CA2259954C - Process for the preparation of (s)- or (r)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid - Google Patents

Abstract

Described are new micro-organisms and a new enzyme capable of using as sole source of nitrogen the propionic acid amide of formula (VI), in racemate form or as optically active isomers. Described also is a method of preparing (S) -or (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid of formulas (I) and (II) starting from trifluoroaceto-acetic ester. The first three process steps are chemical, the fourth process step microbiological.

Description

Process for the preparation of (S)- or (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid The present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of (S)- or (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid and to novel microorganisms capable of utilizing the propionamide of the formula OH

VI

in the form of the racemate or of its optically active isomers as the sole nitrogen source.
(S)-3,3,3-Trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid is an important intermediate for the preparation of therapeutic amides (EP-A 0 524 781).
In the following text, 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid is abbreviated to 2,2-HTFMPS, and 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionamide to 2,2-HTFMPA.
In J. Chem. Soc., 1951, p. 2329 there is described a process for the preparation of (S)-2,2-HTFMPS where the corresponding racemate is converted into the desired (S) enantiomer by means of dimethoxystrychnine. The disadvantage of this process is that dimethoxystrychnine, which is employed for the racemate resolution, is too expensive.
EP-A 0 524 781 describes a process for the preparation of (S)-HTFMPS, in which the corresponding racemate is converted into the desired (S) enantiomer by means of (S)-(-)-a-methylbenzylamine. The dis-advantage of this process is that large amounts of (S)-(-)-oc-methylbenzylamine must be employed, which, again, makes this process too expensive.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an inexpensive, technically feasible process for the preparation of (S) - or (R) -2, 2-HTFMPS.
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided in a biologically pure culture of microorganism, wherein it is capable of hydrolyzing the propionamide of the formula OH

CF3 CONH~ VI
in the form of the racemate or of its optically active isomers as the sole nitrogen source, and wherein said microorganism is selected from the group consisting of the species Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 (DSM 11009), Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1K17 (DSM 11623), Rhodococcus opacus ID-622 (DSM
11344), Arthrobacter ramosus ID-620 (DSM 11350), Bacillus sp.
ID-621 (DSM 11351), Klebsiella planticula ID-624 (DSM 11354), Klebsiella pneumoniae ID-625 (DSM 11355) and Pseudomonas sp.
(DSM 11010).
According to another aspect of the present invention there is. provided a polypeptide having amidohydrolase activity and capable of hydrolysing (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide of the formula OH

VI

wherein the polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID
No.. 2.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a nucleic acid sequence encoding the above-identified polypeptide or a polypeptide derivative thereof.

2a -According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a cell extract derived from a biologically pure culture of a microorganism wherein said microorganism utilizes propionamide of the formula OH

VI
CF3 CON !

in the form of the racemate of its optically active isomers as the sole nitrogen source; and wherein said microorganism is selected from the group consisting of the species Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 (DSM 11009), Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1K17 (DSM 11623), Rhodococcus opacus ID-622 (DSM 11344), Arthrobacter ramosus ID-620 (DSM 11350), Bacillus sp. ID-621 (DSM 11351), Klebsiella planticula ID-624 (DSM 11354), Klebsiella pneumoniae ID-625 (DSM 11355) and Pseudomonas sp.
(DSM 11010).

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a process for the preparation of (S)- or (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid of the formulae OH OH
T ~~ I'm II
~~wlill 2b -or of (R)- or (S)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionamide of the formulae OH OR

comprising the conversion of the propionamide of the formula OH

VI

into the compounds of the formulae I, II, VII, or VIII using (a) the above-identified microorganisms and (b) the above-identified cell extract.
An isolated polypeptide having amidohydrolase activity capable of hydrolyzing 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methyl propionamide, in the form of the racemate or of an optically active isomer thereof, the polypeptide being obtainable from expression of a nucleic acid molecule which encodes the polypeptide and hybridizes under stringent conditions to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 1, wherein the stringent hybridization conditions include hybridization at temperatures of between 60 C and 70 C and a salt content of 0.5 to 1.5M.

2c -Accordingly, the present invention relates to microorganisms selected from the wild, so-called "wild types", enzyme extracts therefrom, enzymes isolated therefrom having stereospecific amidohydrolase activity, and DNA/DNA
fragments which are isolated from the "wild types" and which encode a stereospecific amidohydrolase. The present invention furthermore relates to so-called genetically engineered microorganisms comprising these DNA fragments, or vectors. A further subject-matter is a process for the preparation of (S)- or (R)-2,2-HTFMPS and a process for the preparation of (S)- or (R)-2,2-HTFMPA using the above-described microorganisms.
The invention is illustrated in greater detail by the Figures below.
Fig. 1 shows the restriction map of the isolated DNA
Fig. 2 shows plasmid PPRSlb Fig. 3 shows plasmid PPRS2a Fig. 4 shows the pH optimum of the amidohydrolase Fig. 5 shows the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of the amidohydrolase Fig. 6 shows the temperature optimum of the amidohydrolase Fig. 7 shows the effect of methanol of the amidohydrolase.
The "wild types" according to the invention can be isolated from soil samples, sludge or waste water with the aid of customary microbiological techniques. In accordance with the invention, the isolation is performed in such a way that these are cultured in the customary manner in a medium comprising the propionamide of the formula VI in the form of the racemate or one of its optically active isomers as the sole nitrogen source, together with a suitable carbon source. Then, those which are stable and which utilize the propionamide of the formula VI as the sole nitrogen source are selected from the culture obtained by culturing.
By way of suitable carbon sources, the "wild types" are capable of utilizing sugar, sugar alcohols or carboxylic acids as growth substrate. Examples of sugars which can be used are glucose, arabinose, rhamnose, lactose or maltose. Sugar alcohols which can be used are, for example, sorbitol, mannitol or glycerol. Citric acid is an example of a carboxylic acid which can be used. Glycerol or glucose is preferably employed as the carbon source.
The selection and growth media which can be used are those conventionally used in expert circles, such as, for example, a mineral salt medium as described by Kulla et al., Arch. Microbiol. 135, pp. 1-7, 1983.
It is expedient to induce the active enzymes of the microorganisms during growth and selection. The propionamide of the formula VI in the form of the racemate or one of its optically active isomers, acetamide or malonic diamide, can be used as the enzyme inductor.
Growth and selection normally take place at a temperature from 0 to 42 C, preferably from 20 to 37 C
and at a pH of 4 to 9, preferably at a pH of 6 to 8.
Preferred "wild types" are those of the genus Klebsiella, Rhodococcus, Arthrobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas which utilize propionamide (formula VI).
Very especially preferred are microorganisms of the species Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 (DSM 11009), Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1K17 (DSM 11623), Pseudomonas sp. (DSM
11010), Rhodococcus opacus ID-622 (DSM 11344), Arthrobacter ramosus ID-620 (DSM 11350), Bacillus sp.
ID-621 (DSM 11351) , Klebsiella planticula ID-624 (DSM

11354) and Klebsiella pneumoniae ID-625 (DSM 11355), and their functionally equivalent variants and mutants.
The Klebsiella oxytoca (DSM 11009), Klebsiella planticula ID-624 (DSM 11354) and Klebsiella pneumoniae ID-625 (DSM 11355) "wild types" preferentially have (R)-amidohydrolase activity, and the Pseudomonas sp.
(DSM 11010), Rhodococcus opacus ID-622 (DSM 11344), Arthrobacter ramosus ID-620 (DSM 11350) and Bacillus sp. ID-621 (DSM 11351) "wild types" preferentially have (S)-amidohydrolase activity. The microorganisms termed DSM 11010, DSM 11009 were deposited on 24.06.1996, the microorganisms termed DSM 11355, DSM 11354 on 27.12.1996, the microorganisms termed DSM 11351, DSM
11350 and DSM 11344 on 13.12.1996 and the microorganisms termed DSM 11623 on 20.06.1997 at the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroderweg lb, D-38124 Braunschweig in compliance with the Budapest Treaty.
"Functionally equivalent variants and mutants"
of the "wild types" are to be understood as meaning strains which have essentially the same characteristics and functions as the original microorganisms. Such variants and mutants may be formed randomly, for example by UV irradiation, or in a directed fashion by chemical mutagenesis, for example by intercalating substances, such as acridine dyes.

Taxonomic description of Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 (DSM
11009) Cell shape Rods Width m 1.0-1.2 Length m 1.2-2.0 Motility -Gram reaction -Lysis by 3% KOH +
Aminopeptidase (Cerny) +

Y

Spores -Oxidase -Catalase +
Growth anaerobic +
Gas from glucose +
Acid from (ASA) Glucose +
Fructose +
Xylose +
Erythritol Adonitol +
D-Mannose +
L-Rhamnose +
Inositol +
Sorbitol +
a-Methyl-D-glucoside +
Cellobiose +
Maltose +
Lactose +
D-Arabitol +

ONPG +
ADH -LDC w ODC -VP +
Indole +

H2S generation -Simmons citrate +
Urease +
Methyl Red -Hydrolysis of Gelatin -DNA -Tween 80 -Taxonomic description of Pseudomonas sp. (DSM 11010) Cell shape Rods width m 0.7-0.8 Length m 1.5-3.5 Motility +
Gram reaction -Lysis by 3% KOH +
Aminopeptidase (Cerny) +
Spores -Oxidase +
Fluorescence +
Catalase +
Growth at 41 C -ADH +
Urease -Hydrolysis of gelatin +
Nitrate reduction -Denitrification -Levan from sucrose +
Lecithinase +
Substrate utilization Adipate -Citrate +
Malate +
L-Mandelate -Phenyl acetate -D-Glucose +
Maltose -Trehalose +
Mannitol +
Adonitol +
Acetamide +
Hippurate -Tryptamine -Butylamine -Abbreviations:
ASA acetylsalicylic acid ONPG : 0-Nitro-phenylgalactosidase ADH Alcohol dehydrogenase LDC : Lactate decarboxylase ODC Ornithin decarboxylase VP : Voges Proskauer The enzyme according to the invention which has stereospecific amidohydrolase activity can be obtained, for example, from the "wild types" which have already been described and are capable of hydrolysing the propionamide of the formula OH

VI

in the form of the racemate or its (R) isomers, and functionally equivalent variants and mutants thereof.
"Functionally equivalent variants and mutants"
of the enzymes are to be understood as meaning enzymes which essentially have the same characteristics and functions. Such variants and mutants can be formed randomly, for example by mutation.

The enzyme is expediently characterized by a) a pH optimum of pH 10 0.5 b) a temperature optimum of between 65 and 70 C at a pH of 10 and c) a KM value for the substrate (R)-2,2-HTFMPA of 32 mM
(60 C in 100 mM CAPS buffer (3-(cyclohexylamino)-l-propanesulphonic acid) pH 10), in particular in that d) a methanol concentration of 5 to 20% has an inhibitory effect and e) the N-terminal amino acid sequence is: Met-Lys-Trp-Leu-Glu-Glu-Ser-Ile-Met-Ala-Lys-Arg-Gly-Val-Gly-Ala-Ser-Arg-Lys-Pro.
This stereospecific amidohydrolase can be isolated from the above-described "wild types" which are capable of utilizing the propionamide of the formula VI in the form of the racemate or of its R
isomer as the sole nitrogen source. The amidohydrolase is expediently isolated from the "wild types" of the genus Klebsiella, preferably from Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 (DSM 11009) or Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1K17 (DSM
11623).
Naturally, this enzyme may also be isolated from the genetically engineered microorganisms which are derived from these "wild types".
To obtain the stereospecific amidohydrolase, the "wild types" are grown (cultured) in the customary manner in an aqueous nutrient medium comprising a carbon source, a nitrogen source, mineral salts and a vitamin source. The "wild types" are expediently cultured at a temperature from 20 to 35 C and a pH of 6 to 8. The enzyme can then be isolated by enzyme purification methods known per se after cell disruption, for example using the French press.
The DNA according to the invention, or the DNA
fragments according to the invention, which encode a stereospecific amidohydrolase as it is shown, in particular, by the amino acid sequence in SEQ ID No. 2 and which are characterized by the restriction map as shown in Fig. 1 and, in particular, by the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID No. 1, also embrace their functionally equivalent genetic variants and mutants, i.e. genes which are derived from the genes of the wild-type organisms and whose gene products are essentially unmodified with regard to their biological function. The functionally equivalent genetic variants and mutants thus embrace, for example, base exchanges within the scope of the known degeneration of the genetic code, as they can be generated, for example, artificially to adapt the gene sequence to the preferred codon usage of a particular microorganism in which expression is to take place. The genetic variants and mutants also embrace deletions, insertions and substitutions of bases or codons, as long as the gene products of genes modified in this way remain essentially unaltered with regard to their biological function. This embraces, for example, gene sequences which exhibit a high level of homology to the wild-type sequences, for example greater than 70%, and which are -capable of hybridizing with the complement of the wild-type sequences under stringent hybridization conditions, for example at temperatures between 60 and 70 C and at a salt content of 0.5 to 1.5 M, in 5 particular at a temperature of 67 C and a salt content of 0.8 M.
The above-described "wild types" which are employed as starting material for isolating the stereospecific amidohydrolase according to the 10 invention may be employed as starting material for the DNA according to the invention.
The intact genes, or the intact DNA fragments according to the invention, can be isolated by known methods starting from a gene library for suitable microorganisms, such as Klebsiella oxytoca, from which the amidohydrolase gene, or fragments thereof, can be isolated and cloned in a known manner by hybridization with labelled oligonucleotides which contain sub-sequences of the amidohydrolase genes. The amidohydrolase gene will be abbreviated to sad herein-below.
To improve transcription, the sad gene is advantageously placed under the control of a strong promoter. The choice of promoter depends on the desired expression conditions, for example on whether constitutive or induced expression is desired, or on the microorganism in which expression is to take place.
Suitable promoters are the promoters PL and PR
of phage lambda (cf. Schauder et al., Gene, 52, 279-283, 1987), the PtrC promoter (Amann et al., Gene, 69, 301-315, 1988), the promoters PNm, Psi (M. Labes et al., Gene, 89, 37-46, 1990), the Ptrp promoter (Amann et al., Gene, 25, 167-178, 1983), the P1ac promoter (Amann et al., Gene, 25, 167-178, 1983) and the Ptac promoter, a hybrid of the abovementioned Ptrp and Plac promoters, which can be employed as constitutive or inducible promoters (Russel and Bennett, Gene, 20, 231-243, 1982). The Piac promoter is preferably used.

For use in the production of, for example, (R)-2,2-HTFMPS in a suitable production strain, the DNA
fragments according to the invention are expediently incorporated into suitable known vectors, preferably expression vectors, with the aid of known techniques.
Autonomously and self-replicating plasmids or integration vectors may be used as vectors.
Depending on the type of vector chosen, the sad genes can be expressed in a variety of microorganisms.
Suitable vectors are both vectors with a specific host range and vectors with a broad host range. Examples of vectors with a specific host range, for example for E.
coli, are pBR322 (Bolivar et al., Gene, 2, 95-113), the commercially available pBLUESCRIPT-KS+ , pBLUESCRIPT-SK+ (Stratagene), pUC18/19 (Yanisch-Perron et al., Gene 33, 103-119, 1985), pK18/19 (Pridmore, Gene, 56, 309-312, 1987), pRK290X (Alvarez-Morales et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 14, 4207-4227) and pRA95 (available from Nycomed Pharma AS, Huidove, Denmark).
pBLUESCRIPT-KS+ is preferably employed.
All vectors which are suitable for Gram-negative bacteria may be employed as broad host-range vectors.
Examples of such broad host-range vectors are pRK290 (Ditta et al., PNAS, 77, 7347-7351, 1980) or their derivatives, pKT240 (Bagdasarian et al., Gene, 26, 273-282, 1983) or its derivatives, pGSS33 (Sharpe, Gene, 29, 93-102, 1984), pVK100 (Knauf and Nester, Plasmid, 8, 45-54, 1982) and its derivatives, pME285 (Haas and Itoh, Gene, 36, 27-36, 1985) and its derivatives.
For example the plasmids pPRS1b (Fig. 2), pPRS2a (Fig. 3), pPRS4 and pPRS7 were obtained in this manner.
To generate the production strains for fermentation, i.e. strains which can be employed for the preparation of, for example, (R)-2,2-HTFMPS, the vectors or DNA fragments according to the invention must be introduced into the desired host strains which are suitable for expression. To this end, the microorganisms are expediently transformed with the vectors containing the DNA fragments according to the invention in the customary manner which is known per se. Then, the microorganisms can contain the DNA
fragment according to the invention either on a vector molecule or integrated in their chromosome.
Suitable host strains, preferably strains with a high substrate and starting material tolerance are, for example, microorganisms of the genus Pseudomonas, Comamonas, Bacillus, Rhodococcus, Acinetobacter, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Rhizobium/Agrobacterium or Escherichia, the latter ones being preferred.
Especially preferred are the microorganisms Escherichia coli DH5, Escherichia coli XL1-Blue and Escherichia coli XL1-Blue MRF' . Examples of suitable production strains are thus microorganisms of the species Escherichia coli DH5 and Escherichia coli XL1-Blue MRF'O, each of which contains plasmid pPRSlb, pPRS2a, pPRS4 or pPRS7.
The microorganism Escherichia coli XL1-Blue MRF'O/pPRS2a was deposited as DSM 11635 on 30.06.1997 at the Deutsche Sammlung fur Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH, D-38124 Braunschweig, Mascheroderweg lb in compliance with the Budapest Treaty.
The transformed host strains (production strains) can be isolated from a selective nutrient medium supplemented with an antibiotic to which the strains are resistant due to a marker gene located on the vector or the DNA fragment.
The process according to the invention for the preparation of (S)- or (R)-2,2-HTFMPS of the formulae OH OH

and/or of (R)- or (S)-2,2-HTFMPA of the formulae OH OH
.,~unlll VII .411uuil VII!
F3C H:NOC
CONH_ CF.1 comprises the conversion of the propionamide of the formula OH

