CA2291370A1 - An electric continuous flow heater and a method for its manufacture - Google Patents
An electric continuous flow heater and a method for its manufacture Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2291370A1 CA2291370A1 CA002291370A CA2291370A CA2291370A1 CA 2291370 A1 CA2291370 A1 CA 2291370A1 CA 002291370 A CA002291370 A CA 002291370A CA 2291370 A CA2291370 A CA 2291370A CA 2291370 A1 CA2291370 A1 CA 2291370A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- continuous flow
- heavy duty
- flow heater
- electric continuous
- ceramics
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
- F24H1/00—Water heaters, e.g. boilers, continuous-flow heaters or water-storage heaters
- F24H1/10—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium
- F24H1/12—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium
- F24H1/14—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium by tubes, e.g. bent in serpentine form
- F24H1/142—Continuous-flow heaters, i.e. heaters in which heat is generated only while the water is flowing, e.g. with direct contact of the water with the heating medium in which the water is kept separate from the heating medium by tubes, e.g. bent in serpentine form using electric energy supply
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Instantaneous Water Boilers, Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses, And Control Of Portable Hot-Water Supply Apparatuses (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to an electric continuous flow heater having a heating chamber which possesses an inflow and an outflow for a fluid to be heated. To provide a continuous flow heater having the highest possible efficiency, at least one part of the wall of the heating chamber consists of heavy duty ceramics and a heating conductor is provided outside the heating chamber, which forms a large-area contact with the outside of the heavy duty ceramics.
Description
AN ELECTRIC CONTINUOUS FLOW HEATER AND
A METHOD FOR ITS MANUFACTURE
The invention relates to wn electric continuous flow heater having a heating chamber which possesses an inflow and an outflow for a fluid to be heated.
Continuous flow heaters are used in the home, for example, for dishwashers or washing machines, and for industrial applications, for example, to heat heat-carrier oils.
Normally, a continuous flow heater consists of a metal pipe surrounded by an electrically insulating layer and a heater coil affixed thereto. However, this design has the disadvantage that a relatively high thermal resistance exists between the heater coil and the metal pipe so that substantial temperature differences can sometimes occur between the heater coil and the metal pipe.
A hob is described in DE 297 02 813 U1, which provides a hob plate made of heavy duty ceramics. A heating conductor, which is affixed on the lower side of the hob plate, forms a large-area contact with the hob plate. Silicone nitride or silicon carbide are listed as suitable heavy duty ceramics for the hob plate. For lower temperatures, in the range of 250°C, other electrically insulating ceramics, such as aluminium oxide may be used. Such heavy duty ceramics are particularly suitable for use as hob plates due to their thermal conductivity, thermal coefficient of expansion, tolerated surface strain, and specific electric resistance. The thermal conductivity of these materials is in the medium range between 4-50W/mK. It was found that these medium thermal conductivity values provide a good compromise between the thermal insulation towards the housing and the thermal transmission towards the heating element. At the.same time, the thermal coefficient of expansion of these heavy duty ceramics is very low, being in the range of 10-6 1/K, so that the strains and warpage of the hob plate caused by different heating remain low.
The specific electric resistance of the heavy duty ceramics used is in the range of 1013 ohm/cm and is thus so high that corresponding electrical heating conductors can be affixed directly to the lower side of the hob plate.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an electric continuous flow heater having a very high level of efficiency.
This object is achieved by providing an electric continuous flow heater, comprising a heating chamber having at least one wall and possessing an inflow and an outflow for a fluid to be heated, wherein at least one part of the wall of the heating chamber consists of heavy duty ceramics; and outside the heating chamber a heating conductor is provided which forms a large-area contact with the outside of the heavy duty ceramics.
This continuous flow heater is very efficient because the direct contact of the heating conductor with the heavy duty ceramics results in a low temperature difference between the heating conductor and heavy duty ceramics. Another advantage is that local overheating spots on the continuous flow heater are avoided. Such overheating spots can lead to the decomposition of the oil, particularly with heat carrier oils. A further advantage is that the continuous flow heater of the present invention is relatively compact, because a high power density can be achieved
A METHOD FOR ITS MANUFACTURE
The invention relates to wn electric continuous flow heater having a heating chamber which possesses an inflow and an outflow for a fluid to be heated.
Continuous flow heaters are used in the home, for example, for dishwashers or washing machines, and for industrial applications, for example, to heat heat-carrier oils.
Normally, a continuous flow heater consists of a metal pipe surrounded by an electrically insulating layer and a heater coil affixed thereto. However, this design has the disadvantage that a relatively high thermal resistance exists between the heater coil and the metal pipe so that substantial temperature differences can sometimes occur between the heater coil and the metal pipe.
A hob is described in DE 297 02 813 U1, which provides a hob plate made of heavy duty ceramics. A heating conductor, which is affixed on the lower side of the hob plate, forms a large-area contact with the hob plate. Silicone nitride or silicon carbide are listed as suitable heavy duty ceramics for the hob plate. For lower temperatures, in the range of 250°C, other electrically insulating ceramics, such as aluminium oxide may be used. Such heavy duty ceramics are particularly suitable for use as hob plates due to their thermal conductivity, thermal coefficient of expansion, tolerated surface strain, and specific electric resistance. The thermal conductivity of these materials is in the medium range between 4-50W/mK. It was found that these medium thermal conductivity values provide a good compromise between the thermal insulation towards the housing and the thermal transmission towards the heating element. At the.same time, the thermal coefficient of expansion of these heavy duty ceramics is very low, being in the range of 10-6 1/K, so that the strains and warpage of the hob plate caused by different heating remain low.
The specific electric resistance of the heavy duty ceramics used is in the range of 1013 ohm/cm and is thus so high that corresponding electrical heating conductors can be affixed directly to the lower side of the hob plate.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an electric continuous flow heater having a very high level of efficiency.
This object is achieved by providing an electric continuous flow heater, comprising a heating chamber having at least one wall and possessing an inflow and an outflow for a fluid to be heated, wherein at least one part of the wall of the heating chamber consists of heavy duty ceramics; and outside the heating chamber a heating conductor is provided which forms a large-area contact with the outside of the heavy duty ceramics.
This continuous flow heater is very efficient because the direct contact of the heating conductor with the heavy duty ceramics results in a low temperature difference between the heating conductor and heavy duty ceramics. Another advantage is that local overheating spots on the continuous flow heater are avoided. Such overheating spots can lead to the decomposition of the oil, particularly with heat carrier oils. A further advantage is that the continuous flow heater of the present invention is relatively compact, because a high power density can be achieved
2 with a low temperature level of the heating conductor, due to the advantageous properties of heavy duty ceramics.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the heating chamber is an interior pipe made of heavy duty ceramics having a surrounding insulation layer, with the heating conductor being introduced between the insulation layer and the interior pipe. The design of the heating chamber in the form of pipe-shaped heavy duty ceramics has the advantage that the fluid to be heated is surrounded on all sides by a heating chamber wall. In this way, a particularly space-saving design of the continuous flow heater is possible.
However, because the production of plate-shaped heavy duty ceramics is less expensive than pipe-shaped ceramics, it is also possible for at least one wall of the heating chamber to be made of a plate of heavy duty ceramics which is covered on its outside by an insulation layer, with the heating conductor being introduced between the insulation layer and the interior pipe. In a particular embodiment, two parallel walls of the heating chamber consist of a plate made of heavy duty ceramics. In this way, a low-cost continuous flow heater is provided which produces approximately the same amount of installed power relative to physical size as the continuous flow heater with interior pipe.
The ceramics used as heavy duty ceramics are preferably silicon nitride, silicon carbide or aluminium nitride. These ceramics possess the above-mentioned advantages of heavy duty ceramics.
Various designs are suitable for the formation of the heating conductor. One possibility comprises the heating conductor consisting of a metal foil pressed onto the outside wall of the
In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the heating chamber is an interior pipe made of heavy duty ceramics having a surrounding insulation layer, with the heating conductor being introduced between the insulation layer and the interior pipe. The design of the heating chamber in the form of pipe-shaped heavy duty ceramics has the advantage that the fluid to be heated is surrounded on all sides by a heating chamber wall. In this way, a particularly space-saving design of the continuous flow heater is possible.
However, because the production of plate-shaped heavy duty ceramics is less expensive than pipe-shaped ceramics, it is also possible for at least one wall of the heating chamber to be made of a plate of heavy duty ceramics which is covered on its outside by an insulation layer, with the heating conductor being introduced between the insulation layer and the interior pipe. In a particular embodiment, two parallel walls of the heating chamber consist of a plate made of heavy duty ceramics. In this way, a low-cost continuous flow heater is provided which produces approximately the same amount of installed power relative to physical size as the continuous flow heater with interior pipe.
The ceramics used as heavy duty ceramics are preferably silicon nitride, silicon carbide or aluminium nitride. These ceramics possess the above-mentioned advantages of heavy duty ceramics.
Various designs are suitable for the formation of the heating conductor. One possibility comprises the heating conductor consisting of a metal foil pressed onto the outside wall of the
3 heavy duty ceramics by means of an insulating film. A meander-like shape of the heating conductor can be achieved by cutting the heating conductor out of a metal foil using a suitable cutting device, for example, a laser cutting device.
Further possibilities for the formation of the heating conductor consist of applying resistance films or metal layers to the outside wall of the heavy duty ceramics in thick film technology or thin film technology. Furthermore, flame spraying processes can also be used with which an intermediate film of a material serving as an adhesion agent and/or an electrical insulator can be applied. For example, aluminium oxide can be sprayed on as an electrical insulator, this being particularly necessary if electrically conducting heavy duty ceramics such as silicon carbide are used.
Another possibility consists of affixing the heating conductor to the outside wall of the heavy duty ceramics directly or by means of an adhesion agent in the form of a resistance paste.
Resistance pastes or heating resistances with positive temperature characteristics (PTC), are particularly suitable. The PTC characteristics cause the resistance of the relevant heating resistor to increase suddenly when a certain temperature is reached so that, in this range, the temperature or the power implemented in the heating resistor remains constant. Preferably, the jump temperature of the heating resistor is set to the maximum temperature for heavy duty ceramics.
Irrespective of the material of the heating conductor, the path of the heating conductor on the heavy duty ceramics is appropriately designed in a meander shape. The resistance of the heating conductor is determined by the width, thickness, and
Further possibilities for the formation of the heating conductor consist of applying resistance films or metal layers to the outside wall of the heavy duty ceramics in thick film technology or thin film technology. Furthermore, flame spraying processes can also be used with which an intermediate film of a material serving as an adhesion agent and/or an electrical insulator can be applied. For example, aluminium oxide can be sprayed on as an electrical insulator, this being particularly necessary if electrically conducting heavy duty ceramics such as silicon carbide are used.
Another possibility consists of affixing the heating conductor to the outside wall of the heavy duty ceramics directly or by means of an adhesion agent in the form of a resistance paste.
Resistance pastes or heating resistances with positive temperature characteristics (PTC), are particularly suitable. The PTC characteristics cause the resistance of the relevant heating resistor to increase suddenly when a certain temperature is reached so that, in this range, the temperature or the power implemented in the heating resistor remains constant. Preferably, the jump temperature of the heating resistor is set to the maximum temperature for heavy duty ceramics.
Irrespective of the material of the heating conductor, the path of the heating conductor on the heavy duty ceramics is appropriately designed in a meander shape. The resistance of the heating conductor is determined by the width, thickness, and
4 length of the heating conductor extending over the heavy duty ceramics, and on the material used.
In accordance with another preferred embodiment, the insulation layer surrounding the heating chamber is surrounded by a housing.
In the event that the heating conductor consists of a metal foil, the housing can be tautened with respect to the heating chamber in such a way that the metal foil is pressed in a suitable manner onto the outside wall of the heavy duty ceramics.
In accordance with another preferred embodiment, a temperature sensor is affixed to the heavy duty ceramics, which is connected to a regulating device for the regulation of the temperature measured. Because of the good thermal conductivity of heavy duty ceramics, their temperature increases rapidly in response to a power increase of the heating conductor. Accordingly, the temperature of the heavy duty ceramics can be simply and effectively regulated.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method for manufacturing the part of the wall of the heating chamber which consists of heavy duty ceramics. The formable starting ceramic mass is put into the desired form by injection moulding. The green body formed in this way is then further processed to heavy duty ceramics in a known manner. Injection moulding to give form to the green body is particularly suitable for the forming of short interior pipes. If the green bodies in question are in the form of longer pipes, the forming of the formable starting mass by extrusion has proved to be particularly advantageous.
Further advantages and details of the invention are described in more detail with reference to the following drawing of an embodiment of the invention in which:
Figure 1 shows a cross-section through a pipe-shaped continuous flow heater.
The interior pipe 1 of the continuous flow heater consists of silicon nitride heavy duty ceramics. The interior pipe 1 is surrounded by an insulation layer 3 which is in turn pressed against the outside wall of the interior pipe 1 by a suitably designed housing 4. A heating conductor 2, affixed in meander-like form to the outside wall of the interior pipe in the form of a resistance paste, is located between the interior pipe 1 and the insulation layer 3. The resistance paste possesses PTC
characteristics which causes the resistance of the relevant heating resistor to increase suddenly when a certain temperature is reached. In this way, it is ensured that the heavy duty ceramics do not overheat in an unsuitable manner. The interior pipe 1 possesses an inflow 5 and an outflow 6 for a fluid to be heated. The power transmitted to the fluid can also be varied with the flow speed of the fluid. Where necessary, gases can be led through the continuous flow heater instead of fluids.
