CA2087621C - Livestock feed from potato waste - Google Patents
Livestock feed from potato wasteInfo
- Publication number
- CA2087621C CA2087621C CA002087621A CA2087621A CA2087621C CA 2087621 C CA2087621 C CA 2087621C CA 002087621 A CA002087621 A CA 002087621A CA 2087621 A CA2087621 A CA 2087621A CA 2087621 C CA2087621 C CA 2087621C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- particles
- starch
- yeast
- livestock feed
- potato
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/14—Pretreatment of feeding-stuffs with enzymes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/20—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by moulding, e.g. making cakes or briquettes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
- A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/35—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from potatoes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K40/25—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs by extrusion
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Abstract
A method of producing livestock feed from potato processing waste is disclosed that uses a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme, two fermenting yeasts, such as Saccharomycopsis fibuliger. The enzyme and yeasts are added in a particular sequence to comminuted potato waste after the potato particles have been heated and cooled to certain temperatures.
Description
This invention relates to the production of livestock feed and more particularly to converting potato waste to a nutritious livestock feed through the growth of yeasts using potato waste as a growth medium.
Persons engaged in raising and marketing livestock are continually searching for a high-quality economical livestock feed since the cost of feed represents a substantial portion of the cost of bringing an animal to market. The most cost effective feeds result from the conversion of a potential waste product to a feed product.
Potato waste from plants processing sweet potatoes or producing potato flakes, granules, french fries or potato chips is a waste product which is too poor in quality to use effectively as animal feed and which is often merely discarded as a slurry. In addition, because such slurries can degrade water quality, the disposal of slurries of potato waste is an expensive matter, subject to federal and state regulations.
What is need, therefore, is an economical method of converting potato waste having only minimal food value into a nutritious livestock feed.
Mense U.S. Patent No. 2,738,274 discloses a process for preparing livestock feed by inoculating a substrate with a culture and growing a strain of bacteria on it. The substrate is various finely divided, steamed and cooled vegetable materials, including potatoes. The Mense patent does not disclose or suggest the use of yeast as an inoculant.
Lines U.S. patent No. 4,144,132 discloses the production of single-cell protein by using potato processing waste as a growth medium for the yeasts Endomycopsis fibuliger and Candida utilis. However, the yeasts fail to utilize all the starch in the potato waste and cease growing before all the carbohydrates in the potato waste are converted to proteins.
Muller et al. U.S. Patent No. 4,046,789 discloses a process for separating barkery-type waste products into reusable sugar, starch, protein and fat components by solvent extraction of the fat components and the addition of a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme and a yeast of the Saccharomyces or Candida type to the starch-containing residue. Kanter U.S. Patent No. 4,894,244 discloses a process utilizing an amyloglucosidase and Candida utilis to produce a product suitable for human consumption. However, each of theæe process is intended to produce a human food product, and therefore is conducted under conditions designed to limit any impurities which would render the product unsuitable for human food. Neither of the processes is economically feasible in a process for the production of livestock feed.
The present invention overcomes the foregoing drawbacks ~ 2087621 of the prior art by providing an economical and efficient method of making livestock feed from potato waste. Potato waste is comminuted into particles and the particles are heated. The particles are then cooled to a cooling temperature lower than that temperature at which a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme is added to the particles. The particles are further cooled to a cooling temperature lower than that temperature at which a fermenting yeast is inactivated and a fermenting yeast is added to the particles. The particles, with added enzyme and yeast, are then divided into two portions. The yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuliger is added to the second portion, and the yeasts present in the portions are grown. The first and second portions are recombined to a batch in which the yeasts that are present are grown. The batch is dried to form livestock feed.
The starch-hydrolyzing enzyme aids in the conversion of the starch present in the potato waste to sugars which the fermenting yeasts utilize during their growth. The yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuliger is able to directly utilize starch during its growth. The particular combination of yeasts and enzymes added to the potato waste thereby insures that all carbohydrate present in the potato waste will be used to support the growth of the yeasts. In the process, the yeasts convert a low protein, high carbohydrate waste to a high protein, low carbohydrate livestock feed.