VI

by means of the above-described microorganisms according to the invention, or by means of the enzymes isolated therefrom which exhibit stereospecific amidohydrolase activity.
The process for the preparation of (R)-2,2-HTFMPS and/or of (S)-2,2-HTFMPA is expediently carried out using the "wild types" of the genus Klebsiella, preferably of the species Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 (DSM
11009), Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1K17 (DSM 11623), Klebsiella planticula ID-624 (DSM 11354), Klebsiella pneumoniae ID-625 (DSM 11355), using the genetically engineered microorganisms derived from these "wild types" or using the enzyme having a stereospecific amidohydrolase activity.
The process for the preparation of (S)-2,2-HTFMPS and/or (R)-2,2-HTFMPA is expediently carried out using the "wild types" of the genus Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Arthrobacter or Bacillus, in particular the species Pseudomonas sp. (DSM 11010), Rhodococcus opacus ID-622 (DSM 11344), Arthrobacter ramosus ID-620 (DSM 11350) and Bacillus sp. ID-621 (DSM 11351).
The biotransformation can be performed on dormant cells (non-growing cells which no longer require a carbon and energy source) or on growing cells, after having grown the microorganisms in the customary manner. The biotransformation is preferably carried out on dormant cells.
Media conventionally used by those skilled in the art may be employed for the biotransformation, such as, for example, phosphate buffers of low molarity, HEPES buffers, or the above-described mineral salt medium.
The biotransformation is expediently carried out with the single or continuous addition of propionamide (formula VI) in such a way that the concentration does not exceed 10% by weight, preferably 2.5% by weight.
The pH of the medium can range from 4 to 10, preferably from 5, to 9.5. The biotransformation is expediently carried out at a temperature of 10 to 60 C, preferably 20 to 40 C.
The resulting (S)- or (R)-2,2-HTFMPS, or (S)-or (R)-2,2-HTFMPA, respectively, can be isolated by customary work-up methods, such as, for example, by extraction.
The yield of (S)- or (R)-2,2-HTFMPS, or (S)- or (R)-2,2-HTFMPA, respectively, can be improved further in the customary manner by varying the nutrients in the medium and by adapting the fermentation conditions to the microorganism in question.
If appropriate, the (S)- or (R)-2,2-HTFMPA is hydrolysed to give the corresponding acid, either chemically in the presence of a base or micro-biologically using microorganisms of the genus Rhodococcus.
An alkali metal hydroxide may be employed as the base. Sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide is expediently employed as the alkali metal hydroxide.
The microbiological hydrolysis is expediently carried out using microorganisms of the species Rhodococcus equi, Rhodococcus rhodochrous or Rhodococcus sp. S-6, preferably using microorganisms of the species Rhodococcus equi TG 328 (DSM 6710) or its functional equivalent variants and mutants. The microorganism Rhodococcus,equi TG 328 is described in US-PS 5 258 305 and was deposited on 13.09.1991 at the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH, D-38124 Braunschweig, Mascheroderweg lb in compliance with the Budapest Treaty. Normally, these microorganisms are grown by the method of Gilligan et al. (Appl. Microbiol. Biotech., 39, 1993, 720-725) before the actual microbiological hydrolysis is carried out. In principle, the microbiological hydrolysis is effected by methods conventionally used in the art. The hydrolysis is expediently effected at a temperature of to 40 C and a pH of 6 to 9.
The propionamide of the formula OH

VI

is prepared in such a manner that, in a first step, trifluoroacetate of the formula O O
III

is first converted into trifluoroacetone of the formula O

IV
)LCFusing a mineral acid.

Examples of a mineral acid which can be employed are hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid or phosphoric acid. Acids which are preferably employed are sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid or nitric acid, in particular sulphuric acid.
The first step of the reaction is expediently carried out in a polar protic solvent such as, for example, in a lower alcohol, in water or in a mixture of lower alcohol/water. Lower alcohols which can be employed are, for example, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, tert-butanol or isobutanol.
The first step of the reaction is expediently carried out at a temperature of 50 to 100 C, preferably at a temperature of 70 to 95 C.
In the second step of the process according to the invention, trifluoroacetone (formula IV) is reacted with a cyanide to give the propionitrile of the formula OH

V.
FjC CN

Cyanides which are expediently employed are alkali metal cyanides such as sodium cyanide or potassium cyanide, preferably sodium cyanide.
The second step of the reaction is expediently carried out in the presence of a mineral acid. Suitable mineral acids are those which have been described above. The preferred mineral acid is sulphuric acid.
Normally, an excess of mineral acid is employed, based on trifluoroacetone. It is preferred to use 1 to 10 mot of mineral acid per mole of trifluoroacetone. The solvents which can be used are the same as in the first step.
The second step is expediently carried out at a temperature of -20 to 100 C, preferably 0 to 20 C.
In the third step of the process according to the invention, the propionitrile of the formula V is converted into the propionamide of the formula VI, either chemically in a concentrated mineral acid or microbiologically using mutated microorganisms of the genus Rhodococcus.
Mineral acids which can be employed are the same as in the first and second step. A "concentrated mineral acid" is to be understood as meaning hereinbelow a 30 to 100% strength mineral acid. A 75 to 100% strength, preferably a 90 to 100% strength, mineral acid is expediently used in the third step. The chemical reaction in the third step is expediently carried out at a temperature of 0 to 160 C, preferably 70 to 120 C.
The mutated microorganisms of the genus Rhodococcus no longer contain amidase and are thus no longer capable of converting an amide into the corresponding acid. The mutation can be effected by customary methods (J.H. Miller, Experiments in Molecular Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1972, p. 24). Expedient mutation methods are the frameshift method, the deletion method or the transposon insertion method.
Suitable microorganism species for the mutation are Rhodococcus equi, Rhodococcus rhodochrous or Rhodococcus sp. S-6. It is preferred to mutate the above-described Rhodococcus equi TG 328 (DSM 6710), thus obtaining Rhodococcus equi TG 328-2 (DSM 11636) and its functionally equivalent variants and mutants.
The microorganism TG 328-2 was deposited on 30.06.1997 at the Deutsche Sammlung fur Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH, D-38124 Braunschweig, Mascheroderweg lb in compliance with the Budapest Treaty. This microorganism is cultured under the same conditions as the unmutated microorganisms which have already been described above.
(R)- and (S)-2,2-HTFMPA are compounds hitherto not described in the literature and therefore also part of the invention. They can be employed as novel intermediates for the preparation of (R)- or (S)-2,2-HTFMPS, for example by hydrolysis in the presence of a base.

Example 1 Preparation of trifluoroacetone 500 g (4.9 mol) of concentrated sulphuric acid (96% strength; Merck) were added to 1 1 of distilled water, and the mixture was heated to 73 C. Then, 500 g (2.69 mol) of trifluoroacetate were added slowly, during which process two phases formed. The batch was heated to reflux temperature, and the trifluoroacetone formed in the process was distilled off. After 2 hours, 293.8 g of trifluoroacetone were isolated as colourless liquid, corresponding to a yield of approx. 90%. GC
analysis revealed a purity of 92.1%.

Example 2 Preparation of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3,3,3-trifluoro-methylpropionitrile 39.4 g of sodium cyanide (0.763 mol) were added to 174 ml of distilled water and the mixture was cooled to -1 C. 100 g of trifluoroacetone (0.822 mol) were subsequently added dropwise, during which process the temperature of the reaction mixture climbed to 6 C.
After addition of trifluoroacetone had ended, 293.4 g of 6 N sulphuric acid (1.4916 mol of H) were added at 4-5 C. The reaction mixture was then stirred overnight at room temperature. The batch was subsequently extracted with ethyl acetate or with tert-butyl methyl ether and the combined organic phases were distilled either under atmospheric pressure at 32 C or under slightly subatmospheric pressure (300 - 120 mbar). In total, 88 g of product of 91.2% purity (measured by GC) were obtained, which corresponds to a yield of 75.6%.
Example 3 a) Chemical preparation of (R,S)-2,2-HTFMPA
98% strength sulphuric acid was introduced into the reaction vessel under argon atmosphere. 15 g of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3,3,3-trifluoromethylpropionitrile (86.9% according to GC) were added to this, and the reaction mixture was heated to 95 C. After the addition of starting material, the reaction mixture was heated for 15 minutes at 114 C. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 5 C, during which process a viscous brown solution formed. 40 g of distilled water were subsequently added dropwise. During this process, care was taken that the temperature of the reaction mixture did not exceed 15 C. The yellowish suspension formed in this process was cooled for 15 minutes at -15 C and then filtered. The filter cake was washed with 20 ml of ice-cold water and then dried in vacuo. This gave 12.64 g of a pale yellowish crude product. The crude product was subsequently refluxed in 13 ml of ethyl acetate and then cooled to room temperature. This suspension was treated with 15 ml of hexane, and the mixture was cooled to 0 C. The mixture was then washed once more with hexane. Drying in vacuo gave 11.8 g of product, which corresponds to a yield of 80.2%.
M.p.: 143.1 - 144.3 C.
b) Microbiological production of (R,S)-2,2-HTFMPA
(using a mutated microorganism of the genus Rhodococcus) For mutation purposes, Rhodococcus equi TG 328 was incubated by standard methods overnight in "nutrient broth" at 30 C with added acridine ICR 191.
The cells were then harvested and washed using 0.9%
strength NaCl solution. The cells were then incubated in fresh medium overnight at 30 C.
The mutated cells were selected in a mineral salt medium described by Gilligan et al. (Appl.
Microbiol. Biotech., 39, 1993, 720-725) in the presence of fluoroacetamide as counterselective agent. This counterselective agent only destroys growing bacteria.
Mutants, which no longer contain amidase and no longer grow on (R,S)-2,2-HTFMPA survive and are concentrated.
The cells were subsequently harvested, washed with 0.9%
strength NaCl solution, incubated overnight in fresh medium and then plated out. The colonies were tested for nitrite hydratase activity. The frequency of the desired mutation was 2%.
The mutant of Rhodococcus equi TG 328-2 was grown in a mineral salt medium as described by Gilligan et al., (ibid). The washed cells were incubated at OD650 õIõ = 5. 0, both with 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3, 3, 3-trifluoromethylpropionitrile solution (1% strength) and with a (R,S)-2,2-HTFMPA solution (1% strength) in 100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.7) at 37 C. After 16 hours, GC analysis demonstrated that the nitrile was converted quantitatively into the amide, whereas the amide was not hydrolysed to give the acid.

Example 4 Production of (S)-2,2-HTFMPA and (R)-2,2-HTFMPS by means of a microorganism containing an amidohydrolase (wild type) 4.1. Selection and isolation of microorganisms with (R)- and (S)-amidase activity 100 ml of phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0) were added to a soil sample of 10 g, and the mixture was left to stand for 10 minutes and filtered. Then, the supernatant (5.0 ml) or 1 ml of waste water (ARA, Visp) was subcultured in a mineral salt medium (25 ml; Kulla et al., Arch. Microbiol. 135, pp. 1-7, 1983) containing glycerol and (R,S)-HTFMPA (carbon/nitrogen ratio 5:1).
This culture was subsequently incubated until a mixed culture had formed which can utilize (R)- and/or (S)-2,2-HTFMPA as the sole nitrogen source. This culture was then subcultured repeatedly and incubated at 30 C
until a mixed culture had formed.
The pure culture of these microorganisms was maintained with the aid of traditional microbiological techniques.
The resulting microorganism strains were then tested on agar plates for growth on (R,S)-2,2-HTFMPA.
The positive strains were tested further. These strains were then used to inoculate a preculture medium. The microorganisms contained in this preculture were transferred into the mineral salt medium and then tested for their capability of selectively utilizing (R)-2,2-HTFMPA and/or (S)-2,2-HTFMPA as sole nitrogen source, the supernatant being checked by GC for (R)-2,2-HTFMPS or (S)-2,2-HTFMPS formation and for the concentration of one of the two amide enantiomers.
4.2. Determination of (R)- or (S)-2,2-HTFMPA
amidohydrolase activity To determine the hydrolase activity, the microorganism suspension was brought to an optical density of 4.0 at 650 nm. A phosphate buffer (100 mmolar), pH 7.0, supplemented with 0.5% by weight of (R,S)-HTFMPA, acted as the medium. This suspension was incubated for 2 hours at 30 C with shaking. The NH4' liberated by the hydrolase was determined either colorimetrically or by means of an ammonium electrode, and the HTFMPA was measured by GC. The activity was expressed as g of (R)- or (S)-HTFMPA converted/l/h/
optical density at 650 nm, with the proviso that 1 mmol of NH4' formed equals 1 mmol of converted HTFMPA.

Table 1: Hydrolase activity of Klebsiella and Pseudomonas Strain Hydrolase activity (R)-specific (S)-specific (g/1/h/0.D. 650 nm) DSM 11009 0.11 -(Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1) DSM 11010 - 0.09 (Pseudomonas sp.) 4.3. Production of (S)-2,2-HTFMPA and (R)-2,2-HTFMPS.
Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 (DSM 11009), Klebsiella planticula ID-624 (DSM 11354) or Klebsiella pneumoniae ID-625 (DSM 11355) were incubated for 2 days at 30 C on mineral salt medium agar plates with glycerol as carbon source and (R,S)-2,2-HTFMPA as sole nitrogen source.
The composition of the mineral salt medium is described in Kulla et al., Arch. Microbial., 135, pp. 1-7, 1983.
These plated microorganisms were used to incubate a preculture medium of the same composition which was incubated for 2 days at 30 C. The same mineral salt medium (600 ml) was inoculated with 50 ml of preculture for induction and biomass production and incubated at 30 C for 21 hours. The cells were subsequently harvested by centrifugation and taken up in 0.1 M
phosphate buffer pH 7Ø After resuspending the cells in 0.05 M phosphate buffer (500 ml, pH 8.0), an optical density at 650 nm of 10 was established, and 1.0% by weight of (R,S)-2,2-HTFMPA was added. After incubation for approx. 5.5 hours at 40 C, (R)-2,2-HTFMPA was converted completely into the corresponding acid, which corresponds to an optical purity (ee) of 100% and a yield of 48%.
The course of the reaction was monitored on the basis of NH4' liberation and GC analysis of the supernatant.
4.4. Production of (S)-2,2-HTFMPS and (R)-2,2-HTFMPA
using a microorganism containing an (S)-amidohydrolase The microorganisms Pseudomonas sp. (DSM 11010), Rhodococcus opacus ID-622 (DSM 11344), Arthrobacter ramosus ID-620 (DSM 11350) and Bacillus sp. ID-621 (DSM
11351) were isolated analogously to Example 4.1. The induction period was 2 days, and all the other conditions were the same as in Example 4.3.
In contrast to Example 4.3., the bio-transformation using these microorganisms was carried out with 0.5% by weight of (R,S)-2,2-HTFMPA. The strain Pseudomonas sp. (DSM 11010) has an (S)-specific hydrolase, and the activity of the hydrolase at pH 6.0 was determined as 0.09 g of (S)-2,2-HTFMPA (ee = 86%), converted/l/h/O.D. 650 nm.

4.5. Work-up of (S)-2,2-HTFMPA and (R)-2,2-HTFMPS
a) by means of extraction 196 ml of a reaction mixture containing (S)-2,2-HTFMPA and (R)-2,2-HTFMPS (obtained from Example 4.3), 0.1 M phosphate buffer (250 ml), pH 10 were extracted 3 times with ethyl acetate (200 ml). The combined organic phases were dried with Na2SO4 and then evaporated at 40 C and 50 mbar. This gave 912 mg of moist product. This product was dissolved in hot ethyl acetate (1.3 ml) and the solution was then cooled to room temperature. Addition of hexane (2 ml) resulted in precipitation of the product. The mixture was cooled to 0 C, and the product was filtered off and then dried in vacuo at 50 C. This gave 791 mg of (S)-2,2-HTFMPA, which corresponds to a yield of 78.2% based on half of the quantity employed. Only the (S) isomer was identified by means of chiral GC analysis. The remaining aqueous phase was brought to pH 1 with concentrated HC1 and then extracted twice with ethyl acetate (200 ml) . The extracts were evaporated at 40 C
and then dried. 1 ml of toluene was then added, and the mixture was cooled to room temperature. A further 2 ml of hexane were added, and the mixture was cooled to 0 C. The solid was washed 2-3 times with hexane and then dried. In total, 664 mg of (R)-2,2-HTFMPS were obtained from the aqueous phase after drying in vacuo at 35 C, which corresponds to a yield of 65.7% based on half of the amount employed. Only the (R) isomer was identified by means of chiral GC analysis.
b) by means of electrodialysis (direct isolation of (S)-2,2-HTFMPS) A reaction mixture containing (S)-2,2-HTFMPA
and (R)-2,2-HTFMPS (obtained from Example 4.3) was subjected to ultrafiltration to remove cellular material. The resulting solution was subjected to electrodialysis. (R)-2,2-HTFMPS and all buffer salts migrated through the membrane. After electrodialysis had ended, a solution of pure (S)-2,2-HTFMPA (2342.2 g) was obtained. This solution was distilled at 135 C and 20 mbar, until 447 g of product were obtained. 32.7 g of solid NaOH (0.8 mol) were then added, and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 3 hours. After this time, the (S)-2,2-HTFMPA had been converted completely into (S)-2,2-HTFMPS. The solution was cooled to a temperature of below 25 C, and the pH was brought from 13.8 to 1.0 using 93.6 g of concentrated HC1. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate (500 ml). The combined organic phases were dried with Na2SO4 and then filtered. The solution was concentrated on a rotary evaporator until a viscous suspension was obtained. This suspension was treated twice with 20 ml of toluene each time, whereupon the resulting suspension was reconcentrated. A further 10 ml of toluene were then added, whereupon the mixture was refluxed. The solution was cooled to room temperature and treated with hexane (30 ml), until the product precipitated. The suspension was cooled to -10 C and the product was collected by means of ultrafiltration.
Drying in vacuo (temperature < 35 C) gave 14.1 g (0.0892 mol) of pure (S)-2,2-HTFMPS (ee value 99.7%), which corresponds to a yield of 35% (calculated on the basis of half the starting material).

Example 5 a) Chemical hydrolysis of (S)-2,2-HTFMPA to (S)-2,2-HTFMPS
0.47 g of sodium hydroxide (11.6 mmol) were added to 5 ml of distilled water. 650 mg (4.14 mmol) of (S)-2,2-HTFMPA were added to this, and the mixture was refluxed. After 2 hours, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and the pH was brought to 1.0 using 10% strength HC1. The mixture was subsequently extracted twice with ethyl acetate (10 ml). The combined organic phases were dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated at not more than 40 C.
Drying in a vacuum oven (45 minutes at 35 C) gave 618 mg of (S)-2,2-HTFMPS, which corresponds to a yield of 94.4%. Only the one isomer was identified by means of chiral GC analysis.
b) Microbiological hydrolysis of (S)-2,2-HTFNPA to (S)-2,2-HTFMPS
Rhodococcus equi TG 328 (DSM 6710) were grown in a mineral salt medium as described by Gilligan et al . , (ibid) . The washed cells at OD650 r,Iõ = 5. 0 were incubated at 37 C with an (S)-2,2-HTFMPA solution (1%
in 100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.7). After 16 hours, GC
analysis revealed that the (S)-2,2-HTFMPA had been converted quantitatively into (S)-2,2-HTFMPS.

Example 6 6.1 Generation of a capsule-negative mutant of Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 formed a slime capsule which conferred unfavourable characteristics on the strain during fermentation. A capsule-negative strain was advantageous for cell separation and subsequent work-up.
Capsule-negative mutants were isolated by means of acridine ICR 191 (J.H. Miller Experiments in Molecular Genetics, Cold Springs Harbor, 1972) as described below.
Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 was inoculated into mineral salt medium containing 0.2% of glucose in the presence of acridine ICR 191 and incubated overnight at C. This culture was subsequently subcultured in fresh medium and again incubated overnight at 30 C. The 30 culture was diluted and plated onto nutrient agar. Non-slimy colonies were picked and checked. The mutants were isolated at a frequency of 0.18%. An example of such a mutant is Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1K17 (DSM
11623). This mutant shows the same growth behaviour as the wild type. The (R)-specific enzyme has the same activity as in Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1, but the strain does not form a slime capsule. This mutant was used for enzyme characterization and gene cloning.

6.2 Preparation of chromosomal DNA of Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1K17 (capsule-negative mutant of PRS1) The chromosomal DNA of a fresh overnight culture of Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1K17 (100 ml nutrient yeast broth, 30 C) was isolated by the modified method of R.H. Chesney et al. (J. Mol. Biol., 130, 1979), 161-173):
The cells which had been harvested by centrifugation (15 min, 6500 X g, 4 C) were resuspended in Tris buffer (2.25 ml, 0.05 mol/l, pH 8.0, 10% (w/v) sucrose).
After addition of 375 l of lysozyme solution (10 mg/ml; 0.25 mol/l Tris HC1 buffer, pH 8.0) and 900 l of 0.1 mol/1 EDTA, pH 8.0, the suspension was cooled for 10 minutes on ice. Thereupon, 450 l of 5%
(w/v) SDS and 50 l of ribonuclease (10 mg/ml H2O) were added and the mixture was incubated for 30 minutes at 37 C. Incubation was continued for 2 hours after addition of a spatula-tipful of proteinase K and 400 l of pronase (20 ml/ml H2O). After mixing with 4.3 g of CsCI, the mixture was centrifuged (30 min, 40,000 x g, 20 C), treated with 250 l of ethidium bromide (10 mg/
ml), and the mixture was centrifuged in an ultracentrifuge (Vti 62.5 tubes; more than 8 hours, 246,000 x g, 20 C). The DNA band was drawn off from the tube under long-wave UV light. After adding 4 volumes of TE buffer (10 mmol/l Tris HC1, pH 8.0, 1 mmol/l EDTA), the ethidium bromide was extracted three times with water-saturated n-butanol. The DNA was precipitated with isopropanol, taken up in TE buffer and incubated for 15 minutes at 65 C. The material was capable of being stored at 4 C.
6.3 Restriction and ligation of the chromosomal DNA
5 g of Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1K17 DNA and 4.5 g of vector DNA (pBLUESCRIPT-KS+ ) were cleaved with 20 units of restriction enzyme Hindlll each in a total restriction buffer volume of 100 l (6.5 hours at 37 C). The DNAs were precipitated with ethanol and dried in the Speed VacR concentrator. The precipitates were taken up in the ligation buffer (20 mmol/l Tris buffer, 10 mmol/l DTT (dithiothreitol), 10 mmol/l MgC12, 0.6 mol/l ATP (adenosin triphosphate, pH 7.2) and combined (ligation volume 100 l).
After addition of 1 unit of T4 DNA ligase, the mixture was incubated overnight at 13 C. The DNA of the ligation mixture was precipitated with isopropanol and taken up in 30 l of water for transformation.
6.4 Transformation of E. coli XL1-Blue NRtF' and selection Competent E. coli XL1-Blue MRF'OO cells were transformed with the ligation mixture by electroporation following the method described by S. Fiedler and R. Wirth (Analyt. Biochem., 170, 1988, 38-44).
To detect plasmid, selection was performed on nutrient agar with ampicillin (100 g/ml) and to detect "insert", selection was performed with 0.5 mmol/l IPTG
(isopropyl-o-D-thiogalactoside) and X-Gal (30 g/ml, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-(3-D-galactopyranoside) during incubation at 37 C.
At a transformation frequency of 1.7 X 108 cfu/ml ("colony-forming units" Alive cells), virtually all clones carried a Hindlll "insert".
Example 7 Screening of the Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1K17 gene library for the (R)-specific amidohydrolase gene Clones carrying hybrid plasmids (Hindlll "insert") were checked for their ability to grow on minimal medium agar as described by H. Kulla et al.
(Arch. Mikrobiol., 135, 1983, 1-7) with 0.4% (v/v) glycerol as the C source, 0.2% (w/v) of (R,S)-2,2-HTFMPA as the sole N source and ampicillin (5 g/ml) for plasmid stabilization. Only clones which contained the intact amidohydrolase gene sad on the DNA "insert"
in the plasmid were capable of utilizing (R,S)-HTFMPA
as N source, converting the former into the desired (R)-acid and growing on this minimal medium. All clones which were selected in this manner contained a hybrid plasmid of vector pBLUESCRIPT-KS+ with a Hindlll "insert" of approx. 2.73 kb.
This allowed identification of strain E. coli XL1-Blue MRF' with the plasmid termed pPRS2a, from which plasmid pPRS2a was isolated and characterized in greater detail.

Example 8 Localization of the amidohydrolase gene (sad) on the cloned Hindlll fragment 8.1 Restriction map of pPRS2a A coarse restriction map of pPRS2a as regards XhoI, DraII, Smal, PstI, Sall, BamHI was established by restriction analysis following conventional procedures (Current Protocols Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1987, Section 2). The restriction map is shown in Fig. 1.
8.2 Formulation of mixed DNA oligomers based on the amidohydrolase N-terminal peptide sequence The genetic code allowed the formulation, and synthesis using a DNA synthesizer, of a mixed DNA
oligomer for the Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1K17 amidohydrolase N-terminal peptide sequence.

5' CAK CAK CTN ACN GAR GAR ATG CA 31 AS His His Leu Thr Glu Glu Met AS = amino acid sequence 8.3 "Southern blot hybridization" of restriction fragments of plasmid pPRS2a The DNA fragments obtained from pPRS2a after different restrictions (BamHI, Smal, Drall, Hindlll, EcoRI) which had been separated by agarose gel electrophoresis (0.6%) were transferred to nitro-cellulose by the known "Southern blot method" (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1987, Section 2.9 et seq.).

Also, the DNA oligomers were 3'-end-labelled with digoxigenin. Hybridization of the "Southern blots"
followed the known procedure (in the abovementioned reference).
Hybridization with the nucleotide oligomer corresponding to the N-terminal protein .sequence allowed a 1.44 kb SmaI/BamHI DNA fragment or a 1.52 kb DraII/BamHI DNA fragment to be identified on the hybrid plasmd pPRS2a.
8.4 Subcloning the hydrolase gene (sad) The 1.52 kb DraII/BamHI DNA fragment, or the 1.91 kb PstI/BamHI DNA fragment, which encodes the (R)-specific amidohydrolase from Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1K17 was inserted into equally digested vector DNA
pBLUESCRIPT-KS+OO.
The vector pBLUESCRIPT-KS+OO containing the 1.52 kb DraII/BamHI DNA fragment was termed hybrid plasmid pPRS7. The vector pBLUESCRIPT-KS+O which contained the 1.91 kb PstI/BamHI DNA fragment was termed hybrid plasmid pPRS4.
8.5 Sequencing the hydrolase gene (sad) The 1.44 kb Smal/BamHI fragment described further above under 8.3 was subjected to fluorescence sequencing using Sanger's dideoxy method (modified) with the aid of a laser fluorescence DNA sequenator. In this manner, the nucleotide sequence termed SEQ ID No.
1 was determined, from which the amino acid sequence for the amidohydrolase, which is shown separately under SEQ ID No. 2, is derived.
Example 9 Determination of the activity of the (R)-amidohydrolase clones The determination of the activity was carried out similarly to as described in Example 4.2.
The results with E. coli / pPRSlb and E. coli /
pPRS2a as examples are shown in Table 2.

Hydrolase activity Clone (R)-amide (S)- Hours g/1 amide (h) g/1 E. coli XL1-Blue MRF' / 5.35 5.92 0 pPRS1b (EcoRI clone) E. coli XL1-Blue 0.00 5.84 4 MRF' /
pPRS1b (EcoRI clone) -Initial activity (37 C) 0.29 g/l/
h/OD650 nm E. coli XL1-Blue 5.66 5.92 0 MRF' /
pPRS2a (Hindlll clone) E. coli XL1-Blue 0.00 6.20 8 MRF' /
pPRS2a (HindIII clone) -Initial activity (37 C) 0.13 g/l/
h/0D650 nm Example 10 Enzyme purification and enzyme characterization 10.1 Enzyme purification During purification, the active fractions were determined by colorimetry. The activity of the cell-free extract and of the pure enzyme was then determined by the GC method. Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 cells (200 ml, OD650=21 in 100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.5) were disrupted by passing 3 times through a French press at 19000 psi (1309 bar). Benzonase (1 l x 30 ml extract-1) was added, and the extract was then centrifuged for 15 minutes at 100000 X g. The super-natant (2.94 mg x ml-1) was heated for 10 minutes at 80 C, and the precipitated protein was then removed by centrifugation. The supernatant (170 ml, 0.83 mg X ml-1) was applied to a HiLoad Q-SepharoseTM 26/10 chromatography column (Pharmacia) which had previously been equilibrated with 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.5;
buffer A) . Unbound protein was eluted from the column using 130 ml of buffer A. Then, a linear gradient (500 ml; 1 M NaCl - 0 M NaCl in buffer A) was established, the flow rate being 2.5 ml X min-1.
Fractions of 5 ml were collected and tested for activity. The most active fractions (30-37; 40 ml) were combined, concentrated to 7.5 ml by ultrafiltration, and the buffer was then exchanged for a 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) by means of gel filtration TM
chromatography (Sephadex G-25 M, PD 10, Pharmacia). The active fractions were then applied to a hydroxyapatite column (5 ml; Bio-Scale CHTI, BioRad) which had been equilibrated with a 10 mM phosphate buffer. Fractions of 1 ml were collected at a flow rate of 2.0 ml x min-1 using a gradient (90 ml; 0.5 mM phosphate buffer -10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.5) and tested for activity. Activity was shown by fractions 17 - 25 and 32 - 34. The protein (Mr 37000) of fraction 19 and fractions 33 and 34 was pure according to SDS-PAGE. The protein of fraction 20 showed a purity of over 95%.
Fractions 20-25 were combined, concentrated to 200 l and then applied to a gel filtration chromatography column (SuperoseTMl2; Pharmacia). SDS-PAGE revealed that fractions 23-26 were pure.
10.2 Protein sequencing An N-terminal amino acid sequence was obtained by western blotting, and the protein was then digested with trypsin and the peptides were isolated by HPLC and sequenced.
N terminus: Met Lys Trp Leu Glu Glu Ser Ile Met Ala Lys Arg Gly Val Gly Ala Ser Arg Lys Pro (SEQ ID No. 3) T3: Val Tyr Trp Ser Lys (SEQ ID No. 4) T4: Lys Pro Val Thr His His Leu Thr Glu Glu Met Gln Lys (SEQ ID No. 5) T5: Tyr Thr Val Gly Ala Met Leu Asn Lys (SEQ
ID No. 6) T6A: Met Glu Asn Ala Glu Asn Ile Met Ser Ile Gly Ser Ala Arg (SEQ ID No. 7) T7: Trp Leu Glu Glu Ser Ile Met Ala Lys (SEQ
ID No. 8) T8: Met Pro Phe Leu Asn Pro Gln Asn Gly Pro Ile Met Val Asn Gly Ala Glu Lys (SEQ ID
No. 9) T9-2: Asp Ala Phe Glu Gly Ala Ile Asn Ser Glu Gln Asp Ile Pro Ser Gln Leu Leu Lys (SEQ
ID No. 10) T9-2: Glu Phe His Tyr Thr Ile Gly Pro Tyr Ser Thr Pro Val Leu Thr Ile Glu Pro Gly Asp Arg (SEQ ID No. 11) T11: Leu Phe Ile Gly Asp Ala His Ala Glu Gln Gly Asp Gly Glu Ile Glu Gly Thr Ala Val Glu Phe Ala (SEQ ID No. 12) T13-1: Gly Asp Val Leu Ala Val Tyr Ile Glu Ser Met Leu Pro Arg (SEQ ID No. 13) T13-2: Gly Val Asp Pro Tyr Gly Ile Glu Ala Met Ile Pro His Phe Gly Gly Leu Thr Gly Thr Asp Leu Thr Ala Met Leu Asn Asp Gln Leu Gln Pro Lys (SEQ ID No. 14) 10.3 Enzyme characterization A heat-treated cell-free extract was employed for characterizing the amidase. Cells of Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1K17 (DSM 11623) (OD650=160) were disrupted by passing through a French press at 19000 psi (1309 bar) . Benzonase (1 l x 30 ml extract') was added, and the extract was then centrifuged for 1 hour at 20000 x g. The supernatant (approx. 20 mg x ml-1 protein) was heated for 10 minutes at 70 C and the precipitated protein was then removed by centrifugation. The supernatant (approx. 2.0 mg x ml-1) was concentrated to 5.0 mg x ml-1 protein and then stored at -20 C. The heat treatment removed approx. 90% of undesired protein. Up to a protein concentration of 0.5 mg x ml-1, the reaction rate was in direct proportion to the protein concentration. A protein concentration of 0.2 mg x ml-1 was therefore routinely employed in the tests. To determine the pH optimum, the concentration of (R,S)-2,2-HTFMPA (substrate) was 0.5% (32 mM) and the temperature was 40 C. The buffers listed in Table 4 were employed in the test.
Table 4 Buffer pH
100 mM MES 6.5 100 mM HEPES 7.0; 7.5 50 mM phosphate buffer 8.0; 8.5 50/100 mM Tris buffer 8.0; 8.5 50/100 mM borate buffer 9.0; 9.5 50/100 mM CAPS buffer 10.0; 10.5; 11.0 The effect of the temperature on the reaction was determined in 100 mM CAPS buffer (pH 10.0) at a substrate concentration of 0.5% (32 mM). The effect of the substrate concentration was determined at 60 C in 100 mM CAPS buffer (pH 10.0), and the effect of methanol at 40 and 60 C at a substrate concentration of 1% (64 mM) in 100 mM CAPS buffer (pH 10.0). The Km value of the reaction was determined using the Enzfitter program of Biosoft.

Fig. 4 shows the pH optimum. The pH optimum is between 9.5 and 10.5 (100 mM CAPS buffer; substrate concentration 32 mM).
Fig. 5 shows the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The Km value for (R)-2,2-HTFMPA is 32 mM (60 C in 100 mM CAPS buffer, pH 10).

Fig. 6 shows the temperature optimum. The temperature optimum is 70 C (100 mM CAPS buffer; substrate concentration 32 mM).
Fig. 7 shows the effect of methanol. Methanol concentrations of between 5 and 20% inhibit the reaction.

10.4 Enzyme immobilization The heat-treated cell-free extract was immobilized using Eupergit TM C (Rohm GmbH). To this end, Eupergit C (3.0 g) was added to 15 ml of heat-treated cell-free extract (protein concentration: 51 mg) in 1 M
potassium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0). The mixture was incubated for 90 hours at room temperature with gentle stirring. The immobilized enzyme was filtered off and washed 4 times with 20 ml of 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0). Support-bound enzyme (49 mg) gave 9.5 g of immobilized enzyme (fresh weight), which was stored in 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 10.0) at 4 C. To test the activity and stability of the immobilized enzyme, a small chromatography column was loaded with 5 g (25 mg of protein). A peristaltic pump (0.135 ml x min-') was used to circulate the substrate (100 ml 4% racemic amide in 100 mM CAPS buffer (pH 10)) between column and reservoir. The entire process was carried out in a water bath. At certain intervals, samples were taken for analysis. The enzyme was still active after 200 hours. Three biotransformations (each with 4 g of racemic substrate, the first having been carried out at 60 C and the remaining two at 40 C) gave a total of 6 g of (S)-amide. At the beginning of the reaction, immobilized enzyme (specific activity = 47 g x min-' X mg protein-1) was added at 60 C, which is comparable (41%) with non-immobilized enzyme (specific activity: 114 g x min-' X mg protein-') .

SEQUENCE LISTING
(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:

(i) APPLICANT:
(A) NAME: LONZA AG
(B) STREET: Muenchensteinerstrasse 38 (C) CITY: Basle (E) COUNTRY: Switzerland (F) POSTAL CODE: 4002 (ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: Process for the preparation of (S)- or (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 14 (iv) COMPUTER-READABLE FORM:
(A) MEDIUM TYPE: Floppy disk (B) COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible (c) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS
(D) SOFTWARE: Patentln Release #1.0, Version #1.30 (EPO) (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 1442 base pairs (B) TYPE: Nucleotide (C) STRANDEDNESS: Double (D) TOPOLOGY: circular (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Genomic DNA

(iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO
(iv) ANTISENSE: NO
(vi) ORIGIN:
(A) ORGANISM: Klebsiella oxytoca (B) STRAIN: PRS1 (C) INDIVIDUAL/ISOLATE: PRS1 (vii) PROVENANCE:
(B) CLONE(S): pPRS2a (ix) FEATURE:
(A) NAME/KEY: CDS
(B) LOCATION: join(197..1181) (D) OTHER INFORMATION: /product= "amidase"
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 1:

CCGCACAGCG CTGTGCGGTA ATGGATAAAG GCC.GGTTGT AGAAA".CGCTG ACCCAP.CAAC 120 Met Lys Trp_Leu Glu Glu Ser Ile Met Ala Lys Arg Gly Val Gly Ala Gly Arg Lys Pro Val Thr His His Leu Thr Clu Glu Met Gln Lys Glu Phe His Tyr Thr Ile Gly Pro Tyr Ser Thr Pro Val Leu Thr Ile Glu Pro Gly Asp Arg Ile Ile Val Asp Thr Arg Asp Ala Phe Glu Gly Ala Ile Asn Ser Glu Gln Asp Ile Pro Ser Gln Lau Leu Lys Met Pro Phe Leu Asn Pro Gln Asn Gly Pro.Ile Met Val Asn Gly Ala Glu Lys Gly Asp Val Leu Ala Val Tyr Ile Glu Ser Met Leu Pro Arg Gly Val Asp Pro Tyr Gly Ile Cys Ala Met Ile Pro His Phe GGC GGA CTG ACC GGG ACC GAC CTG ACG GCC ATG CTC AAT GAT CCG C"C 613 Gly Gly Leu Thr Gly Thr Asp Leu Thr Ala Met Leu Asn Asp Pro Leu Pro Glu Lys Val Arg Met Ile Lys Leu Asp Ser Glu Lys Val Tyr Trp Ser Lys Arg His Thr Leu Pro Tyr Lys Pro His Ile Gly Thr Leu Ser GTA TCG CCA GAA ATT GAC TCA ATC AAT TCA CTG ACG CCA GAC AA^_ CAC 757 Val Ser Pro Glu Ile Asp Ser Ile Asn Ser Leu Thr Pro Asp Asn His 175 180 les Gly Gly Asn Met Asp Val Pro Asp Ile Gly Pro Gly Ser Ile Thr Tyr Leu Pro Val Arg Ala Pro Gly Gly Arg Leu Phe Ile Gly Asp Ala His 2laa Cys Gin Gly Asp Gly Glu Ile Cys Gly Thr Ala Val Glu Phe Ala Ser Ile Thr Thr Ile Lys Val Asp Leu Ile Lys Asn Trp Gln Leu Ser TGG CCA CGA ATG GAG AAT GCC GAA AAT ATT ATG AGT ATT GGC AGT GCA 997' Trp Pro Arg Met Glu Asn Ala Glu Asn Ile Met Ser Ile Gly Ser Ala Arg Pro Leu Glu Asp Ala Thr Arg Ile Ala Tyr Arg Asp Leu Ile Tyr TGG CTG GTA GAA GAC Trr GGC TTC GAA CAA TGG GAT GCC TAC ATG Crr 1093 Trp Leu Val Glu Asp Phe Gly Phe Glu Gln Trp Asp Ala Tyr Met Leu Leu Ser Gln Cys Gly Lys Val Arg Leu Gly Asn Met Val Asp Pro Lys Tyr Thr Val Gly Ala Met Leu Asn Lys Asn Leu Leu Val (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 2:

(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 328 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 2:
Met Lys T=p Leu Glu Glu Ser Ile Met Ala Lys Arg Gly Val Gly Ala 1 5 10 i5 Gly Ara Lys Pro Val Th- His His Leu Thr Glu Glu Met Gln Lys Glu Phe His Tyr Thr Ile Gly Pro Tyr Ser-Thr Pro Val Leu Thr Ile Glu Pro Gly Aso Ara lie Ile Val Asp Thr Arg Asp Ala Phe Glu Gly Ala Ile Asn Ser Glu Gin Asp Ile Pro Ser Gln Leu Leu Lys Met Pro Phe Leu Asn Pro Gin Ann Gly Pro Ile Met Val Asn Gly Ala Glu Lys Gly Asp Val Leu Ala Val Tyr lie Glu Ser Met Leu Pro Arg Gly Val Asp Pro Tyr Gly Ile Cys Ala Met -Ile Pro His Phe Gly Gly Leu Thr Gly Thr Asp Leu Thr Ala Met Leu Asn Asp Pro Leu Pro Glu Lys Val Arg Met Ile Lys Leu Asp Ser Glu Lys Val Tyr Trp Sex- Lys Arg His Thr Leu Pro Tyr Lys Pro His Ile Gly Thr Leu Ser Va. Ser Pro Glu Ile Asp Ser Ile Asn Ser Leu Thr Pro Asp Asn His Gly Gly Asn Met Asp Val Pro Asp Ile Gly Pro Gly Ser Ile Thr Tyr Le,Pro Val Arg Ala Pro Gly Gly Arg Leu Phe Ile Gly Asp Ala His Ala Cys Gin Gly Asp Gly Glu Ile Cys Gly Thr Ala Val Glu Phe Ala Ser Ile Thr Thr Ile Lys Val Asp Leu Ile Lys Asn Trp Gin Leu Ser Trz Pro Arg Met Glu Mn Ala Glu Asn Ile Met Ser Ile Gly Ser Ala Ar: Pro Leu Glu Asp Ala Thr Arg Ile Ala Tyr Arg Asp Leu Ile Ty_ T_'= Leu Val Glu Asp Phe Gly Phe Glu Gin Trp Asp Ala Tyr Met Le_ Le-_ Ser Gin Cys Gly 290 295 3C:

Lys Val Arg Lau Gly Asn Met Val Asp Pro Lys Tyr Thr Val Gly Ala Met Lau Asn Lvs Asn Lau Leu Val (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 3:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 20 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: not known (D) TOPOLOGY: not known (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (vi) ORIGIN:
(B) STRAIN: PRS1 (C) INDIVIDUAL/ISOLATE: PRS1 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 3:
Met Lys Trp Leu Glu Glu Ser Ile Met Ala Lys Arg G1y Val Gly Ala Ser Arg Lys Pro (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 4:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 5 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: not known (D) TOPOLOGY: not known (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (vi) ORIGIN:
(B) STRAIN: PRS1 (C) INDIVIDUAL/ISOLATE: PRS1 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 4:
Val Tyr Trp Ser Lys (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 5:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 13 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: not known (D) TOPOLOGY: not known (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (vi) ORIGIN:
(B) STRAIN: PRS1 (C) INDIVIDUAL/ISOLATE: PRS1 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 5:

Lys Pro Val Thr His His Leu Thr Glu Glu Met Gln Lys (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 6:

(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 9 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: not known (D) TOPOLOGY: not known (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (vi) ORIGIN:
(B) STRAIN: PRS1 (C) INDIVIDUAL/ISOLATE: PRS1 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 6:
Tyr Thr Val Gly Ala Met Leu Asn Lys (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 7:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 14 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: not known (D) TOPOLOGY: not known (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (vi) ORIGIN:
(B) STRAIN: PRS1 (C) INDIVIDUAL/ISOLATE: PRS1 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 7:
Met Glu Asn Ala Glu Asn Ile Met Ser Ile Gly Ser Ala Arg (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 8:

(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 9 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: not known (D) TOPOLOGY: not known (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (vi) ORIGIN:
(B) STRAIN: PRS1 (C) INDIVIDUAL/ISOLATE: PRS1 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 8:
Trp Leu Glu Glu Ser Ile Met Ala Lys (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 9:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 18 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: not known (D) TOPOLOGY: not known (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (vi) ORIGIN:
(B) STRAIN: PRS1 (C) INDIVIDUAL/ISOLATE: PRS1 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 9:
Met Pro Phe L=eu Asn Pro Gln Asn. G1y Pro __e Met Val Asn Gly Ala Glu Lys (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 10:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 19 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: not known (D) TOPOLOGY: not known (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (vi) ORIGIN:
(B) STRAIN: PRS1 (C) INDIVIDUAL/ISOLATE: PRS1 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 10:
Asp Ala Phe Glu Gly Ala Ile Asn Ser Glu Gln Asp Ile Pro Ser Gin Leu Leu Lys (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 11:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 21 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: not known (D) TOPOLOGY: not known (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (vi) ORIGIN:
(B) STRAIN: PRS1 (C) INDIVIDUAL/ISOLATE: PRS1 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 11:
Glu Phe His Tyr Thr Ile Gly Pro Tyr Ser =:u Pro Val Leu T~_ Ile =0 15 Glu Pro Gly Asp Arc (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 12:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 23 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: not known (D) TOPOLOGY: not known (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (vi) ORIGIN:
(B) STRAIN: PRS1 (C) INDIVIDUAL/ISOLATE: PRS1 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 12:
Leu Phe Ile Gly Asp Ala His Ala Glu Gin Gly Asp Gly Glu Ile Glu Gly Thr Ala Val Glu Phe Ala (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 13:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 14 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: not known (D) TOPOLOGY: not known (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (vi) ORIGIN:
(B) STRAIN: PRS1 (C) INDIVIDUAL/ISOLATE: PRS1 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 13:
Gly Asp Val Leu Ala Val Tyr Ile Glu Ser Met Leu Pro Arg (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 14:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 33 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: not known (D) TOPOLOGY: not known (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (vi) ORIGIN:
(C) INDIVIDUAL/ISOLATE: PRS1 (vii) PROVENANCE:
(B) CLONE(S): PRS1 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 14:
Gly Val Aso Pro Tyr Gly Ile Glu Ala Met Ile Pro His Phe G_=r Glv Leu Thr Gly Thr Asp Leu Thr Ala Met Leu Asn Asp Gin Leu GIn Pro Lys

Claims (38)

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A biologically pure culture of microorganism, wherein it is capable of hydrolyzing propionamide of the formula in the form of the racemate or of its optically active isomers as the sole nitrogen source, and wherein said microorganism is selected from the group consisting of the species Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 (DSM 11009), Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1K17 (DSM 11623), Rhodococcus opacus ID-622 (DSM 11344), Arthrobacter ramosus ID-620 (DSM
11350), Bacillus sp. ID-621 (DSM 11351), Klebsiella planticula ID-624 (DSM 11354), Klebsiella pneumoniae ID-625 (DSM 11355) and Pseudomonas sp. (DSM 11010).

2. A polypeptide having amidohydrolase activity and capable of hydrolyzing (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide of the formula wherein said polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID No.: 2.

3. A nucleic acid molecule encoding the polypeptide according to Claim 2.

4. A nucleic acid molecule for the expression of the polypeptide according to Claim 2 in a host, wherein the nucleic acid molecule is selected from group consisting of:
(a) a nucleic acid molecule comprising the sequence of SEQ ID No.: 1; and (b) a nucleic acid molecule which hybridizes under stringent hybridization conditions to the complementary sequence of SEQ ID No.: 1, wherein said stringent hybridization conditions are hybridization at temperatures of between 60°C and 70°C and a salt content of 0.5 to 1.5 M.

5. A nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.:
1.

6. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which:
(i) hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complementary nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 1, wherein said stringent hybridization conditions are hybridization at temperatures of between 60°C and 70°C and a salt content of 0.5 to 1.5 M; and (ii) encodes a polypeptide having amidohydrolase activity capable of hydrolyzing (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methyl propionamide of the formula:

7. A recombinant DNA molecule or vector, containing the nucleic acid molecule according to any one of Claims 3 to 6.

8. A microorganism transformed with the recombinant DNA molecule or the vector according to Claim 7.

9. Microorganism according to Claim 8, selected from the group consisting of the genus Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Comamonas, Acinetobacter, Rhizobium/
Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, Bacillus, Rhodococcus and Agrobacterium.

10. A cell extract derived from a biologically pure culture of a microorganism wherein said microorganism utilizes propionamide of the formula in the form of the racemate of its optically active isomers as the sole nitrogen source; and wherein said microorganism is selected from the group consisting of the species Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1(DSM 11009), Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 K17 (DSM 11623), Rhodococcus opacus ID-622 (DSM 11344), Arthrobacter ramosus ID-620 (DSM 11350), Bacillus sp. ID-621 (DSM 11351), Klebsiella planticula ID-624 (DSM 11354), Klebsiella pneumoniae ID-625 (DSM 11355) and Pseudomonas sp. (DSM 11010).

11. Process for the preparation of (S)- or (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid of the formulae or of (R)- or (S)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionamide of the formulae comprising the conversion of the propionamide of the formula into the compounds of the formulae I, II, VII, or VIII using:
(a) the microorganism of Claim 1; or (b) the cell extract of Claim 10.

12. The process according to Claim 11, further comprising the step of isolating the compound of the formulae I, II, VII or VIII.

13. A process for the preparation of (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid of the formula or of (S)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide of the formula comprising converting propionamide of the formula into the compound of the formula II or VII utilizing the microorganism of Claim 1.

14. Process according to Claim 11 or 13, wherein the propionamide of the formula is prepared by converting, in a first step, trifluoroacetate of the formula into trifluoroacetone of the formula using a mineral acid, converting the trifluoroacetone of the formula IV, in the second step, into the propionitrile of the formula using a cyanide, and converting the propionitrile of the formula V, in the third step, into the propionamide of the formula either chemically using a concentrated mineral acid or microbiologically using mutated amidase-negative microorganisms of the genus Rhodococcus.

15. Process according to Claim 14, wherein the mineral acid used in the first and third step is sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid or nitric acid.

16. Process according to Claim 14 or 15, wherein the cyanide used in the second step is an alkali metal cyanide.

17. Process according to any one of Claims 11 to 16, wherein the conversion of the propionamide of the formula is carried out using microorganisms of the genus Klebsiella, Rhodococcus, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Escherichia, Comamonas, Acinetobacter, Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Rhizobium/Agrobacterium and Pseudomonas.

18. Process according to any one of Claims 11 to 17, wherein the (S)- or (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro--2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide of the formulae is hydrolyzed to the compound of the formula I or II, either chemically in the presence of a base or microbiologically using the microorganism of Claim 1.

19. (R)-3,3,3-Trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide.

20. (S)-3,3,3-Trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide.

21. The recombinant vector of Claim 7, wherein said vector is pPRS7.

22. The recombinant vector of Claim 7, wherein said vector is pPRS4

23. The recombinant vector of Claim 7, wherein said vector is pPRS2a.

24. The microorganism of Claim 9, wherein said Escherichia is Escherichia coli DH5.

25. The microorganism of Claim 9, wherein said Escherichia is Escherichia coli XL1-Blue MRF'®.

26. An isolated polypeptide having amidohydrolase activity capable of hydrolyzing 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide, in the form of the racemate or of an optically active isomer thereof, said polypeptide being obtained from expression of a nucleic acid molecule which encodes said polypeptide and hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complementary nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 1, wherein said stringent hybridization conditions include hybridization at temperatures of between 60° C
and 70° C and a salt content of 0.5 to 1.5 M.

27. The polypeptide of Claim 26, wherein said polypeptide is able to specifically hydrolyze (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide.

28. The polypetide of Claim 26, wherein said polypeptide is able to specifically hydrolase (S)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide.

29. The polypeptide of Claim 26, wherein said expression further comprises expression in a microorganism of a genus selected from the group consisting of Klebsiella, Rhodococcus, Arthrobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas.

30. The polypeptide of Claim 29, wherein the microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 (DSM 11009), Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 K17 (DSM 11623), Pseudomonas sp. (DSM 11010), Rhodococcus opacus ID-622 (DSM 11344), Arthrobacter ramosus ID-620 (DSM 11350), Bacillus sp. ID-621 (DSM

11351), Klebsiella planticula ID-624 (DSM 11354) and Klebsiella pnuemoniae ID-625 (DSM
11355).

31. An isolated polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID No.: 2.

32. An isolated polypeptide having amidohydrolase activity capable of hydrolyzing 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide, in the form of the racemate or of an optically active isomer thereof, said polypeptide being encoded by a nucleic acid sequence which hybridizes under stringent conditions to the complementary nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID No.: 1, wherein said stringent hybridization conditions include hybridization at temperatures of between 60° C and 70° C and a salt content of 0.5 to 1.5 M.

33. The polypeptide of Claim 32, wherein said polypeptide is able to specifically hydrolyze (R)-3, 3, 3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide.

34. The polypeptide of Claim 32, wherein said polypeptide is able to specifically hydrolyze (S)-3, 3, 3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide.

35. The polypeptide of Claim 32, which is isolated from a cell extract of a microorganism of a genus selected from the group consisting of Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus wherein said microorganism utilizes 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide as the sole nitrogen source.

36. The polypeptide of Claim 35, wherein said microorganism utilizes (R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide as the sole nitrogen source.

37. The polypeptide of Claim 35, wherein said microorganism utilizes (S)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropionamide as the sole nitrogen source.

38. The polypeptide of Claim 35, wherein the microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 (DSM 11009), Klebsiella oxytoca PRS1 K17 (DSM 11623), Pseudomonas sp. (DSM 11010), Rhodococcus opacus ID-622 (DSM 11344), Arthrobacter ramosus ID-620 (DSM 11350), Bacillus sp. ID-621 (DSM

11351), Klebsiella planticula ID-624 (DSM 11354) and Klebsiella pnuemoniae ID-625 (DSM
11355).