In accordance with another preferred embodiment, the insulation layer surrounding the heating chamber is surrounded by a housing.
In the event that the heating conductor consists of a metal foil, the housing can be tautened with respect to the heating chamber in such a way that the metal foil is pressed in a suitable manner onto the outside wall of the heavy duty ceramics.
In accordance with another preferred embodiment, a temperature sensor is affixed to the heavy duty ceramics, which is connected to a regulating device for the regulation of the temperature measured. Because of the good thermal conductivity of heavy duty ceramics, their temperature increases rapidly in response to a power increase of the heating conductor. Accordingly, the temperature of the heavy duty ceramics can be simply and effectively regulated.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method for manufacturing the part of the wall of the heating chamber which consists of heavy duty ceramics. The formable starting ceramic mass is put into the desired form by injection moulding. The green body formed in this way is then further processed to heavy duty ceramics in a known manner. Injection moulding to give form to the green body is particularly suitable for the forming of short interior pipes. If the green bodies in question are in the form of longer pipes, the forming of the formable starting mass by extrusion has proved to be particularly advantageous.
Further advantages and details of the invention are described in more detail with reference to the following drawing of an embodiment of the invention in which:
Figure 1 shows a cross-section through a pipe-shaped continuous flow heater.
The interior pipe 1 of the continuous flow heater consists of silicon nitride heavy duty ceramics. The interior pipe 1 is surrounded by an insulation layer 3 which is in turn pressed against the outside wall of the interior pipe 1 by a suitably designed housing 4. A heating conductor 2, affixed in meander-like form to the outside wall of the interior pipe in the form of a resistance paste, is located between the interior pipe 1 and the insulation layer 3. The resistance paste possesses PTC
characteristics which causes the resistance of the relevant heating resistor to increase suddenly when a certain temperature is reached. In this way, it is ensured that the heavy duty ceramics do not overheat in an unsuitable manner. The interior pipe 1 possesses an inflow 5 and an outflow 6 for a fluid to be heated. The power transmitted to the fluid can also be varied with the flow speed of the fluid. Where necessary, gases can be led through the continuous flow heater instead of fluids.
Claims (13)
1. An electric continuous flow heater, comprising:
a heating chamber having at least one wall and possessing an inflow and an outflow for a fluid to be heated, wherein at least one part of the wall of the heating chamber consists of heavy duty ceramics; and outside the heating chamber a heating conductor is provided which forms a large-area contact with the outside of the heavy duty ceramics.
a heating chamber having at least one wall and possessing an inflow and an outflow for a fluid to be heated, wherein at least one part of the wall of the heating chamber consists of heavy duty ceramics; and outside the heating chamber a heating conductor is provided which forms a large-area contact with the outside of the heavy duty ceramics.
2. An electric continuous flow heater in accordance with claim 1, wherein the heating chamber is an interior pipe made of heavy duty ceramics having a surrounding insulation layer, with the heating conductor being introduced between the insulation layer and the interior pipe.
3. An electric continuous flow heater in accordance with claim 1, wherein at least one wall of the heating chamber consists of a plate of heavy duty ceramics covered on the outside by an insulation layer, with the heating conductor being introduced between the insulation layer and the interior pipe.
4. An electric continuous flow heater in accordance with claim 3, wherein two parallel walls of the heating chamber each consist of a plate made of heavy duty ceramics.
5. An electric continuous flow heater in accordance with claims 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein the heavy duty ceramics are selected from the group consisting of silicon nitride, silicon carbide or aluminium nitride.
6. An electric continuous flow heater in accordance with claims 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, wherein the heating conductor consists of a metal layer evaporated onto the outside wall of the heavy duty ceramics.
7. An electric continuous flow heater in accordance with claims 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, wherein the heating conductor consists of a metal layer pressed onto the outside wall of the heavy duty ceramics by means of the insulation layer.
8. An electric continuous flow heater in accordance with claims 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, wherein the heating conductor consists of a resistance paste applied directly or by means of an adhesion agent to the outside wall of the heavy duty ceramics.
9. An electric continuous flow heater in accordance with any of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, wherein the heating conductor possesses a meander-like course.
10. An electric continuous flow heater in accordance with claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, wherein the insulation layer is surrounded by a housing.
11. An electric continuous flow heater in accordance with claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, wherein a temperature sensor is affixed to the heavy duty ceramics which is connected to a regulation device for the regulation of the temperature measured.
12. A method for manufacturing a part of a wall of a heating chamber consisting of heavy duty ceramics, for use in an electric continuous flow heater, wherein a formable starting mass is put into the desired form by injection molding.
13. A method for manufacturing a part of a wall of a heating chamber consisting of heavy duty ceramics, for use in an electric continuous flow heater, wherein a formable starting mass is put into the desired form by extrusion.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19856087A DE19856087A1 (en) | 1998-12-04 | 1998-12-04 | Electric instantaneous water heater and process for its manufacture |
| DE19856087.7 | 1998-12-04 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2291370A1 true CA2291370A1 (en) | 2000-06-04 |
Family
ID=7890042
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002291370A Abandoned CA2291370A1 (en) | 1998-12-04 | 1999-11-30 | An electric continuous flow heater and a method for its manufacture |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1006320A3 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2000200675A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR20000047882A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2291370A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE19856087A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10162276B4 (en) * | 2001-12-19 | 2015-07-16 | Watlow Electric Manufacturing Co. | Method for producing an electrically conductive resistance layer and heating and / or cooling device |
| WO2019231394A1 (en) * | 2018-06-01 | 2019-12-05 | Tan Khoon Hua | An instant heater |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20090148802A1 (en) * | 2007-12-05 | 2009-06-11 | Jan Ihle | Process for heating a fluid and an injection molded molding |
| CA2717437C (en) * | 2008-03-05 | 2018-02-13 | Mark E. Campbell | Molecular heater and method of heating fluids |
| CN104206004B (en) * | 2012-03-29 | 2016-02-03 | 京瓷株式会社 | Tubular heater |
| CN105420970A (en) * | 2015-12-30 | 2016-03-23 | 浙江西雅普康大制革有限公司 | Double-sided coater for synthetic leather processing |
| CN107137104B (en) * | 2017-06-23 | 2018-05-11 | 合肥中科离子医学技术装备有限公司 | A kind of X-ray tube adjustment mechanism for the imaging of CBCT medical 3 Ds |
| CN107490185A (en) * | 2017-09-28 | 2017-12-19 | 广东威博电器有限公司 | A kind of electric heating system of water heater, electric heater and control method |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3665598A (en) * | 1970-12-17 | 1972-05-30 | Meindert Willem Brieko | Method of making a heating body |
| IT8423737V0 (en) * | 1983-11-10 | 1984-11-08 | Bosch Siemens Hausgeraete | ELECTRIC HEATING APPARATUS FOR LIQUIDS, ESPECIALLY FOR DOMESTIC USE. |
| DE8519840U1 (en) * | 1985-07-09 | 1985-08-22 | Elpag Ag Chur, Chur | Electric water heater |
| DE3720927C1 (en) * | 1987-06-25 | 1988-12-01 | Licentia Gmbh | Electrically heated continuous-flow heater for washing machines or dishwashers |
| DE8709572U1 (en) * | 1987-07-11 | 1988-11-10 | Robert Krups Stiftung & Co Kg, 5650 Solingen, De | |
| DE3810624A1 (en) * | 1988-03-29 | 1989-10-19 | Philips Patentverwaltung | Flow-type (through-flow, continuous-flow) heater |
| DE3925549A1 (en) * | 1989-08-02 | 1991-02-07 | Inter Control Koehler Hermann | Instantaneous throughflow water heater - comprises insulator casing for fluid passages heated by thick-film resistor layers |
| DE29702813U1 (en) * | 1997-01-10 | 1997-05-22 | Ego Elektro Geraetebau Gmbh | Contact heat transferring cooking system with an electric hotplate |
-
1998
- 1998-12-04 DE DE19856087A patent/DE19856087A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1999
- 1999-11-17 EP EP99122876A patent/EP1006320A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-11-26 JP JP11336000A patent/JP2000200675A/en active Pending
- 1999-11-30 CA CA002291370A patent/CA2291370A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-12-03 KR KR1019990054673A patent/KR20000047882A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10162276B4 (en) * | 2001-12-19 | 2015-07-16 | Watlow Electric Manufacturing Co. | Method for producing an electrically conductive resistance layer and heating and / or cooling device |
| DE10162276C5 (en) * | 2001-12-19 | 2019-03-14 | Watlow Electric Manufacturing Co. | Tubular water heater and heating plate and method for their preparation |
| WO2019231394A1 (en) * | 2018-06-01 | 2019-12-05 | Tan Khoon Hua | An instant heater |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1006320A2 (en) | 2000-06-07 |
| JP2000200675A (en) | 2000-07-18 |
| EP1006320A3 (en) | 2002-09-11 |
| DE19856087A1 (en) | 2000-06-21 |
| KR20000047882A (en) | 2000-07-25 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Dead |