20874~1 It is therefore a principle object of the present invention to provide a method of converting a potato waste to a nutritious feed by utilizing an enzyme and a combination of yeasts, which enables essentially all the starch and sugar in the waste to support the growth of the yeast.
The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention.
According to the present invention potato waste is converted by yeasts to a nutritious livestock feed. The potato waste, from plants processing sweet potatoes, producing potato flakes, granules, french fries or potato chips, may include the waste slurry from steam or abrasive peelers, potato trimmings from inspection tables, improperly blanched potatoes, finished potato product from cold storage which is damaged due to dehydration or grade problems, and undersized potatoes from storage that do not meet fresh pack or processing standards. The potato waste is ground, chopped, riced or otherwise comminuted to form particles, each particle preferably having no dimension greater than 1/16th inch, before being placed in a holding tank.
The potato particles are preferably heated by injecting super heated steam through an enclosed auger as the "- 2087621 particles are transferred from the holding tank to a first fermentation tank that is equipped with heating and cooling coils and a stirrer. The particles are preferably heated to a temperature of at least 100 C to ensure that each cell in S each potato particle is heated or cooked.
Water is added to the heated particles in the first fermentation tank to form a slurry which is about 80 wt%
water. The particles are cooled to a temperature below the temperature at which a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme such as amylase is inactivated, preferably to between 55 to 60 C.
An amylase such as an amyloglucosidase is then added to the cooled slurry. A suitable commercially available amyoglucosidase is sold under the name "Diazyme L-200" and available from Solvay Enzymes, Inc. of Elkhart, Indiana.
The amyloglucosidase is preferably added to the particles in an amount approximating 0.25 wt%. The heating and cooling coils of the fermentation tank maintain the selected temperature of the slurry while the starch-hydrolyzing enzyme contacts the particles for 1-2 hours.
The temperature of the particles in the fermentation tank is reduced to a cooling temperature lower than that temperature at which a fermenting yeast is inactivated, and a fermenting yeast is added to the fermentation tank. The fermenting yeast is a yeast capable of using a sugar such as glucose for its own growth and producing protein. A yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae is acceptable, producing - protein and B-complex vitamins during its growth. When Saccharomyces cerevusuae is the fermenting yeast the preferred cooling temperature is 25 to 30C.
About half the slurry with added enzyme and yeast is transferred to a second fermentation tank, which is also equipped with heating and cooling coils and a stirrer, thereby forming a second portion, the first portion comprising that remaining in the first fermentation tank. A
second fermenting yeast such as Candida utilis is added to the first portion and the yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuliger is added to the second portion. The fermenting yeasts are added to the particles in an amount approximating 2.0 wt%.
The fermenting yeasts are available from W. Yeast of Mt.
Hood, Oregon. It should be noted that the addition of the fermenting yeasts Candida utilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be reversed from the preferred order specified above. The two portions are mixed or stirred under aerobic conditions at the selected temperatures for about two hours.
The two portions are then recombined into one batch and the batch is maintained under aerobic conditions for a minimum of about 48 hours. Excess water is removed from the batch, for example, by a centrifuge. The excess water is recovered and returned to a holding tank, whre additional ~_ 2û87621 nutrients such as phosphorus may be added, for reuse in the production of the next batch of livestock feed. The livestock feed may be dried, for example, in a cyclone drier, and shaped into pellets or cubes, as desired.
The terms and expressions which have been employed in the foregoing specification are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims which follow.
Persons engaged in raising and marketing livestock are continually searching for a high-quality economical livestock feed since the cost of feed represents a substantial portion of the cost of bringing an animal to market. The most cost effective feeds result from the conversion of a potential waste product to a feed product.
Potato waste from plants processing sweet potatoes or producing potato flakes, granules, french fries or potato chips is a waste product which is too poor in quality to use effectively as animal feed and which is often merely discarded as a slurry. In addition, because such slurries can degrade water quality, the disposal of slurries of potato waste is an expensive matter, subject to federal and state regulations.
What is need, therefore, is an economical method of converting potato waste having only minimal food value into a nutritious livestock feed.
Mense U.S. Patent No. 2,738,274 discloses a process for preparing livestock feed by inoculating a substrate with a culture and growing a strain of bacteria on it. The substrate is various finely divided, steamed and cooled vegetable materials, including potatoes. The Mense patent does not disclose or suggest the use of yeast as an inoculant.
Lines U.S. patent No. 4,144,132 discloses the production of single-cell protein by using potato processing waste as a growth medium for the yeasts Endomycopsis fibuliger and Candida utilis. However, the yeasts fail to utilize all the starch in the potato waste and cease growing before all the carbohydrates in the potato waste are converted to proteins.
Muller et al. U.S. Patent No. 4,046,789 discloses a process for separating barkery-type waste products into reusable sugar, starch, protein and fat components by solvent extraction of the fat components and the addition of a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme and a yeast of the Saccharomyces or Candida type to the starch-containing residue. Kanter U.S. Patent No. 4,894,244 discloses a process utilizing an amyloglucosidase and Candida utilis to produce a product suitable for human consumption. However, each of theæe process is intended to produce a human food product, and therefore is conducted under conditions designed to limit any impurities which would render the product unsuitable for human food. Neither of the processes is economically feasible in a process for the production of livestock feed.
The present invention overcomes the foregoing drawbacks ~ 2087621 of the prior art by providing an economical and efficient method of making livestock feed from potato waste. Potato waste is comminuted into particles and the particles are heated. The particles are then cooled to a cooling temperature lower than that temperature at which a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme is added to the particles. The particles are further cooled to a cooling temperature lower than that temperature at which a fermenting yeast is inactivated and a fermenting yeast is added to the particles. The particles, with added enzyme and yeast, are then divided into two portions. The yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuliger is added to the second portion, and the yeasts present in the portions are grown. The first and second portions are recombined to a batch in which the yeasts that are present are grown. The batch is dried to form livestock feed.
The starch-hydrolyzing enzyme aids in the conversion of the starch present in the potato waste to sugars which the fermenting yeasts utilize during their growth. The yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuliger is able to directly utilize starch during its growth. The particular combination of yeasts and enzymes added to the potato waste thereby insures that all carbohydrate present in the potato waste will be used to support the growth of the yeasts. In the process, the yeasts convert a low protein, high carbohydrate waste to a high protein, low carbohydrate livestock feed.
20874~1 It is therefore a principle object of the present invention to provide a method of converting a potato waste to a nutritious feed by utilizing an enzyme and a combination of yeasts, which enables essentially all the starch and sugar in the waste to support the growth of the yeast.
The foregoing and other objectives, features, and advantages of the invention will be more readily understood upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention.
According to the present invention potato waste is converted by yeasts to a nutritious livestock feed. The potato waste, from plants processing sweet potatoes, producing potato flakes, granules, french fries or potato chips, may include the waste slurry from steam or abrasive peelers, potato trimmings from inspection tables, improperly blanched potatoes, finished potato product from cold storage which is damaged due to dehydration or grade problems, and undersized potatoes from storage that do not meet fresh pack or processing standards. The potato waste is ground, chopped, riced or otherwise comminuted to form particles, each particle preferably having no dimension greater than 1/16th inch, before being placed in a holding tank.
The potato particles are preferably heated by injecting super heated steam through an enclosed auger as the "- 2087621 particles are transferred from the holding tank to a first fermentation tank that is equipped with heating and cooling coils and a stirrer. The particles are preferably heated to a temperature of at least 100 C to ensure that each cell in S each potato particle is heated or cooked.
Water is added to the heated particles in the first fermentation tank to form a slurry which is about 80 wt%
water. The particles are cooled to a temperature below the temperature at which a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme such as amylase is inactivated, preferably to between 55 to 60 C.
