CA2187041C - Construction for railways supports without ties and ballast - Google Patents
Construction for railways supports without ties and ballastInfo
- Publication number
- CA2187041C CA2187041C CA 2187041 CA2187041A CA2187041C CA 2187041 C CA2187041 C CA 2187041C CA 2187041 CA2187041 CA 2187041 CA 2187041 A CA2187041 A CA 2187041A CA 2187041 C CA2187041 C CA 2187041C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- reinforced concrete
- side walls
- slab
- construction
- concrete
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
- E01B1/00—Ballastway; Other means for supporting the sleepers or the track; Drainage of the ballastway
- E01B1/002—Ballastless track, e.g. concrete slab trackway, or with asphalt layers
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Railway Tracks (AREA)
- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
Abstract
The existing construction of Railways supports is based on ties, wood, concrete or prestressed concrete types, to which the two parallel rails are fastened, forming a Track, which is placed on the Ballast, selected material such as crushed stone and all together on the roadbed to hold the track in line and surface. This system is flexible and vulnerable to the dynamic action of vehicles in motion and to the climatic influences. The concentrated loads of the vehicles in motion are transfered directly to the ballast and to the roadbed. My invention is a solid reinforced concrete continuous tunnel type support of the Railway. The concentrated loads of the vehicles in motion are transfered by the reinforced concrete top slab to its side supporting reinforced concrete walls and to their foundations below the frost penetration level as a uniformly distributed loads.
Description
7 ~ ~ ~
S P E C I F I C A T I O N
1.- FIELD OF THE INVENTION:
This ~ ' relates to the new method of ~ . of 12~ a~S ~
as stlt ' al n- ro~.cd concrete 1~'' - tunnel type unit.Thetopl~- ~ .ed concrete slab, support of the Raylway ix ~ r lt~d from the - b~, d~ by an air-space,transfers the dynamic loads from trainS in motion directlytothe r~- ~o~ed concrete side p~L~i- F waUs, founded below the frost p~ 1 _' Ievel.
S P E C I F I C A T I O N
1.- FIELD OF THE INVENTION:
This ~ ' relates to the new method of ~ . of 12~ a~S ~
as stlt ' al n- ro~.cd concrete 1~'' - tunnel type unit.Thetopl~- ~ .ed concrete slab, support of the Raylway ix ~ r lt~d from the - b~, d~ by an air-space,transfers the dynamic loads from trainS in motion directlytothe r~- ~o~ed concrete side p~L~i- F waUs, founded below the frost p~ 1 _' Ievel.
2.- BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION:
The ~ ', ' of the existing Railways ~ ls is based on steel rails on ties and ballast on roadbed system The F r -E of this type of st~ c is directly related to the physicd P~ s and cc ' - of the roadbed soil. This is a flexible st~ ' c which under the heavy dynamic loads from trains in motion result in aparlial ~'~ .
s ''' ' ,~e'~ ~D..'- and cracks in the b~ e and its further settlements.Water '- through the cracks ,frost and tho~ in winter and spring cause the f ' of ice lenses and an ndd--~ b~ ' dbt~ y the danger to the safety and a ~.cr~ ' and costly repairs.
My ~ .. ' ~ is char ' ~ d by a n - 'c .~d concrete tunnel type c ~
support of the rails,which are now fastened to the solid .c fi~ ~d concrete sb_ ' c by anchor bolts I ~Edd'~ in the solid ,. ~ cd concrete slab,which is: ' d from the b '- by an air-space.The slab 1. " s the loads from trains to the side: ~rD~;- g~. ~ ..d concrete waUs and their footings ,founded below the frost F ' ' Ievel,as 'c 1~ distributed loads . Below the rails isa thin neopren pad serving as a cushion against the noise effects and the hard direct contact of steel rails and the concrete support.
The neopren pad is thin in order to avoid any ~ ' and to transfer the load directly to the concrete st., ' c fora smooth riding.
~ my ~ .. ' I have shown the way to realize the s~"a~ ' and avoid the direct transfer of heavy dynamic and static loads from trains in motion to the flexible bg ~-, by of the s~ . ' al n- ~o..ed c e~ tunnel type frame as a r ~-.".,s ~ - g without a substantial cost increase for its c~ ' . ' . The ~ ~ ' g are ~ t due to the solidity of the ~. ~o-.ed c~ 1~ .t~ tunnel type ', ~ c, I
~ ' ' bed by the dynamic loads from trains in motion and from the climatic ~ ~
rain and frost, c ' _ ~ to the existing flexible dn I c of ties and ballast on roadbed. The solid ~ r ~c~d concrete ~ .; wiU permit to the high speed trains to develop muchbigher speeds with less energy c ptl ,thanks toits high lc l' - to any d~o.
against trains dynamic loads.
The ~ ', ' of the existing Railways ~ ls is based on steel rails on ties and ballast on roadbed system The F r -E of this type of st~ c is directly related to the physicd P~ s and cc ' - of the roadbed soil. This is a flexible st~ ' c which under the heavy dynamic loads from trains in motion result in aparlial ~'~ .
s ''' ' ,~e'~ ~D..'- and cracks in the b~ e and its further settlements.Water '- through the cracks ,frost and tho~ in winter and spring cause the f ' of ice lenses and an ndd--~ b~ ' dbt~ y the danger to the safety and a ~.cr~ ' and costly repairs.
My ~ .. ' ~ is char ' ~ d by a n - 'c .~d concrete tunnel type c ~
support of the rails,which are now fastened to the solid .c fi~ ~d concrete sb_ ' c by anchor bolts I ~Edd'~ in the solid ,. ~ cd concrete slab,which is: ' d from the b '- by an air-space.The slab 1. " s the loads from trains to the side: ~rD~;- g~. ~ ..d concrete waUs and their footings ,founded below the frost F ' ' Ievel,as 'c 1~ distributed loads . Below the rails isa thin neopren pad serving as a cushion against the noise effects and the hard direct contact of steel rails and the concrete support.
The neopren pad is thin in order to avoid any ~ ' and to transfer the load directly to the concrete st., ' c fora smooth riding.
~ my ~ .. ' I have shown the way to realize the s~"a~ ' and avoid the direct transfer of heavy dynamic and static loads from trains in motion to the flexible bg ~-, by of the s~ . ' al n- ~o..ed c e~ tunnel type frame as a r ~-.".,s ~ - g without a substantial cost increase for its c~ ' . ' . The ~ ~ ' g are ~ t due to the solidity of the ~. ~o-.ed c~ 1~ .t~ tunnel type ', ~ c, I
~ ' ' bed by the dynamic loads from trains in motion and from the climatic ~ ~
rain and frost, c ' _ ~ to the existing flexible dn I c of ties and ballast on roadbed. The solid ~ r ~c~d concrete ~ .; wiU permit to the high speed trains to develop muchbigher speeds with less energy c ptl ,thanks toits high lc l' - to any d~o.
against trains dynamic loads.
3.- SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION:
My ~ .. ' is a sl~ ,1 c ' ,-t- made of sl-~: ' r~- Çar ed concrete . ~( t~ d .into a solid, D~-'' ~ tunnel type frame unit . Instead of the fle~ible ballast and: b".~ which carry with ~ ~ ' the c - ' ~t~d dynamic loads from trains in motion ,I have i ' ~d d a ' ~ ' ' n- ~c~ed concrete tunnel type frame with a top slab ~ a _' d from the ~ ~ g d~ by an airspace and is . ~t~d by the side ~~ d c- ~le walls and their f~ n located below the frost F ~ a' - level,l. ~e.- E the ' _' d dynamic loads from trains in motion, as ~ d loads to the : ~r~ soil at this level.
E
~ ~ 2 1~7~ ~ ~
My ~ .. ' is a sl~ ,1 c ' ,-t- made of sl-~: ' r~- Çar ed concrete . ~( t~ d .into a solid, D~-'' ~ tunnel type frame unit . Instead of the fle~ible ballast and: b".~ which carry with ~ ~ ' the c - ' ~t~d dynamic loads from trains in motion ,I have i ' ~d d a ' ~ ' ' n- ~c~ed concrete tunnel type frame with a top slab ~ a _' d from the ~ ~ g d~ by an airspace and is . ~t~d by the side ~~ d c- ~le walls and their f~ n located below the frost F ~ a' - level,l. ~e.- E the ' _' d dynamic loads from trains in motion, as ~ d loads to the : ~r~ soil at this level.
E
~ ~ 2 1~7~ ~ ~
4.-SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION (cont'd):
Below the rails is a ~ U thin neopren pad as a cushion against the noise effects and a F~ - against the direct contact of steel rails and c~ ~t~ support. The neopren pad is thin in order to avoid any r -e-'' d ~m ~~; due to the trains loads.
The method of construction is as follows:
F~" .. g the Soil Investigation Reportand .~ for soil bearing capacity,c ple1ed design of footings,walls and the top slab with concrete pads below the rails, all in ~ ~ ~P ~ with the National and local Codes and P ~ -, the ~ work starts with the site clearing and l~ excavation for the f~ ~ - . The p.JtC .~ depth against frost is defined by National and local Codes . At each line of the ~ ' , the shovel will e~.a._l~ to the r~ d depth and width of the footing ,followed by ~
of fu ..~ h and ~ steel for footings and waUs. The pouring of c ~t~ for footings with a pump will follow. The installation of the f~ h for side waUs will follow and pouring of concrete with a pump too. After the ~ " of the prefab. slab on the side waUs as a r~ o,h for a topslab,installation of the ~ - g steel for top slab,the concrete pads and anchor bolts for rails ,pouring of top slab will follow . A ter the ~ of f~ ..o~h for c ~ ~t~ pads and d~ ,pouring of concrete will follow. The cost of the Dll~ ~ n- ~ ~d concrete tunnel type u~ ~ for P ~.~s p~L ls of my invention,is not - c il~ higher than theconJtl. - cost of the c ~. - ties and ballast on the p.. .: ~d roadbed, but the ~ ~- are ~ . The rn changes of steel nails c ~ D, ties and ballast and ~ 1~ repairs due to the climatic ~ ~ ~ ,with roadbed ~ ~ a ~ and dangers of d followed by losses of material and p~,_.D lives will be totally avoided . My ~ .. .will provide the ~ ~d security andthe ~ ~d trains speeds with a c- d .'-1~ d~ e~ed energy ~ .
4.-BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS:
In d .... g~ which illustrate; be-- of the in~ , F~G 1 is a typical cross section of the New C ~ of P ~ s ~ p~c ts.
FIG2 ~- the details of the p~f~.,~ ~d r~- ~or~cd or ~ ~Jtl~..~d concrete slab.
Below the rails is a ~ U thin neopren pad as a cushion against the noise effects and a F~ - against the direct contact of steel rails and c~ ~t~ support. The neopren pad is thin in order to avoid any r -e-'' d ~m ~~; due to the trains loads.
The method of construction is as follows:
F~" .. g the Soil Investigation Reportand .~ for soil bearing capacity,c ple1ed design of footings,walls and the top slab with concrete pads below the rails, all in ~ ~ ~P ~ with the National and local Codes and P ~ -, the ~ work starts with the site clearing and l~ excavation for the f~ ~ - . The p.JtC .~ depth against frost is defined by National and local Codes . At each line of the ~ ' , the shovel will e~.a._l~ to the r~ d depth and width of the footing ,followed by ~
of fu ..~ h and ~ steel for footings and waUs. The pouring of c ~t~ for footings with a pump will follow. The installation of the f~ h for side waUs will follow and pouring of concrete with a pump too. After the ~ " of the prefab. slab on the side waUs as a r~ o,h for a topslab,installation of the ~ - g steel for top slab,the concrete pads and anchor bolts for rails ,pouring of top slab will follow . A ter the ~ of f~ ..o~h for c ~ ~t~ pads and d~ ,pouring of concrete will follow. The cost of the Dll~ ~ n- ~ ~d concrete tunnel type u~ ~ for P ~.~s p~L ls of my invention,is not - c il~ higher than theconJtl. - cost of the c ~. - ties and ballast on the p.. .: ~d roadbed, but the ~ ~- are ~ . The rn changes of steel nails c ~ D, ties and ballast and ~ 1~ repairs due to the climatic ~ ~ ~ ,with roadbed ~ ~ a ~ and dangers of d followed by losses of material and p~,_.D lives will be totally avoided . My ~ .. .will provide the ~ ~d security andthe ~ ~d trains speeds with a c- d .'-1~ d~ e~ed energy ~ .
4.-BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS:
In d .... g~ which illustrate; be-- of the in~ , F~G 1 is a typical cross section of the New C ~ of P ~ s ~ p~c ts.
FIG2 ~- the details of the p~f~.,~ ~d r~- ~or~cd or ~ ~Jtl~..~d concrete slab.
5.- DETAll ~n DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERED EMBODIMENT:
The clearingof the surface will be followed by e~cavaffon of shaUow 1,. '~ ~ forfooffngs2 and side rc: Ç~ ~~d concrete walls3.The depth of the e~a~l' is below the frost ~ ~: Ievel defined by National and local Codes and P~, -.The footings 2wUI ber Ç~ ~ed and placed on top of the ~ d~ ' line 1,below the frost F~ Ievel . The r~ ~c .ed concrete side waUs 3, supports of the top slabs 6, 8wUI be ~ ed at the same time with footings, c ' ~ g small height of the side walls. The rOl ..~ h of the side waUs 3 wUl be installed few hours after the pouring of footings and ~ ~d ~ ~g of concrete . The pouring of walls wiU follow . Between the walls 3 and on top of the backfill 4 ,the sand layer 5 will be placed at lea~t ten inches (10~ below the ~ panel 7 ,which is bonded to the prefab. slab 6 during its r-b; by pouring the prefab. slab di~ctly on top of it . After the ~ 9 " of the sand layer 5,the prefab. slab6 wiU be installed at the .~ d le~rel of the side waUs 3,the r.- ~( . of the poured in place top slab 8,the concrete pads 10 and anchor bolts 14 for rails 11 will be instaUed, followed by pouring of top slab 8 . The top slab is sloped from its center to the sides for :' ~ ~ ~g~ purpose with ~
16 throughthe pads at regular distances. ~ of fc ..o~h for concrete pads 10 and pouring of concrete wiU follow . The air-space 9 is to prevent any contact between the top slabs 6, 8 and the: b~ " . The rails 11 wUI be installed directly on top of their CtA- support ,the thin neopren pad 13 which wiUtransfer the train loads to the r~ .ed concrete sl-.: .;.The rails will be fastened with the anchor boUs 14 and the steel clips 12 to the reinforced concrete ~ .Thedrainpipesl5 arelro. ~-d at each footing .
i ~
The clearingof the surface will be followed by e~cavaffon of shaUow 1,. '~ ~ forfooffngs2 and side rc: Ç~ ~~d concrete walls3.The depth of the e~a~l' is below the frost ~ ~: Ievel defined by National and local Codes and P~, -.The footings 2wUI ber Ç~ ~ed and placed on top of the ~ d~ ' line 1,below the frost F~ Ievel . The r~ ~c .ed concrete side waUs 3, supports of the top slabs 6, 8wUI be ~ ed at the same time with footings, c ' ~ g small height of the side walls. The rOl ..~ h of the side waUs 3 wUl be installed few hours after the pouring of footings and ~ ~d ~ ~g of concrete . The pouring of walls wiU follow . Between the walls 3 and on top of the backfill 4 ,the sand layer 5 will be placed at lea~t ten inches (10~ below the ~ panel 7 ,which is bonded to the prefab. slab 6 during its r-b; by pouring the prefab. slab di~ctly on top of it . After the ~ 9 " of the sand layer 5,the prefab. slab6 wiU be installed at the .~ d le~rel of the side waUs 3,the r.- ~( . of the poured in place top slab 8,the concrete pads 10 and anchor bolts 14 for rails 11 will be instaUed, followed by pouring of top slab 8 . The top slab is sloped from its center to the sides for :' ~ ~ ~g~ purpose with ~
16 throughthe pads at regular distances. ~ of fc ..o~h for concrete pads 10 and pouring of concrete wiU follow . The air-space 9 is to prevent any contact between the top slabs 6, 8 and the: b~ " . The rails 11 wUI be installed directly on top of their CtA- support ,the thin neopren pad 13 which wiUtransfer the train loads to the r~ .ed concrete sl-.: .;.The rails will be fastened with the anchor boUs 14 and the steel clips 12 to the reinforced concrete ~ .Thedrainpipesl5 arelro. ~-d at each footing .
i ~
Claims (10)
The embodiment of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1.- A Construction of Railways Supports is a structural construction comprising:
a roadbed having the surface soil removed to expose a subgrade, parallel shallow trenches excavated in the subgrade to below the frost penetration line and extended in the longitudinal direction of the Railway, reinforced concrete footings poured in each of the parallel trenches, reinforced concrete supporting side walls poured on top of the footings and extending to above the level of the subgrade, prefabricated slabs installed on top of the adjacent side walls, said prefabricated slabs spanning a distance slightly less than the distance between the center lines of adjacent side walls, said prefabricated slabs supported at their edges on top of said adjacent side walls, said prefabricated slabs, adjacent side walls and subgrade defining an airspace therebetween, structural reinforced concrete top slab poured over said prefabricated slabs andside walls installation, reinforced concrete pads supports of the rails poured on top of the reinforced concrete top slab, embedded anchor bolts extending upwardly from the said rail pads for rails fastening, said poured reinforced concrete top slab encaising said prefabricated slabs as an integral part of the top slab and side walls installation, whereby a monolithic tunnel type Railway supporting construction is provided.
a roadbed having the surface soil removed to expose a subgrade, parallel shallow trenches excavated in the subgrade to below the frost penetration line and extended in the longitudinal direction of the Railway, reinforced concrete footings poured in each of the parallel trenches, reinforced concrete supporting side walls poured on top of the footings and extending to above the level of the subgrade, prefabricated slabs installed on top of the adjacent side walls, said prefabricated slabs spanning a distance slightly less than the distance between the center lines of adjacent side walls, said prefabricated slabs supported at their edges on top of said adjacent side walls, said prefabricated slabs, adjacent side walls and subgrade defining an airspace therebetween, structural reinforced concrete top slab poured over said prefabricated slabs andside walls installation, reinforced concrete pads supports of the rails poured on top of the reinforced concrete top slab, embedded anchor bolts extending upwardly from the said rail pads for rails fastening, said poured reinforced concrete top slab encaising said prefabricated slabs as an integral part of the top slab and side walls installation, whereby a monolithic tunnel type Railway supporting construction is provided.
The Railway construction of claim 1, wherein the dowel-stirrups extend from the prefabricated slab and into the poured in place reinforced concrete top slab.
The Railway construction of claim 1, wherein the prefabricated slab is provided with a sheet of insulation material on its bottom surface facing the air space and spanning the distance between invardly facing surfaces of adjacent side walls.
The Railway construction of claim 1, wherein the dowel-stirrups extend from the poured in place reinforced concrete top slab into the reinforced concrete rail pads.
The Railway construction of claim 4, wherein the rail anchoring means are anchor bolts; embedded in the top slab and extending through the concrete rail pads.
THE CLAIMS
THE CLAIMS
6.- The Railway construction from claim 1 or 2, wherein the exposed subgradeis covered with a sand layer between adjacent supporting side walls, said side walls extending above the level of the sand.
7.- The Railway construction of claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the airspace is at least ten inches in height.
8.- The Railway construction of claim 1, wherein the lower surface of the prefabricated slab installation is spaced from the upper surface of the sand layer.
9.- The Railway construction as defined in claim 1, - rails anchored on the reinforced concrete rail pads by the anchoring means, - thin neoprene pads located between the rails and concrete rail pads.
10.- The Railway construction of claim 9, wherein the anchoring means are steel bolts extending from the reinforced concrete rail pads and steel clips on the anchor bolts retain the rails in place on the concrete pads.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2187041 CA2187041C (en) | 1996-10-03 | 1996-10-03 | Construction for railways supports without ties and ballast |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2187041 CA2187041C (en) | 1996-10-03 | 1996-10-03 | Construction for railways supports without ties and ballast |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2187041A1 CA2187041A1 (en) | 1998-04-03 |
| CA2187041C true CA2187041C (en) | 1999-04-06 |
Family
ID=4159013
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2187041 Expired - Fee Related CA2187041C (en) | 1996-10-03 | 1996-10-03 | Construction for railways supports without ties and ballast |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2187041C (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2845950A1 (en) * | 2013-09-04 | 2015-03-11 | Prefarails Holding | Ballastless railway track |
-
1996
- 1996-10-03 CA CA 2187041 patent/CA2187041C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2845950A1 (en) * | 2013-09-04 | 2015-03-11 | Prefarails Holding | Ballastless railway track |
| WO2015032875A1 (en) * | 2013-09-04 | 2015-03-12 | Prefarails Holding | Ballast-free railway track |
| CN105874125A (en) * | 2013-09-04 | 2016-08-17 | C.A.S.Q.C.普瑞法轨道公司 | Ballast-free railway track |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2187041A1 (en) | 1998-04-03 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US9689116B2 (en) | Rail track sleeper support | |
| US4905896A (en) | Railroad roadway for high speed rail-mounted vehicles | |
| US3213768A (en) | Road construction | |
| CA2589816C (en) | Concrete track for rail vehicles | |
| US4653956A (en) | Highway pavement | |
| Bastin | Development of German non-ballasted track forms | |
| CA2187041C (en) | Construction for railways supports without ties and ballast | |
| US5163614A (en) | Railway roadbeds with rail slabs, and method for preparing | |
| EA006338B1 (en) | Fixed track for rail vehicles and method for production thereof | |
| EP0881332A1 (en) | Bearing element for supporting infrastructure such as roads, railways, runways and airports, and a method for the manufacture thereof | |
| CN112030721A (en) | Bridge head roadbed reinforcing structure | |
| CZ78994A3 (en) | Platform edge | |
| KR102435459B1 (en) | Structure And Method For Constructing Track Of Mountain train | |
| CN113832782A (en) | High-speed railway foundation bed structure and construction method | |
| GB2343205A (en) | Construction of track side platforms | |
| CA2178661C (en) | Highways, roads and streets with a minimum maintenance | |
| PL173957B1 (en) | Track structure of stable subgrade | |
| JP3881342B2 (en) | Bubble mortar embankment structure | |
| NL1009311C2 (en) | Railway track construction - has track supported on load distributing layer resting on top of low density foundation layer, preferably comprising a composite material or expanded polystyrene hard foam | |
| CN108301265A (en) | A kind of low support rail beam for setting circuit of middle low speed magnetic suspension and its construction method | |
| NL9300550A (en) | Polder principle | |
| CN108252165A (en) | A kind of middle low speed magnetic suspension is low to put circuit road structure and its construction method | |
| SU1663084A1 (en) | Bridges | |
| Hartmark | Frost protection of railway lines | |
| JP2001214404A (en) | Snow melting pit of rail way turnout and its installment method |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |