport utility vehicles in addition to being weight distribution sensitive have higher centers of gravity than automobiles.
These multi purpose vehicles (NIPV) put greater demands on tires due to their higher center of gravity and non-unifottn weight distribution. This combination causes the vehicle to undergo 2o greater amounts of vehicle roll putting higher loads on the outside shoulders of the front tires with resulting increases in wear rates. Goodyear developed the Wrangler GS-A and Wrangler Aquatred to meet these demands by engineering a tread design with distinct tread zones for specific performance demands. The outside shoulder was solidified to resist the tendency for fast front tire shoulder wear while providing traction through tread blocks in the other zones of the tread. This 25 design approach provided an improved level of treadwear and traction for MPV's in all wheel positions.
Tires for the front wheel positions of MPV's are subjected to special demands because of the higher center of gravity of the vehicle and the greater tendency for the vehicle to roll onto the outside shoulders of the tire. Looking at the footprint patch of the prior art tire in the front right 3o wheel position (as depicted in Fig. 1) one notes the higher outside contact area of the shoulder 2.
The tire geometry has been designed by increasing the tread mass distribution in this portion of the tread to resist the higher pressure and abrasion. The remainder of the tread area is optimized for traction and hydroplaning resistance. This state of the art design approach is embodied in the Wrangler GS-A and Wrangler Aquatred tires and represents the present state of the art in tread 35 designs for MPV's.
The rear wheel position of MPV's creates special demands on the tires because of the lighter and variable loading of the tire. The footprint of Fig. 2 depicts the same prior art tire of Fig. 1 when placed on the rear position at 50 % load. At this position the centerline pressure of the footprint is highest and needs to resist abrasion. Larger tread elements are needed at the centerline to resist this higher abrasion tendency while still providing traction and hydroplaning resistance by providing open shoulders a design that is in direct conflict with the needs of the front position tire.
The requirements for an all wheel position tire require a balance of design characteristics to meet the performance needs of both front and rear tire applications.
Inevitably, certain design tradeoffs or balances must be made in order to achieve performance levels for both positions. This results in a balanced design that cannot be fully optimized for either position. The Wrangler GS-A
1o and Wrangler Aquatred represents the state of the art approach in balanced performance while still meeting the special needs of the front tire positions on MPV's.
To push tire performance to the next level, new approaches to design and materials must be discovered. One attempt to push design towards the next level of tire performance for MPV's light tnrcks and automobiles focuses on optimizing the functional design based on wheel position requirements. The front tire requirements have been addressed by the poor art but were not fully exploited because of all wheel position demands. The demands of the rear position have been studied and understood but until recently have not been fully optimized due to the requirements for all wheel position capability. This invention focuses on optimizing both front and rear positions by designing a combination of tires having a unique tire for each position front and rear. The front 2o tines can be more fully optimized to resist fast outside shoulder wear while providing outstanding wet traction and handling. The rear position can be more fully optimized to resist the fast centerline wear associated with rear wheel drive and light loads while providing high levels of driving traction.
To optimize the front tire position, the invention employs multiple tread radii contouring the tread to achieve improved tread pressure distribution. Additionally, tread pattern mass is adjusted to enhance anti-hydroplaning performance while still providing resistance to outside shoulder wear. Since front tires encounter water on the road first, they must be more capable of anti-hydroplaning performance than the rear tires that run in their trough or wake.
To optimize the rear tires position, the invention also employs multiple tread radii 3o contouring the tread to achieve full contact of the tire footprint from shoulder to shoulder. This allows for more even treadwear across the tread with secondary benefits of traction improvement through full tread pattern contact. This has been previously difficult to achieve because of the fight loading of the rear position and the use of all wheel position design balances resulting in high centerline pressure and wear. Additionally, the tread mass distribution can now be optimized to n , ~n nn ~ ~~' n ~ W ~ O a n ~ s , n 7 1 o , v ~» ~." A n ~ ~~~n ~n~~
t . . ~ , ~~ ,~~ ~ n w " O .. n , 0 7 r resist fast centerline abrasion with tread design pattern details specifically suited for rear wheel drive traction.
Optimizing both front and rear designs based on functional requirements can result in tires that require no rotation and perform to higher levels of performance than tires that are designed for all wheel position use.
While it has been known in the art that specific tires for a particular wheel position can improve performance by the selection of certain distinct tread patterns that are wheel specific as is taught in German patent DE 3901624A1. These concepts have been limited to exotic racing type vehicles or high performance vehicles which may even employee different sized tires.
io Similarly, another German Patent 1,480,962 teaches a combination of features as disclosed in the preamble of claim 1 wherein different front and rear tires are used.
The invention disclosed below employs not only a distinct tread mass distribution but also teaches a specific footprint shape factor at normal pressure for variable vehicle loading conditions which can be achieved by unique tread arc curvatures for the front position tires and the rear position tires.
Description of the Invention summary of the Invention. A pneumatic radial tire combination for four-wheeled automobile or light thick vehicles has a pair of front steer position tires and a pair of rear position tires. Each front steer position tire or rear position tire has a footprint, each footprint has an axial 2o width W, as measured at the lateral extremes of the footprint, a centerplane CP midway between the lateral extremes of the footprint.
The tire combination has a pair of front steer position tires and a pair of rear position tires.
The front steer position tire has a footprint when the tire is normally inflated for normal load that has a footprint shape factor of greater than 1.00 at a 50 % load, and about 1.00 at both 85 % load and 100 % load. The footprint shape factor is defined as the maximum circumferential extent of the tire's footprint at the centerplane of the tire's footprint width divided by the average of the circumferential extent of the tire's footprint width as measured at 4p % of the footprint from both sides of the central plane of the footprint.
The rear position tire footprint, when the tire is normally inflated for normal load, has a so footprint shape factor of about 1. 00 at 50 % load, and 1.00 or less than 1.00 at 85 % load and 100 load when measured similar to the method described for the front position tires.
The footprints of each tire is divided into a central region, and a first shoulder and a second shoulder region. The central region extends 20 % of the footprint width W on either side of the centerplane CP. Each first and second shoulder region extends from a lateral edge of the footprint pNIENDE~ SHEET

o ~ ua n ~ . ..
nn n~ ~ n n , ..
, n a o n o ~o o n o oon~~ o a ~ ,..
n ~ o n ~ , o _ ~ , ~, n 3A, ~ ", to the central porkion. The tire combination has the footprint of the steer position tires having a tread contact area at normal inflation and load wherein the central region contact area is less than r, AMENDED S!iEE~f the contact area of a first or second shoulder area, while the footprint of the rear position tires have a contact area at normal inflation and load in the central region greater than the first or second shoulder portions.
Preferably, the central portion tread contact area of the front steer position tires is less than the first shoulder and the second shoulder contact areas respectively and the central portion of the tread contact area of the rear position tires is greater than the first and the second shoulder contact In a preferred embodiment, the central portion of the front steer position tires has a wide cireumferential groove having a groove width of about 10 % of the footprint width W at normal to load and inflation while the rear position tire has two wide circumferential grooves, one wide gtvove being located between the contact area of the central portion and the contact area of each first and second shoulder area.
The inventive pneumatic radial tire combination for four-wheeled automobile or light truck vehicles has a pair of fmnt steer position tires and a pair of rear position tires each tire having an t 5 axis of rotation and a casing. The casing has a ~r~cass and a belt reinforcement radially outward of the carcass. A tread is radially outward of the belt strucwre of the casing.
The tread has a pair of lateral edges, a tread arc extending between the lateral edges and a centeiplane passing midway between the lateral edges and perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
The tire combination has a first tread arc for the front position tires and a second tread arc 2o for the rear position tires, the tread arcs defined by a radially outer surface of the treads when the tires are normally inflated but unloaded.
The first trrad arc has a curvature of maximum radius at the centerplane of the tire and a curvature of decreasing radius extending toward the lateral edges, at an intersection of the lateral edge and the tread are a straight line drawn between the intersection of the tread are curvatiu~ and 2s the centeiplane is inclined at an angle gF of greater than 5 °
relative to a tangent line L, L being tangent to the tread arc at the centeiplane and parallel to the axis of rotation.