An amylase such as an amyloglucosidase is then added to the cooled slurry. A suitable commercially available amyoglucosidase is sold under the name "Diazyme L-200" and available from Solvay Enzymes, Inc. of Elkhart, Indiana.
The amyloglucosidase is preferably added to the particles in an amount approximating 0.25 wt%. The heating and cooling coils of the fermentation tank maintain the selected temperature of the slurry while the starch-hydrolyzing enzyme contacts the particles for 1-2 hours.
The temperature of the particles in the fermentation tank is reduced to a cooling temperature lower than that temperature at which a fermenting yeast is inactivated, and a fermenting yeast is added to the fermentation tank. The fermenting yeast is a yeast capable of using a sugar such as glucose for its own growth and producing protein. A yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae is acceptable, producing - protein and B-complex vitamins during its growth. When Saccharomyces cerevusuae is the fermenting yeast the preferred cooling temperature is 25 to 30C.
About half the slurry with added enzyme and yeast is transferred to a second fermentation tank, which is also equipped with heating and cooling coils and a stirrer, thereby forming a second portion, the first portion comprising that remaining in the first fermentation tank. A
second fermenting yeast such as Candida utilis is added to the first portion and the yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuliger is added to the second portion. The fermenting yeasts are added to the particles in an amount approximating 2.0 wt%.
The fermenting yeasts are available from W. Yeast of Mt.
Hood, Oregon. It should be noted that the addition of the fermenting yeasts Candida utilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be reversed from the preferred order specified above. The two portions are mixed or stirred under aerobic conditions at the selected temperatures for about two hours.
The two portions are then recombined into one batch and the batch is maintained under aerobic conditions for a minimum of about 48 hours. Excess water is removed from the batch, for example, by a centrifuge. The excess water is recovered and returned to a holding tank, whre additional ~_ 2û87621 nutrients such as phosphorus may be added, for reuse in the production of the next batch of livestock feed. The livestock feed may be dried, for example, in a cyclone drier, and shaped into pellets or cubes, as desired.
The terms and expressions which have been employed in the foregoing specification are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention, in the use of such terms and expressions, of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims which follow.
Claims (13)
PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
1. A method of making a livestock feed from potato waste, comprising the steps:
(a) comminuting potato waste to form particles;
(b) heating said particles;
(c) cooling said particles to a cooling temperature lower than that temperature at which a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme is inactivated and adding to said particles a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme;
(d) cooling said particles to a cooling temperature lower than that temperature at which a fermenting yeast is inactivated and adding to said particles a first fermenting yeast;
(e) dividing said particles containing said starch-hydrolyzing enzyme and said first fermenting yeast into first and second portions and adding a second fermenting yeast to said first portion and adding the yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuliger to said second portion;
(f) growing said yeast in each of said first and second portions;
(g) combining said first portion and said second portion to form a recombined batch and growing said yeasts in said recombined batch; and (h) drying said recombined batch to form livestock feed.
(a) comminuting potato waste to form particles;
(b) heating said particles;
(c) cooling said particles to a cooling temperature lower than that temperature at which a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme is inactivated and adding to said particles a starch-hydrolyzing enzyme;
(d) cooling said particles to a cooling temperature lower than that temperature at which a fermenting yeast is inactivated and adding to said particles a first fermenting yeast;
(e) dividing said particles containing said starch-hydrolyzing enzyme and said first fermenting yeast into first and second portions and adding a second fermenting yeast to said first portion and adding the yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuliger to said second portion;
(f) growing said yeast in each of said first and second portions;
(g) combining said first portion and said second portion to form a recombined batch and growing said yeasts in said recombined batch; and (h) drying said recombined batch to form livestock feed.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said particles in step (a) above have no dimension greater than about 1/16 inch.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature at which step (b) is conducted is 100°C.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said starch-hydrolyzing enzyme is an amyloglucosidase.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the amount of said amyloglucosidase present is approximately 0.25 wt%.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said cooling temperature of step (c) is from 55° to 60°C and said method includes the step of contacting said particles with said starch-hydrolyzing enzyme for between about one and two hours.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein said first fermenting yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein said cooling temperature of step (d) is from 25° to 30°C.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein said second fermenting yeast is Candida utilis.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein step (f) is conducted for about two hours.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein said yeasts are grown in step (g) at least about 48 hours.
12. The method of claim 1 including shaping said livestock feed into pellets.
13. The product of the process of claim 1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11 or 12.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002087621A CA2087621C (en) | 1993-01-18 | 1993-01-18 | Livestock feed from potato waste |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002087621A CA2087621C (en) | 1993-01-18 | 1993-01-18 | Livestock feed from potato waste |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2087621A1 CA2087621A1 (en) | 1994-07-19 |
| CA2087621C true CA2087621C (en) | 1996-08-20 |
Family
ID=4151007
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002087621A Expired - Fee Related CA2087621C (en) | 1993-01-18 | 1993-01-18 | Livestock feed from potato waste |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2087621C (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NZ512676A (en) | 1999-01-13 | 2003-01-31 | Meditech Res Ltd | A composition and method for the enhancement of the efficacy of drugs |
| CN113678941A (en) * | 2021-07-21 | 2021-11-23 | 西吉县万里淀粉有限公司 | Method for producing potato mycoprotein feed by multi-bacterium solid-state fermentation |
-
1993
- 1993-01-18 CA CA002087621A patent/CA2087621C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2087621A1 (en) | 1994-07-19 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Sabu et al. | Solid-state fermentation for production of phytase by Rhizopus oligosporus | |
| US5354818A (en) | Livestock feed from potato waste | |
| GB2089836A (en) | Process for producing alcohol by fermentation without cooking | |
| CN110199014A (en) | Single cell protein from thermophilic fungal | |
| Yalemtesfa et al. | Solid substrate fermentation and conversion of orange waste in to fungal biomass using Aspergillus niger KA-06 and Chaetomium Spp KC-06 | |
| US4447530A (en) | Bioconversion of industrial cellulosic pulp materials to protein-enriched product | |
| US4379844A (en) | Bioconversion of industrial cellulosic pulp materials to protein enriched product | |
| CN100389672C (en) | Process of preparing protein feed additive with waste mushroom leftover | |
| CA2087621C (en) | Livestock feed from potato waste | |
| Andriani et al. | The effect of fermentation process on physical properties of organic material from domestic food waste | |
| US3547652A (en) | Fpc process | |
| Aziz et al. | Bioconversion of acid-and gamma-ray-treated sweet potato residue to microbial protein by mixed cultures | |
| CN105767508A (en) | Protein feed production method by mixing kitchen waste and vinegar residue | |
| US3255015A (en) | Process for separating the enzymes and nutritive constituents contained in the envelope and cortical layer of cereal grains | |
| KR920004229B1 (en) | Process for preparing feed using peel of mandarin orange | |
| CN110663827A (en) | Special fermented feed for beef cattle and preparation method thereof | |
| CN107410713A (en) | The preparation method of ox feed | |
| PL352429A1 (en) | The method of ethanol production without the rise of distiller's stillage | |
| Fellows et al. | Growth of Saccharomycopsis fibuliger and Candida utilis in mixed culture on apple processing wastes | |
| GB2220124A (en) | Spent grain-based animal feed material and method for its production | |
| US4194012A (en) | Fermented feed for ruminants and process for producing same | |
| Fallows et al. | Byproducts from the UK food system 1. The potato processing industry | |
| US3979522A (en) | Biochemical process for the synthesis of protein from cellulose and starch-containing plants | |
| JP3585032B2 (en) | Nutrient source for mushroom cultivation and mushroom cultivation method using the nutrient source | |
| JP7441567B1 (en) | Meat-like aspergillus aspergillus cells obtained by solid-state culture of koji in grain protein composition and method for producing the same |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |