CA2201186A1 - Partially hydrophobic precipitated silicas - Google Patents

Partially hydrophobic precipitated silicas

Info

Publication number
CA2201186A1
CA2201186A1 CA2201186A CA2201186A CA2201186A1 CA 2201186 A1 CA2201186 A1 CA 2201186A1 CA 2201186 A CA2201186 A CA 2201186A CA 2201186 A CA2201186 A CA 2201186A CA 2201186 A1 CA2201186 A1 CA 2201186A1
Authority
CA
Canada
Prior art keywords
silica
partially hydrophobic
dried
prepared
hydrophobic precipitated
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
CA2201186A
Other languages
French (fr)
Other versions
CA2201186C (en
Inventor
Karl Meier
Anja Ramb
Heinz-Gunter Lux
Astrid Muller
Rolf Oelmuller
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Evonik Operations GmbH
Original Assignee
Degussa GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Degussa GmbH filed Critical Degussa GmbH
Publication of CA2201186A1 publication Critical patent/CA2201186A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of CA2201186C publication Critical patent/CA2201186C/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
    • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
    • C09C1/28—Compounds of silicon
    • C09C1/30—Silicic acid
    • C09C1/3081—Treatment with organo-silicon compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B33/113—Silicon oxides; Hydrates thereof
    • C01B33/12—Silica; Hydrates thereof, e.g. lepidoic silicic acid
    • C01B33/18—Preparation of finely divided silica neither in sol nor in gel form; After-treatment thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/22—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing ingredients stabilising the active ingredients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
    • A01N57/10—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds
    • A01N57/12—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds containing acyclic or cycloaliphatic radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
    • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
    • C09C1/28—Compounds of silicon
    • C09C1/30—Silicic acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
    • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
    • C09C1/28—Compounds of silicon
    • C09C1/30—Silicic acid
    • C09C1/3045—Treatment with inorganic compounds
    • C09C1/3054—Coating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
    • C11D3/12—Water-insoluble compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
    • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
    • C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/10—Solid density
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/12—Surface area
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/19—Oil-absorption capacity, e.g. DBP values
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/40—Electric properties
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
    • C01P2006/82—Compositional purity water content
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/90—Other properties not specified above

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Silicon Compounds (AREA)
  • Degasification And Air Bubble Elimination (AREA)
  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
  • Materials Applied To Surfaces To Minimize Adherence Of Mist Or Water (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
  • Cosmetics (AREA)

Abstract

Partially hydrophobic precipitated silica with a methanol crosslinking potential of 10-49% is new. When anhydrous, the silica has a DBP absorption > 250 g/100 g. The average particle size is 1-12 µm and the silica has a carbon content of 0.3-1.85 %, and when dried, it loses 2.6-10 % of its weight. It has a pH of 5.5-10. The silica is prepared by mixing a silica suspension (which has been prepared using known methods) with a material that gives the silica hydrophobic properties. The mixing takes place for a very short time at conditions of low pH and high shear. The resulting suspension is filtered and washed in salt-free conditions, and the filter cake is dried, thermally treated and powdered.
CA002201186A 1996-03-29 1997-03-27 Partially hydrophobic precipitated silicas Expired - Fee Related CA2201186C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19612501 1996-03-29
DE19612501.4 1996-03-29

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CA2201186A1 true CA2201186A1 (en) 1997-09-29
CA2201186C CA2201186C (en) 2000-10-10

Family

ID=7789823

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CA002201186A Expired - Fee Related CA2201186C (en) 1996-03-29 1997-03-27 Partially hydrophobic precipitated silicas

Country Status (26)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0798348B1 (en)
JP (3) JPH107415A (en)
KR (2) KR100249592B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1053641C (en)
AR (1) AR006436A1 (en)
AT (1) ATE175224T1 (en)
AU (1) AU1658097A (en)
BG (1) BG61818B1 (en)
BR (1) BR9701582A (en)
CA (1) CA2201186C (en)
DE (2) DE59700063D1 (en)
DK (1) DK0798348T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2128186T3 (en)
HK (2) HK1000701A1 (en)
HU (1) HUP9700681A3 (en)
ID (1) ID18471A (en)
IL (1) IL120548A0 (en)
IN (1) IN191468B (en)
MY (1) MY116875A (en)
NO (1) NO971450L (en)
PL (1) PL319213A1 (en)
RU (1) RU2140871C1 (en)
SG (1) SG81215A1 (en)
TR (1) TR199700241A2 (en)
TW (1) TW374077B (en)
ZA (1) ZA972626B (en)

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6197384B1 (en) * 1998-06-25 2001-03-06 Degussa-Huls Ag Hydrophobic precipitated silica
US7951848B2 (en) 2005-03-17 2011-05-31 Wacker Chemie Ag Aqueous dispersions of partially hydrophobic silicas
US11427506B2 (en) 2016-07-29 2022-08-30 Evonik Operations Gmbh Method for producing hydrophobic heat insulation material
US11920735B2 (en) 2017-06-09 2024-03-05 Evonik Operations Gmbh Method for thermally insulating an evacuable container
US11958981B2 (en) 2018-07-17 2024-04-16 Evonik Operations Gmbh Granular mixed oxide material and thermal insulating composition on its basis
US11987528B2 (en) 2018-07-18 2024-05-21 Kingspan Insulation Limited Process for hydrophobizing shaped insulation-material bodies based on silica at ambient pressure
US12030810B2 (en) 2018-07-17 2024-07-09 Evonik Operations Gmbh Thermal insulating composition based on fumed silica granulates, processes for its preparation and uses thereof
US12060278B2 (en) 2018-03-05 2024-08-13 Evonik Operations Gmbh Method for producing an aerogel material

Families Citing this family (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6736891B1 (en) * 1999-08-19 2004-05-18 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Process for producing hydrophobic particulate inorganic oxides
WO2001012731A1 (en) * 1999-08-19 2001-02-22 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Hydrophobic particulate inorganic oxides and polymeric compositions containing same
EP1212380A1 (en) * 1999-08-19 2002-06-12 Dow Corning Corporation Chemically modified silica fillers, process for producing, and silicone compositions containing same
US7015271B2 (en) 1999-08-19 2006-03-21 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Hydrophobic particulate inorganic oxides and polymeric compositions containing same
ATE261821T1 (en) * 2000-04-11 2004-04-15 Degussa COATING INKS FOR INKJET MEDIA
DE10062449A1 (en) 2000-12-14 2002-06-20 Degussa Doped precipitated silica
DE10138492A1 (en) 2001-08-04 2003-02-13 Degussa Hydrophobic, non-tempered precipitated silica with a high degree of whiteness
DE10260323A1 (en) * 2002-12-20 2004-07-08 Wacker-Chemie Gmbh Water-wettable silylated metal oxides
EP1628912A2 (en) * 2003-05-23 2006-03-01 Degussa AG Use of pulverulent mixtures containing hydrogen peroxide and hydrophobed silicon dioxide for the controlled release of hydrogen peroxide or oxygen
DE102004029069A1 (en) * 2004-06-16 2005-12-29 Degussa Ag Surface modified silica gels
DE102005027720A1 (en) * 2005-06-16 2006-12-21 Degussa Ag Alkali metal oxide-containing mixed oxide powder and silicone rubber containing this powder
DE102008000290A1 (en) 2008-02-13 2009-08-20 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Storage stable product systems for premix formulations
DE102009028255A1 (en) 2009-08-05 2011-02-10 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Microstructured multifunctional inorganic coating additives to prevent fouling (biofilm growth) in aquatic applications
DE102009036767A1 (en) 2009-08-08 2011-02-10 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Composite particles for use in oral hygiene
JP5568707B2 (en) * 2010-07-30 2014-08-13 サンノプコ株式会社 Antifoaming agent and method for producing kraft pulp using the same
JP6089173B2 (en) * 2010-12-28 2017-03-08 日本メナード化粧品株式会社 Dispersion stabilizer and method for producing the same
DE102012210294A1 (en) 2012-06-19 2013-12-19 Evonik Industries Ag Anti-fouling additives, process for their preparation and their use in coatings
DE102012211121A1 (en) * 2012-06-28 2014-01-02 Evonik Industries Ag Granular, functionalized silicic acid, process for their preparation and their use
JP7050810B2 (en) 2017-01-18 2022-04-08 エボニック オペレーションズ ゲーエムベーハー Granulated heat insulating material and its manufacturing method
CN108310813A (en) * 2018-03-03 2018-07-24 朱东洋 A kind of preparation method of antifoaming agent
EP3813972A4 (en) * 2018-06-15 2022-03-23 W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn Defoamer active, manufacturing method thereof, and defoaming formulation
WO2022047521A1 (en) * 2020-09-01 2022-03-10 Murdoch University A method for controlling field insects

Family Cites Families (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1619865C3 (en) * 1967-11-04 1978-06-01 Deutsche Gold- Und Silber-Scheideanstalt Vormals Roessler, 6000 Frankfurt Use of a finely divided, amorphous silica with a high structure as a carrier filler for active ingredients
US3963627A (en) * 1970-02-16 1976-06-15 Imperial Chemical Industries Limited Surface treatment of particulate solids
GB1348372A (en) * 1970-02-16 1974-03-13 Ici Ltd Foam-compatible powder compositions
DE2628975A1 (en) * 1976-06-28 1977-12-29 Degussa FELLING SILICIC ACID
NL188886C (en) * 1978-07-26 1992-11-02 Duphar Int Res GRANULAR PESTICIDE PREPARATION.
US4332696A (en) * 1980-05-27 1982-06-01 Nalco Chemical Company Fatty epoxide hydrophobized silica as antifoams in brownstock washing aids
EP0111112A1 (en) * 1982-12-03 1984-06-20 American Cyanamid Company Granular pesticidal compositions coated with hydrophobic solids with attendant reduced dermal toxicity
JPS6023863A (en) * 1983-07-19 1985-02-06 Canon Inc Formation of image
GB8323131D0 (en) * 1983-08-27 1983-09-28 Procter & Gamble Ltd Detergent compositions
FR2613708B1 (en) * 1987-04-13 1990-10-12 Rhone Poulenc Chimie HYDROPHOBIC PRECIPITATION SILICA, ITS PREPARATION PROCESS AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE REINFORCEMENT OF SILICON ELASTOMERS
DE4041827A1 (en) * 1990-12-24 1992-07-02 Degussa PELLETIC PASTE
JP3091921B2 (en) * 1991-08-27 2000-09-25 キヤノン株式会社 Toner for developing electrostatic images
DE4419234A1 (en) * 1994-06-01 1995-12-07 Wacker Chemie Gmbh Process for the silylation of inorganic oxides

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6197384B1 (en) * 1998-06-25 2001-03-06 Degussa-Huls Ag Hydrophobic precipitated silica
US7951848B2 (en) 2005-03-17 2011-05-31 Wacker Chemie Ag Aqueous dispersions of partially hydrophobic silicas
US11427506B2 (en) 2016-07-29 2022-08-30 Evonik Operations Gmbh Method for producing hydrophobic heat insulation material
US11920735B2 (en) 2017-06-09 2024-03-05 Evonik Operations Gmbh Method for thermally insulating an evacuable container
US12060278B2 (en) 2018-03-05 2024-08-13 Evonik Operations Gmbh Method for producing an aerogel material
US11958981B2 (en) 2018-07-17 2024-04-16 Evonik Operations Gmbh Granular mixed oxide material and thermal insulating composition on its basis
US12030810B2 (en) 2018-07-17 2024-07-09 Evonik Operations Gmbh Thermal insulating composition based on fumed silica granulates, processes for its preparation and uses thereof
US11987528B2 (en) 2018-07-18 2024-05-21 Kingspan Insulation Limited Process for hydrophobizing shaped insulation-material bodies based on silica at ambient pressure

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AR006436A1 (en) 1999-08-25
DE19713316A1 (en) 1997-11-06
CN1053641C (en) 2000-06-21
JP4440493B2 (en) 2010-03-24
ES2128186T3 (en) 1999-05-01
MX9702282A (en) 1997-09-30
BG61818B1 (en) 1998-06-30
HK1003382A1 (en) 1998-10-30
EP0798348A1 (en) 1997-10-01
TR199700241A2 (en) 1997-10-21
HUP9700681A2 (en) 1997-12-29
IN191468B (en) 2003-12-06
JP4440397B2 (en) 2010-03-24
JPH107415A (en) 1998-01-13
HUP9700681A3 (en) 2000-03-28
NO971450L (en) 1997-09-30
MY116875A (en) 2004-04-30
BG101361A (en) 1997-09-30
SG81215A1 (en) 2001-06-19
EP0798348B1 (en) 1998-12-30
KR100249592B1 (en) 2000-03-15
IL120548A0 (en) 1997-07-13
JP2000159516A (en) 2000-06-13
HK1000701A1 (en) 2000-04-07
TW374077B (en) 1999-11-11
ZA972626B (en) 1997-10-20
CA2201186C (en) 2000-10-10
KR100265198B1 (en) 2000-08-16
BR9701582A (en) 1998-08-18
AU1658097A (en) 1997-10-02
JP2002020112A (en) 2002-01-23
DK0798348T3 (en) 1999-08-30
NO971450D0 (en) 1997-03-26
ATE175224T1 (en) 1999-01-15
KR970065409A (en) 1997-10-13
ID18471A (en) 1998-04-09
CN1167078A (en) 1997-12-10
DE59700063D1 (en) 1999-02-11
PL319213A1 (en) 1997-10-13
RU2140871C1 (en) 1999-11-10

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