CA2235392A1 - Use of potassium chloride for the ensilage of green fodder - Google Patents
Use of potassium chloride for the ensilage of green fodder Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2235392A1 CA2235392A1 CA002235392A CA2235392A CA2235392A1 CA 2235392 A1 CA2235392 A1 CA 2235392A1 CA 002235392 A CA002235392 A CA 002235392A CA 2235392 A CA2235392 A CA 2235392A CA 2235392 A1 CA2235392 A1 CA 2235392A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- potassium chloride
- ensiling
- sodium
- ensilage
- green fodder
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K30/00—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K30/10—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder
- A23K30/15—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/20—Inorganic substances, e.g. oligoelements
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Compounds Of Alkaline-Earth Elements, Aluminum Or Rare-Earth Metals (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the use of potassium chloride in combination with known ensilage agents.
Description
CA 0223~392 l998-0~-ll Use of potassium chloride for the ensilage of green fodder The present invention relates to the use of potassium chloride in 5 combination with ensiling aids known per se such as sodium pro-pionate, calcium propionate, sodium formate, free formic acid and/or propionic acid.
The production of silage has great economic importance in ~n;m~l 10 nutrition. A number of additives are known for improving the fer-mentation process and for improving the silage quality. Thus, the currently valid list of ensiling agents tested by the Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Gesellschaft (DLG) describes the use of salts of formic acid and propionic acid, nitrite c~ _~unds, sorbic 15 acid, formaldehyde-generating compounds and sugar-contA;n;ng ma-terials, e.g. molasses. In addition, the addition of lactic acid bacteria cultures or enzymes is also described.
In general, it is necessary for the successful production of very 20 good silage that a sufficient amount of lactic acid is produced as quickly as possible and this is ret~inP~ in the silage during the entire storage period. Prerequisites for sufficient produc-tion of lactic acid are the presence of a sufficient amount of fermentable carbohydrates, anaerobic conditions in the mass of 25 fodder and low temperatures. There are close interactions between these parameters. If atmospheric oxygen is present, fermentable carbohydrates can be consumed by plant parts which have not yet died off and by aerobic microorgAn;Rmq. This process results in a nutrient loss which inhibits the development of lactic acid bac-30 teria and at the same time makes possible the growth of orgAni~ -which damage silage. This process proceeds until the atmospheric oxygen has been consumed. Under unfavorable conditions, this leads to the rapid lowering of pH necessary in the fodder to be ensiled not being achieved. Under these conditions, clostridia 35 can form butyric acid which can reduce the quality of the silage or even ruin it completely.
Gross, Riebe; "Garfutter" Ulmer-Verlag 1974, p. 155 and Mc Donald, Henderson, Heron; ~The Biochemistry of Silage", 2nd 40 Edition Chalcombe Publications 1991, p. 213 disclose the use of sodium chloride as ensiling salt. It is assumed that the increase in the osmotic pressure promotes fermentation by the lactic acid bacteria and suppresses the development of clostridia and other harmful fungi.
CA 0223~392 1998-0~-11 .
Nevertheless the silage suffers a continuA1 weight loss resulting from sugar and starch respiration by the undesired micro-org~n; ~m~ .
5 It was found here that potassium chloride suppresses the ~orma-tion of chlostrida without this knowledge resulting in practical use for silage. Furthermore, the replacement of sodium chloride by potassium chloride and the joint use of potassium chloride and sodium chloride has also been studied (Shockey et al., Journal of 10 Diary tsic] Science (1991), Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 155-159 and pp.
160-166).
It has now been found, surprisingly, that the use of chloride-free ensiling aids known per se in combination with effective 15 amounts of potassium chloride for the ensilage of green fodder makes it possible to achieve very good results in respect of the storage of the silage.
When the same amounts are employed as hitherto, ie. from 1 to 20 10 kg of the total amount of the ensiling aid per metric ton of green fodder, the use of potassium chloride leads to signifi-cantly lower dry weight losses. The cause of this is not known, since no significant advantage of potassium chloride would have been able to be expected in the case of a purely osmotic action.
In particular, the present invention provides ensiling aids se-lected from the group consisting of sodium propionate, calcium propionate, sodium formate, free formic acid and/or propionic acid in combination with effective amounts of potassium chloride 30 for the ensilage of green fodder.
Ensiling agents known per se in conjunction with which potassium chloride can be used are, for example, the ensiling agents named in the list published by the DLG ~5th edition, date: April 10, 35 1995). Most of these comprise calcium formate as an alternative to sodium propionate, calcium propionate, sodium formate and/or formic acid and propionic acid, and some also comprise dicalcium phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium benzoate, sodium bisulfite, sodium nitrite, hexamethylene tetramine, (cane) molasses, sorbic 40 acid, salts of inorganic acids (phosphoric acid compounds, sodium compounds, magnesium compounds) and further mineral materials, mineral supports, trace elements. Ensiling agents which are pre-ferably additionally added also include bacterial cultures such as lactic acid bacteria, enzymes or enzyme complexes, particular-45 ly when they are adsorbed on/applied to a support. Also suitableare sugar-contAin;ng products which contain fermentable carbohy-CA 0223~392 1998-05-11 drates, such as, in addition to the molasses mentioned above, cooked potatoes, coarse-ground cereal~ or dried whey.
The weight ratio of the specified ensiling agents known per se, 5 in particular sodium propionate, calcium propionate, sodium for-mate, propionic acid and~or formic acid, to potassium chloride is generally from 90:10 to 30:70, preferably from 60:40 to 40:60.
In general, the ensiling agents are used in an amount of from 1 lO to 10 kg, in particular from 2 to 5 kg, per metric ton of material to be ensiled. The exact amount depends on the type of material to be ensiled, in particular on whether it is material which is easy to ensile, moderately difficult to ensile or diffi-cult to ensile. More exact values are given in the ab~v~ ~tioned 15 list from the DLG and in the corresponding instructions for the individual ensiling agents. The amount of potassium chloride used is generally from 0.2 to 9 kg/metric ton of green fodder, prefer-ably from 0.5 to 6 kg/metric ton and in particular from 1 to 4 kg/metric ton.
The fermentable fodder to be ensiled which can be employed for the use according to the present invention is in itself subject to no particular restrictions. Suitable materials are all types of fodder which are easy to ensile (slightly wilted grass and 25 other forage plants having a sugar content of more than 3% in the fresh mass, wilted grass having a dry content of more than 30%, wilted legumes having a dry content of more than 25%, whole-plant cereal, moist cereal and moist maize, pressed pulp), fodder which is moderately difficult to ensile (grass having a dry content of 30 from 20 to 25%, legumes having a dry content of from 25 to 30%
and other forage plants having sugar contents of from 1.5 to 3~
in the fresh mass) or fodder which is difficult to ensile (grass having a dry content of less than 20% or legumes having a dry content of less than 20% and having less than 1.5% of sugar in 35 the fresh mass and also grass or legumes which were incorrectly wilted). The material to be ensiled preferably has a moisture content of at least 60%, more preferably from 60 to 90% (corre-sponding to from 40 to 10% of dry material). The ensiling compositions of the present invention can be homogeneously 40 distributed in the material to be ensiled by, for example, laying down the material to be ensiled in layers and distributing the ensiling mixture of the present invention over each layer. In addition, it is also possible to mix the material to be ensiled with the ensiling mixture of the present invention prior to 4S introduction into the silo. Most preferred is the automatic .
CA 0223~392 1998-0~-ll metered addition of the ensiling mixture at the discharge of the chopper by means of a special metering apparatus.