The second tread arc has a curvature of maximum radius at the centerplane of the tire and when measured similar to the tires for the front position has an angle gR of less than 5 ° relative to the tangent line L, L being tangent to the second tread arc curvature at the centerplane and parallel 3o to the axis of rotation.
In the preferned tire combination,. the front tire position first tread arc curvature extending from the centeiplane to a lateral edge has at least three radii of curvature R,, Rz, R~ decreasing in size as the curvature extends from the centeiplane to each lateral edge and the rear tire position second tread arc of curvature has at least two radii R,, RZ of curvature decreasing in size as the WO 99!14064 PCT/US97/16906 curvature extends from the centeiplane to each lateral edge.
The front tire positiomadius R, is the radius of curvature at the centeiplane and R3 is the radius of curvature at the lateral edge. Most preferably R, is greater than twice R3. R, of the front tire position is preferably about 600 mm and the tread radius R3 is greater than 200 mm.
5 The radii of curvature R,, R2, R, of the front position tires have the following ratio of lateral width to arc width on at least one-half of the tread of less than SO%
for R,, and greater than 20 % for RZ and R3 respectively.
The rear tire position has the radius R, preferably greater than 800 mm and the radius of curvature R' of the rear position tire is less than 200 mm.
1o The radii of curvature Rl and RZ of the mar position tires have the following ratio of lateral width to arc width on at least one tread-half of greater than 50 % for Rl and between 30 % to 50 for R,.
DeCmitions "Aspect ratio" of the tire means the ratio of its section height (SIB to its section width t5 (SRS multiplied by 100% for expression as a pemxntage.
"Asymmetric tread" means a tread that has a tread pattern not symmetrical about the centerplane or equatorial plane EP of the tire.
"Cireumferential" means lines or directions extending along the perimeter of the surface of the annular tread perpendicular to the axial direction.
20 "Equatorial plane (EP)" means the plane passing midway between the width of the tread and perpendicular to the tire's axis of rotation.
"Groove" means an elongated void area in a tread that may extend circumferentially or laterally about the tread in a straight, curved, or zigzag manner.
Circumferentially and laterally extending grooves sometimes have common portions. The "groove width" is equal to tread 25 surface area occupied by a groove or groove portion, the width of which is in question, divided by the length of such groove or groove portion; thus, the groove width is its average width over its length. Grooves may be of varying depths in a tire. The depth of a groove may vary around the circumference of the tread, or the depth of one groove may be constant but vary from the depth of another groove in the tire. If such narrow or wide grooves are of substantially reduced depth as 3o compared to wide ciicumferential grooves that they interconnect, they are regarded as forming "tie bars" tending to maintain a rib-like character in the tread region involved.
"Inboard side" means the side of the tire nearest the vehicle when the tire is mounted on a wheel and the wheel is mounted on the vehicle.
"Lateral" means an axial direction.

"Net contact area" means the total area of ground contacting elements between defined boundary edges divided by the gross area between the boundary edges as measuzed around the entire circumference of the tread.
"Net to-gross ratio" means the total area of ground contacting tread elements between the lateral edges around the entire circumference of the tread divided by the gross area of the entire tread between the lateral edges.
"Non-di~ional tread" means a tread that has no pmferred direction of fornard travel and is not required to be positioned on a vehicle in a specific wheel position or positions to ensure that the tread pattern is aligned with the preferred direction of travel.
Conversely, a directional tread to pattern has a preferred direction of travel requiring specific wheel positioning. "Axial" and "axially" means lines or directions that are parallel to the axis of rotation of the tire.
"Outboard side" means the side of the tire farthest away from the vehicle when the tire is mounted on a wheel and the wheel is mounted on the vehicle.
"Radial" and "radially" means directions radially toward or away fmm the axis of rotation ~ s of the tire.
"Rib" means a circumferentially extending strip of rubber on the tread which is defined by at least one circumferential groove and either a second such groove or a lateral edge, the strip being laterally undivided by full-depth grooves.
"Sipe" means small slots molded into the triad elements of the tire that subdivide the tread 2o surface and improve traction.
"Tread element" or "traction element" means a rib or a block element.
Brief Description of Drawings. Fig. 1 is a plan view of a footprint of a prior art tire made according to U.S. patent 5,415,215, the tire being normally inflated and loaded representing a front steer position mounting on a light tnrck or automobile.
2s Fig. 2 is a plan view of a footprint of a prior art tire made according to Fig. 1 the tire inflated for a 100 % load as in Fig. 1 but being loaded to 50 % representing a lightly loaded rear position mounting on a light thick or automobile.
Figs. 3A, 38 and 3C are plan views of the footprints of the front steer position inventive firs, depicting the firs inflated to the 100 % load but loaded to 50 % , 85 %
and 100 % loads 3o respectively.
Figs. 4A, 4B, and 4C are plan views of the footprints of the inventive rear position tire, depicting the tire inflated to 100 % load but loaded to 50 % , 85 % and 100 %
loads respectively.
Figs. 5 and 6 are cross-sectional views of the preferable embodiments inventive front steer position tire and the rear position tire ncspectively.

Figs. 7 and 8 are plan views of portions of the preferred treads for the inventive front steer position tire and the rear position tire respectively.
Detailed Description of the Invention. With reference to Figs. 1 and 2 a prior art tire's footprint or contact patch is shown. The tire shown is the Goodyear Wrangler Aquatred has tread s and features disclosed in U.S. Patents 5,415,215 and 5,658,404. The tire footprints were taken at a constant inflation pressure of 35 psi ( 240KPa) which is the inflation at 100 °.& standard maximum or maximum load for the tire shown, a P235/75R15 as specified in the Tire &
Rim Association Handbook. For comparative purposes each test tire 10, 20 and the prior art tire used this size tire.
After the tire is broken in using the ASTM break-in procedure for the tire the footprint io shape can be determined.
To measure the footprint shape a tire is either inked and pressed against a paper or cardboard sheet which is laid on a flat hard surface at a fixed load and with the tire inflated at a fixed pressure leaving the impression of the tread on the paper or cardboard surface. This technique of footprinting is old in the tire art and is commonly understood.
Alten~atively, inkless is procedures are also available which include carbonless paper, pressure sensing pads and the like.
In all cases, one of the objectives is to get the tread contacting surfaces within the footprint defined.
Once the tire engineer has the footprint shape he or she can make several observations or predictions about the tire and its tread.
Historically, the butterfly shaped footprint was determined to be undesirable.
2o Alternatively, the footprints having a shape similar to the bow of a boat were considered desirable for pushing water away from the center of the tread. As shown in Figs. l and 2 the prior art tire exhibits this bow shape of footprint.
Inherently, when the leading and trailing edges of the footprint are not axially extending, that is if they are curved or bowed, this means that as the tire rolls a portion of the tread contacts 2s the ground first and Laterally adjacent tread elements follow. This can cause a phenomena known as tread element squirm. As the tread elements leave the treads footprint the elements snap out of the contact patch as the pressure holding the element against the road is released. The elements lightly contacting the road are slid across the roadway wearing the element similar to sliding rubber eraser across a sheet of paper. The inventors of the present invention believe ideally the tread 3o elements should have a uniform pressure distribution laterally across the tread and more preferably the leading and trailing edges of the footprint should be axially extending in a straight line path under all operating conditions.
To better understand this ideal relationship, the inventors have developed a concept and methodology to define the footprint shape factor.

First, the maximum axial width W of the footprint is measured. Then, the distance halfway between the maximum axial width W is defined as the tire's centerplane CP. A distance 40 % of the tread width (R~ on each side of the centerplane is located as shown as reference numerals 2, 4. A cireumferential Line 5, 6 is drawn thmugh points 2-2 and 4-4 respectively and the length of line Isl and Is2is calculated summed and divided by 2 to arrive at an average shoulder length Ls. The footprint length L,~ at the centerplane is measured. The footprint shape factor F is the ratio of L~JLs.
As shown the footprint shape factor F of the prior art tire was 1.12 at nonmal inflation and normal load, at the same pressure and at 50 ~ load the footprint shape factor F is 1.50. As can be to easily appreciated the footprint's shape is very different at these different loads.
This prior art tire employed a large single radius of curvature R, and attempted to optimize the tread mass distribution for a "balanced tire" with very good wear characteristics. Nevertheless, the prior art tire had to be rotated after a period of use to optimize the tread wear rates. The problem is that these tires for light weight trucks face such a wide range of loads particularly on the is rear position tines.
One partial solution to this variable load phoblem would be to reduce or increase the tire's inflation pressure to match each load condition. A central inflation system could be mounted on the vehicle which could automatically adjust the tire pressure to match the load. In such a case the footprint shape would most likely remain almost constant. The drawback to such a system is cost.
2o The consumer would appreciate receiving this neutralizing of load variances at no cost. To achieve this result the tires must become somewhat load insensitive.
Figs. 3A, 3B and 3C show footprints of a tire 10 for a front steer position four-wheeled vehicle. Figs. 4A, 4B and 4C show footprints for a tire 20 for a rear position four-wheeled vehicle. In the figures each tire is inflated to a constant pressure and then the tire is broken in 25 using ASTM tire break-in procedures. The inflated tire is then loaded to 50 ~ , 85 % , and 100 ~
loads and a footprint is taken at each load. The footprint shape factor F is then calculated as previously described.
Ideally the length of Ls2 the left side of the tire footprint is very close to the same length as Lsl the right side, that is the distance between the points 2-2 and the distance between points 4-4 3o are about the same. Since one of the objectives is to have the leading and trailing edges being almost axially extending at or during the most typical vehicle load condition for each wheel position it is considered important that the difference in length from point 2-2 relative to point 4-4 does not exceed 10~, more preferably about 5 °& or less. This means that the left side 2-2 could be greater in length than the length L~ while the right side is smaller than L,~
with the resultant effect being L~JLS equaling 1.00 however, in such a case the distance 2-2 would be 105 % and the distance 4-4 would be 95 % of the length h. 'This asymmetry of the footprint shape can be tolerated as long as the deviation from generally axially extending leading and trailing edges is minimized. The main feature is that the tires 10, 20 when exposed to the most common vehicle load for the wheel position, should have the footprint shape factor within 5 pemxnt or less of the L,~JL~ ratio of 1.0 most preferably within 2 % . For example, given the firont tire position achieves this result between 85 % and 100 % of vehicle load while the rear position tire sees this condition near the more typical 50 % load condition.
The inventive front steer position tire 10 has a footprint shape factor greater than 1.00, at io the 50 % load, and about 1.00 at 85 % load and about 1.00 at 100 % load. In the particular embodiment tire IO illustrated the footprint shape factor was 1.13, 0.99, and 0.98 respectively for the 50 % , 85 % and 100 % loads.
In the rear position tire 20 the footprints shown in Figs. 4A, 4B and 4C have footprint shape factors of about 1.00 at 50 % load and 1.00 or less at both 85 % load and 100 % load. In the t 5 particular emboidment illustrated the footprint shape factors were 1.00, 0.91 and 0.90 for the 50 % , 85 % and 100 % loads respectively when mesured after being broken in.
In the front steer position tires 10 the expac~ vehicle loads on the tire are typically in the 85 % to 100 % standard maximum load range. The four-wheeled front engine mounted vehicles typically exhibit that much weight on the forward portion of the vehicle. Therefore, the footprint shape 2o factor F can very closely be designed to the ideal 1.00 give or take a few percent for the 85 % and 100 % load. In the exemplary tire 10 this was achieved when the 50 % loaded tire 10 had a broken in footprint shape factor F set greater than 1.00, preferably about 10 %
greater.
In the rear position tire 20 the vehicle load range varies from the 50 % load typically to 100 % less frequently. Therefore, the tire 20 has the footprint shape factor set at about 1.00 for 25 50 % load and less than 1.00 for the 85 % and 100 % loaded conditions. The initial 50 % loaded footprint shape factor preferably is less than 1.05 with about a .10 drop from the initial 50% loaded condition as the loads increase to 85 % and 100 % .
It can be observed that a similar .10 or more drop occurned in the front position tire 10 as the loads inch from 50 % to 85 % and 100 % . The difference being at the 50 %
loads the front 3o tire footprint shape factor is about 0.10 or more greater than the rear position tire at the inflation pressures as tested.
Having described the novel footprint shape factors needed to produce a combination of tires for a four-wheel front engine mounted vehicle that are specifically designed for the front steer wheel position and the rear wheel position the readers attention is called to Figs. 5 and 6. Fig. 5 n ; f , o a o0 0 o my ~, ~
oe ee o ° o o~ nn o a v o o a v n n o n a o o eves a o n ~r ~ inn ~, o a o o a o ~ n O a O O 0 ly n ~ , . ~, n n , shows the cross section of the tire 10 for the front steer position whereas Fig. 6 shows the cross section of the tire 20 for the rear position.
As shown the tires 10 and 20 have very similar structures and are made of similar components. Alternatively, the tires may employ different tread compounds and other component differences more suited for the specific wheel position if so desired.
Each tire 10, 20 has an axis of rotation R, a casing 30, the casing 30 has a carcass 32 and a belt reinforcing structure 34 radially outward of the carcass 32. The carcass 32 preferably includes at least one elastomeric ply 36 reinforced with radial cords and an inner liner 35 and a pair of sidewalls 21. The ply 36 is wrapped about two annular bead cores 40 as shown.
The tires 10, 20 to each have tread 22 located radially outward of the belt reinforcing structure 34 of the casing 30.
The tread has a pair of lateral edges 42, 44, a tread arc 46, 48 extending between the lateral edges and a centerplane (CP) passing midway between the lateral edges 42, 44 and perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The combination of tyres 10, 20 exhibit two distinct tread arcs 46 for the front tirel0 and 48 for the rear tire 20. The first tread arc 46 for the front position tire 10 and the is second tread arc 48 of the rear tire 20 are both defined by the radially outermost surface 45 of the tread elements when the tire is inflated but unloaded.
The first tread arc 46 has a curvature of maximum radius R, at the centeiplane CP of the tire 10 and a curvature of decreasing radius R2, R3 extending toward the lateral edges. As shown at an intersection 47 of the lateral edge and the tread arc a straight line 50 is drawn between the 2o intersection 49 of the arc and the centerplane CP. The line 50 is inclined at an angle gF greater than 5 ° relative to a tangent line L, L being tangent to the tread arc at the centerline CP and parallel to the axis of rotation.
It is believed preferred that both tread halves extending from the centerplane CP to the lateral edges 42, 44 have similar curvatures, however, it is contemplated that the curvature could 25 be asymmetric or distinct between tread halves but it is believed that the line 50 should be inclined at an angle gF, gF being greater than 5 ° on either side.
What is a clearly unique feature is that the tire 20 for the rs~r position has a line 50 inclined at an angle eR, 6R being less than 5°.
For simplicity of measurement, these features can easily be measured directly from the tire 3o mold or the engineering drawings. The rear tire 20 like the front tire 10 is preferably symmetrical on each tread half in terms of tread arc curvatures although the inventive concept is not limited to a symmetry of curvature.
The inventors believe that the above-described curvatures of the tread arc provide one very good if not the best way of way achieving the footprint shape factors F.
AMENDcD S BEET

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In the front tire 10 the preferred tire had at least three radii of curvature Rl, R2, R3 extending from the centerplane to a lateral edge 42 or 44. The radii Ri, R2, R3 decrease in size as the curvature extends from the centerplane to each lateral edge. R, is the radius of curvature at the centerplane, the radius Rl extending laterally to less than 50 % of the arc width while the radii RZ
and R3 each have lateral width of greater than 20 % of the arc width as measured between the centerplane CP and the lateral edges 42, 44 or on one-half of the tread as shown in Fig. 8.
The tire 10 of the present invention had the Rl radius at least twice as large as R3, preferably about three times and R, falling in between Rl and R3 in size and location. Rl for the test tire 10 was about 600 mm, RZ was about 300 mm, while R3 is greater than 200 mm, about 229 o mm. The lateral width ratio of Rl was 45.2 % , RZ was 24 % and R3 was 30. 8 % . The actual total tread arc width being the sum of 38.12 mm for Rl, 20.22 mm for RZ and 25.9 mm for R3 or 84.24 mm for each half of the tread as shown in Fig. 5. The resultant shoulder drop at the intersection 47 relative to the line L is about 8 mm and the angle gF was 5.4°.
For the preferred rear tire 20 the tread arc curvature 48 had two radii, R, and RZ, Rl being ~5 greater than 800, or about 834 mm while R~ was less than 200 mm, or about 175 mm. The lateral width ratios of the curvatures Rl and RZ were greater than 50 % for Rl and between 30 % to 50 for R2. The actual test tire Rl width to arc width ratio was 61.8 % while RZ
was 38.2 % on each tread half. The actual widths 53.64 mm and 33.2 mm on each tread half for a total tread arc width per tread half of 88.84 mm. The tread shoulder drop off at the intersection 47 was about 7 mm.
2o While gR was less than 5°, measuring 4.6°.
For comparison the prior art Wlarlgler Aquatrerl had a single tread radius Rl of about 433 mm and a tread width ratio of 100 % with a total tread arc width of about 80 mm per tread half.
The resultant angle a was 5.3°. What this meant was that the prior art tire was arguably closer to satisfying the angular relationship for the front steer position, however, when one studies the 25 footprint shape factor F as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, a bow shaped footprint outside the desired range is exhibited. This to the inventors means that the prior art tire although a good "balanced tire" failed to optimize the features needed for the combination df unique steer and rear position applications.
Having established the basis for distinct optimized footprint shape factors F
and unique 3o tread arc curvatures for each wheel position the final problem solved by the inventors was the placement of and type and shape of the tread elements.
Since a specific tire was needed for each wheel position the inventors have the fireedom to select distinct front and rear position tread patterns. In Figs. 7 and 8 are plan views of the preferred tread patterns.
AMENDED S. ;~~7 In tire 10 the tread 22 has a wide circumferential groove 60 in the center of the tread bounded by closely spaced tread elements 70 adjacent the wide groove. If the tread were divided into three equal width zones 80, 81, 82 between the lateral edges 42, 44, the central zone 81 would have a net contact area less than either shoulder zone 80 or 82. While the zone 80 should be equal to or greater in net contact area than the other shoulder zone 82.
The rear tire 20 tread as shown in Fig. 8 has two wide circumferential grooves, one such groove 61, 62 being bounded by tread elements 70 and being located with each half of the tread and being spaced laterally about midway of each tread half. The central zone 91 has a net contact area greater than the net contact area of shoulder zones 90 and 92. The shoulder zones 90, 92 have 1o net contact areas about equal as shown with open laterally extending grooves 94 for traction. This combination of tread patterns optimizes the tread wear rates for each wheel position while enhancing snow and wet traction performance.
The front tire 10 has a tread arc width slightly narnower than the rear tire 20. This complements the use of only one wide cirr~umferential groove 60 on the front tire. While the wider is rear tire employs two such grooves 61, 62, this combination has very pronounced deep-water anti-hydroplaning benefits. The narrower front tire pushes the water out of the way the wider rear tires following in the wake of the front tire sees less water in the center of the tread and a little more in the shoulders zones when traveling at speed. This is a phenomena that is likely to result when a driver suddenly comes upon deep puddle water on a roadway and unexpectedly has no time to 2o reduce speed. These tires greatly enhance the vehicle's ability to track straight without hydroplaning.
It is believed beneficial if the wide groove, 60, 61, 62 have a width of at least 7 ~ of the total tread width, preferably about 10 ~ .
As can be seen from the above description, the inventive front tire 10 is dissimilar to the 2s rear position tire 20 is a multiple of ways. The footprint shape factors, the tread are curvatures and the tread mass distribution are distinct. These differences due to wheel position sensitivity are noticeable. In commercial tins for heavy-duty tnrcks specific tires for the various wheel positions is common practice. In the lightweight vehicles such a practice was heretofore avoided. By discovering a way in which vehicle tire rotation is not needed to achieve acceptable tread wear, the 3o present invention greatly enhances the agencies ability to tune the tire for optimal performance.
One such way is to provide a harder better wearing tread compound on the front wheel position and a softer more traction sensitive compound on the rear tire.
Similarly a lower rolling resistant compound can be used on the front wheel position while a superior traction compound is used on the rear. By tuning the tines in such a way, the perfonarance of the combination will be superior to the performance of the balanced or ail position tires of the past.

Claims (6)

14

1. A pneumatic radial tire combination for four-wheeled automobile or light truck vehicles having a pair of front steer position tires 10 and a pair of rear position tires 20 each tire 10, 20 having an axis of rotation and a casing 30, the casing having a carcass 32 and a belt reinforcing structure 34 radially outward of the carcass 32, a tread 22 being radially outward of the belt structure 34 of the casing 30, the tread 22 having a pair of lateral edges 42, 44, a tread arc 46, 48 extending between the lateral edges 42, 44 and a centerplane CP passing midway between the lateral edges 42, 44 and perpendicular to the axis of rotation, the tire 10, 20 combination has a first tread arc 46 for the front position tires 10 and a second tread arc 48 for the rear position tires 20, the tread arcs 46, 48 defined by a radially outer surface 45 of the treads when the tires 10, 20 are normally inflated but unloaded, the first tread arc 46 having a curvature of maximum radius R, at the centerplane CP of the tire 10 and a curvature of decreasing radius R2, R3 extending toward the lateral edges 42, 44, characterized by at an intersection 47 of the lateral edge 42, 44 and the tread arc 46 a straight line 50 drawn between the intersection 49 of the tread arc curvature 46 and the centerplane CP is inclined at an angle .theta.F relative to a tangent line L, L being tangent to the tread arc 46 at the centerplane CP and parallel to the axis of rotation;
the second tread arc 48 has a curvature of maximum radius R1 at the centerplane CP
of the tire 20 and when measured similar to the tires 10 for the front position has an angle .theta.R of less than .theta.F, .theta.R being less than 5° relative to the tangent line L, L being tangent to the second tread arc curvature 48 at the centerplane CP and parallel to the axis of rotation;
wherein the front tire 10 position first tread arc curvature 46 extending from the centerplane CP to a lateral edge 42, 44 has at least three radii of curvature R1, R2, R3 decreasing in size as the curvature 46 extends from the centerplane CP to each lateral edge 42, 44, the radii of curvature R1, R2, R3 of the front position tires 10 have the following ratio of lateral width to arc width on at least one-half of the tread 22 of 60 % or less R1, and 20 % or greater R2 and R3 respectively, radius R1 is the radius of curvature at the centerplane CP
and R3 is the radius of curvature at the lateral edge 42, 44, R1 being about 600 mm and greater than twice R3.

2. The tire combination of claim 1 wherein the tread radius R3 is greater than 200 mm.

3. The tire combination of claim 1 wherein the rear tire position 20 second tread arc of curvature 48 extending from the centerplane CP to a lateral edge 42, 44 has at least two radii R1, R2 of curvature decreasing in size as the curvature 48 extends from the centerplane CP to each lateral edge 42, 44.

4. The tire combination of claim 3 wherein R1 of the rear tire position 20 is greater than 800 mm.

5. The tire combination of claims 3 and 4 wherein the radius of curvature R2 of the rear position tire 20 is less than 200 mm.

6. The tire combination of claims 3, 4 and 5 wherein the radii of curvature R1 and R2 of the rear position tires 20 have the following ratio of lateral width to arc width on at least one tread half of greater than 50% for R1 and between 30% to 60% for R2.