It i5 advantageous to use the finished mixture according to the 5 present invention c ,~Lising ensiling agents known per se and potassium chloride. In addition, it is also possible to mix in the individual constituents separately. This variant is likewise subject matter of the present invention. The application of the ensiling mixture is then carried out either ~-nllAlly, by means of 10 an applicator or by means of a metering aparatus which is preferably arranged at the discharge of a chopper.
The examples illustrate the invention.
15 Examples Lucerne having a dry content of 19%, contAin;ng 45.1 g of water-soluble carbohydrates per kg of dry weight and 0.9% of water-soluble carbohydrates in the moist mass was ensiled in three 2 l 20 experimental silos. The loss in mass in the silo was determined after 13, 30, 60 and 90 days and after 7 months. The same proce-dure was repeated using a batch of timothy having a dry content of 23.7%, cont~;n;ng 95.6 g of water-soluble carbohdyrates per kg of dry weight and 2.3% of water-soluble carbohydrates in the 25 moist mass. The results for storage for 7 months are shown in Table 1, for shorter times in Table 2.
In each of the examples, a total amount of the ensiling composi-tion of 3 kgJmetric ton of green fodder was applied; the weight 30 ratio of sodium formate to potassium chloride was 50:50.
Dry weight losses (in % by weight) Table 1:
Ex. Lucerne Timothy 1 Control, 16.2 5.8 untreated (Comparison) 40 2 Sodium propionate 7.1 3.0 Sodium formate (ComrArison) 3 RCl 5.8 2.7 Sodium formate Table 2 Lucerne Timothy Ex. Days Days 1 Control, 2 2 5.2 8.6 16.2 4.3 4.6 5.8 7.1 untreated 3 KCl/Sodium formate 2.5 3.4 4.0 5.8 2.2 2.3 2.7 3.4 D
Ul ~
Example 4 r As described in Example 1, lucerne and timothy were ensiled and, after 120 days, the following average values from 3 batches were determined.
ยข
Ex. Lucerne Dry ' , Ammonia pH Ethanol Lactic acid Acetic acid Propionic Butyric acid I ~ ic Valeric acid corrected g/kg g/kg dry g/kg dryg/kg dryg/kg dry acid g/kg dry acid g/kg dry weight weight weight weight g/kg dry weight g/kg dry weight weight weight 1 Control, 175 11.6 5.610 1.8 45 12.5 52 7.5 12.5 untreated O
4 KCI/ 194 2.9 4.711 56 42 5.0 1.5 0 0 Sodium formate ~, o~ ~
Ex. Timoth~
1 Control 230 1.7 4.112.5 55 30 0 2.5 0 0 O
4 KCI/ 243 1.5 4.04.2 85 19 0 0 0 0 Sodium formate
The production of silage has great economic importance in ~n;m~l 10 nutrition. A number of additives are known for improving the fer-mentation process and for improving the silage quality. Thus, the currently valid list of ensiling agents tested by the Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Gesellschaft (DLG) describes the use of salts of formic acid and propionic acid, nitrite c~ _~unds, sorbic 15 acid, formaldehyde-generating compounds and sugar-contA;n;ng ma-terials, e.g. molasses. In addition, the addition of lactic acid bacteria cultures or enzymes is also described.
In general, it is necessary for the successful production of very 20 good silage that a sufficient amount of lactic acid is produced as quickly as possible and this is ret~inP~ in the silage during the entire storage period. Prerequisites for sufficient produc-tion of lactic acid are the presence of a sufficient amount of fermentable carbohydrates, anaerobic conditions in the mass of 25 fodder and low temperatures. There are close interactions between these parameters. If atmospheric oxygen is present, fermentable carbohydrates can be consumed by plant parts which have not yet died off and by aerobic microorgAn;Rmq. This process results in a nutrient loss which inhibits the development of lactic acid bac-30 teria and at the same time makes possible the growth of orgAni~ -which damage silage. This process proceeds until the atmospheric oxygen has been consumed. Under unfavorable conditions, this leads to the rapid lowering of pH necessary in the fodder to be ensiled not being achieved. Under these conditions, clostridia 35 can form butyric acid which can reduce the quality of the silage or even ruin it completely.
Gross, Riebe; "Garfutter" Ulmer-Verlag 1974, p. 155 and Mc Donald, Henderson, Heron; ~The Biochemistry of Silage", 2nd 40 Edition Chalcombe Publications 1991, p. 213 disclose the use of sodium chloride as ensiling salt. It is assumed that the increase in the osmotic pressure promotes fermentation by the lactic acid bacteria and suppresses the development of clostridia and other harmful fungi.
CA 0223~392 1998-0~-11 .
Nevertheless the silage suffers a continuA1 weight loss resulting from sugar and starch respiration by the undesired micro-org~n; ~m~ .
5 It was found here that potassium chloride suppresses the ~orma-tion of chlostrida without this knowledge resulting in practical use for silage. Furthermore, the replacement of sodium chloride by potassium chloride and the joint use of potassium chloride and sodium chloride has also been studied (Shockey et al., Journal of 10 Diary tsic] Science (1991), Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 155-159 and pp.
160-166).
It has now been found, surprisingly, that the use of chloride-free ensiling aids known per se in combination with effective 15 amounts of potassium chloride for the ensilage of green fodder makes it possible to achieve very good results in respect of the storage of the silage.
When the same amounts are employed as hitherto, ie. from 1 to 20 10 kg of the total amount of the ensiling aid per metric ton of green fodder, the use of potassium chloride leads to signifi-cantly lower dry weight losses. The cause of this is not known, since no significant advantage of potassium chloride would have been able to be expected in the case of a purely osmotic action.
In particular, the present invention provides ensiling aids se-lected from the group consisting of sodium propionate, calcium propionate, sodium formate, free formic acid and/or propionic acid in combination with effective amounts of potassium chloride 30 for the ensilage of green fodder.
Ensiling agents known per se in conjunction with which potassium chloride can be used are, for example, the ensiling agents named in the list published by the DLG ~5th edition, date: April 10, 35 1995). Most of these comprise calcium formate as an alternative to sodium propionate, calcium propionate, sodium formate and/or formic acid and propionic acid, and some also comprise dicalcium phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium benzoate, sodium bisulfite, sodium nitrite, hexamethylene tetramine, (cane) molasses, sorbic 40 acid, salts of inorganic acids (phosphoric acid compounds, sodium compounds, magnesium compounds) and further mineral materials, mineral supports, trace elements. Ensiling agents which are pre-ferably additionally added also include bacterial cultures such as lactic acid bacteria, enzymes or enzyme complexes, particular-45 ly when they are adsorbed on/applied to a support. Also suitableare sugar-contAin;ng products which contain fermentable carbohy-CA 0223~392 1998-05-11 drates, such as, in addition to the molasses mentioned above, cooked potatoes, coarse-ground cereal~ or dried whey.
The weight ratio of the specified ensiling agents known per se, 5 in particular sodium propionate, calcium propionate, sodium for-mate, propionic acid and~or formic acid, to potassium chloride is generally from 90:10 to 30:70, preferably from 60:40 to 40:60.
In general, the ensiling agents are used in an amount of from 1 lO to 10 kg, in particular from 2 to 5 kg, per metric ton of material to be ensiled. The exact amount depends on the type of material to be ensiled, in particular on whether it is material which is easy to ensile, moderately difficult to ensile or diffi-cult to ensile. More exact values are given in the ab~v~ ~tioned 15 list from the DLG and in the corresponding instructions for the individual ensiling agents. The amount of potassium chloride used is generally from 0.2 to 9 kg/metric ton of green fodder, prefer-ably from 0.5 to 6 kg/metric ton and in particular from 1 to 4 kg/metric ton.
The fermentable fodder to be ensiled which can be employed for the use according to the present invention is in itself subject to no particular restrictions. Suitable materials are all types of fodder which are easy to ensile (slightly wilted grass and 25 other forage plants having a sugar content of more than 3% in the fresh mass, wilted grass having a dry content of more than 30%, wilted legumes having a dry content of more than 25%, whole-plant cereal, moist cereal and moist maize, pressed pulp), fodder which is moderately difficult to ensile (grass having a dry content of 30 from 20 to 25%, legumes having a dry content of from 25 to 30%
and other forage plants having sugar contents of from 1.5 to 3~
in the fresh mass) or fodder which is difficult to ensile (grass having a dry content of less than 20% or legumes having a dry content of less than 20% and having less than 1.5% of sugar in 35 the fresh mass and also grass or legumes which were incorrectly wilted). The material to be ensiled preferably has a moisture content of at least 60%, more preferably from 60 to 90% (corre-sponding to from 40 to 10% of dry material). The ensiling compositions of the present invention can be homogeneously 40 distributed in the material to be ensiled by, for example, laying down the material to be ensiled in layers and distributing the ensiling mixture of the present invention over each layer. In addition, it is also possible to mix the material to be ensiled with the ensiling mixture of the present invention prior to 4S introduction into the silo. Most preferred is the automatic .
CA 0223~392 1998-0~-ll metered addition of the ensiling mixture at the discharge of the chopper by means of a special metering apparatus.
It i5 advantageous to use the finished mixture according to the 5 present invention c ,~Lising ensiling agents known per se and potassium chloride. In addition, it is also possible to mix in the individual constituents separately. This variant is likewise subject matter of the present invention. The application of the ensiling mixture is then carried out either ~-nllAlly, by means of 10 an applicator or by means of a metering aparatus which is preferably arranged at the discharge of a chopper.
The examples illustrate the invention.
15 Examples Lucerne having a dry content of 19%, contAin;ng 45.1 g of water-soluble carbohydrates per kg of dry weight and 0.9% of water-soluble carbohydrates in the moist mass was ensiled in three 2 l 20 experimental silos. The loss in mass in the silo was determined after 13, 30, 60 and 90 days and after 7 months. The same proce-dure was repeated using a batch of timothy having a dry content of 23.7%, cont~;n;ng 95.6 g of water-soluble carbohdyrates per kg of dry weight and 2.3% of water-soluble carbohydrates in the 25 moist mass. The results for storage for 7 months are shown in Table 1, for shorter times in Table 2.
In each of the examples, a total amount of the ensiling composi-tion of 3 kgJmetric ton of green fodder was applied; the weight 30 ratio of sodium formate to potassium chloride was 50:50.
Dry weight losses (in % by weight) Table 1:
Ex. Lucerne Timothy 1 Control, 16.2 5.8 untreated (Comparison) 40 2 Sodium propionate 7.1 3.0 Sodium formate (ComrArison) 3 RCl 5.8 2.7 Sodium formate Table 2 Lucerne Timothy Ex. Days Days 1 Control, 2 2 5.2 8.6 16.2 4.3 4.6 5.8 7.1 untreated 3 KCl/Sodium formate 2.5 3.4 4.0 5.8 2.2 2.3 2.7 3.4 D
Ul ~
Example 4 r As described in Example 1, lucerne and timothy were ensiled and, after 120 days, the following average values from 3 batches were determined.
ยข
Ex. Lucerne Dry ' , Ammonia pH Ethanol Lactic acid Acetic acid Propionic Butyric acid I ~ ic Valeric acid corrected g/kg g/kg dry g/kg dryg/kg dryg/kg dry acid g/kg dry acid g/kg dry weight weight weight weight g/kg dry weight g/kg dry weight weight weight 1 Control, 175 11.6 5.610 1.8 45 12.5 52 7.5 12.5 untreated O
4 KCI/ 194 2.9 4.711 56 42 5.0 1.5 0 0 Sodium formate ~, o~ ~
Ex. Timoth~
1 Control 230 1.7 4.112.5 55 30 0 2.5 0 0 O
4 KCI/ 243 1.5 4.04.2 85 19 0 0 0 0 Sodium formate
Claims (7)
1. Use of ensiling agents known per se in combination with effective amounts of potassium chloride for the ensilage of green fodder.
2. Use as claimed in claim 1 of ensiling agents selected from the group consisting of sodium propionate, calcium propionate, sodium formate, free formic acid and propionic acid, in each case in combination with potassium chloride, for the ensilage of green fodder.
3. Use as claimed in claim 1, wherein the weight ratio of the ensiling agents known per se to potassium chloride is from 90:10 to 30:70.
4. Use as claimed in claim 1, wherein the amount of potassium chloride used is from 0.2 to 9 kg/metric ton of green fodder.
5. An ensiling composition comprising as essential constituents ensiling agents known per se in combination with effective amounts of potassium chloride.
6. An ensiling composition as claimed in claim 5 comprising as essential constituents sodium propionate, calcium propionate, sodium formate, propionic acid and/or formic acid, in each case in combination with potassium chloride.
7. An ensiling composition as claimed in claim 5 in which the ensiling agents known per se and potassium chloride are present in a weight ratio of from 90:10 to 30:70.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19546200A DE19546200A1 (en) | 1995-12-11 | 1995-12-11 | Use of potassium chloride to ensilage green fodder |
| DE19546200.9 | 1995-12-11 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2235392A1 true CA2235392A1 (en) | 1997-06-19 |
Family
ID=7779802
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002235392A Abandoned CA2235392A1 (en) | 1995-12-11 | 1996-12-02 | Use of potassium chloride for the ensilage of green fodder |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0866662A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2000501937A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR19990072049A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU1096197A (en) |
| BG (1) | BG102451A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9611976A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2235392A1 (en) |
| CZ (1) | CZ168798A3 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE19546200A1 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO982665L (en) |
| PL (1) | PL327194A1 (en) |
| SK (1) | SK76398A3 (en) |
| TR (1) | TR199801037T2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1997021355A1 (en) |
-
1995
- 1995-12-11 DE DE19546200A patent/DE19546200A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1996
- 1996-12-02 CA CA002235392A patent/CA2235392A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-12-02 TR TR1998/01037T patent/TR199801037T2/en unknown
- 1996-12-02 AU AU10961/97A patent/AU1096197A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-12-02 JP JP9521677A patent/JP2000501937A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-12-02 PL PL96327194A patent/PL327194A1/en unknown
- 1996-12-02 KR KR1019980704343A patent/KR19990072049A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-12-02 BR BR9611976A patent/BR9611976A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-12-02 WO PCT/EP1996/005331 patent/WO1997021355A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-12-02 EP EP96941635A patent/EP0866662A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-12-02 SK SK763-98A patent/SK76398A3/en unknown
- 1996-12-02 CZ CZ981687A patent/CZ168798A3/en unknown
-
1998
- 1998-05-15 BG BG102451A patent/BG102451A/en unknown
- 1998-06-10 NO NO982665A patent/NO982665L/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TR199801037T2 (en) | 1998-08-21 |
| NO982665D0 (en) | 1998-06-10 |
| KR19990072049A (en) | 1999-09-27 |
| SK76398A3 (en) | 1998-12-02 |
| EP0866662A1 (en) | 1998-09-30 |
| DE19546200A1 (en) | 1997-06-12 |
| MX9803288A (en) | 1998-09-30 |
| JP2000501937A (en) | 2000-02-22 |
| PL327194A1 (en) | 1998-11-23 |
| WO1997021355A1 (en) | 1997-06-19 |
| AU1096197A (en) | 1997-07-03 |
| NO982665L (en) | 1998-06-10 |
| BR9611976A (en) | 1999-02-17 |
| BG102451A (en) | 1999-02-26 |
| CZ168798A3 (en) | 1999-04-14 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Discontinued |