CA2074804A1 - Process and apparatus for the biological purification of substances - Google Patents
Process and apparatus for the biological purification of substancesInfo
- Publication number
- CA2074804A1 CA2074804A1 CA 2074804 CA2074804A CA2074804A1 CA 2074804 A1 CA2074804 A1 CA 2074804A1 CA 2074804 CA2074804 CA 2074804 CA 2074804 A CA2074804 A CA 2074804A CA 2074804 A1 CA2074804 A1 CA 2074804A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- substances
- biocatalyst
- process according
- waste waters
- homogenized
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/12—Activated sludge processes
- C02F3/1278—Provisions for mixing or aeration of the mixed liquor
- C02F3/1284—Mixing devices
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/06—Aerobic processes using submerged filters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/10—Packings; Fillings; Grids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/12—Activated sludge processes
- C02F3/1236—Particular type of activated sludge installations
- C02F3/1242—Small compact installations for use in homes, apartment blocks, hotels or the like
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
- C02F3/343—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used for digestion of grease, fat, oil
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Biological Treatment Of Waste Water (AREA)
- Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
- Purification Treatments By Anaerobic Or Anaerobic And Aerobic Bacteria Or Animals (AREA)
Abstract
A process for biologically purifying substances, in particular for decomposing substances such as waste water, fats and oils, is characterized by the fact that the substances are homogenized separately or together, if necessary with added water, into particles of 1 µm or less in size, and that the homogenate thus obtained is fed through one or several filtering substances and if necessary added again to said substances. A device for carrying out the process is also disclosed.
Description
':i . 2 ~17 !;J~ ~ O ~l : Certified translation of pcT/Epsllo25oo A process and apparatus for the bioloaical purification of substances . , .
The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for the biological purification, particularly decomposition, of substances such as waste waters, fats and oils.
As is known, waste waters are purified in biologically operating clarification plants in that their solid components settle to the bottom of the clarifying basin and the purified water is fed into further downstream clarifying basins up to the final delivery.
The sludge settling in this case has to be kept constantly in motion and aerated using compressed air, since biological clarification can only work when oxygen is supplied. A high power demand is therefore characteristic of such clarification plants.
The removal and final storage of the major amounts of sewage sludge also present considerable difficulties. In the case of small clarification plants an average sludge accumulation of 1 m3 per head and year has to be expected (Regelwerk, Abwasser, Abfall der Abwassertechnischen Vereinigung e.V. Arbeitsblatt A
123, June 19~5).
Furthermore, waste waters containing oil and fat bring the biological clarification to a standstill, since they prevent the access of oxygen~ Thus, such waste waters have to be collected in separate tanks and can only be clarified with great expenditure.
Therefore, it is the object of the present invention to provide a biological purification method which avoids the a a Ursula Sche~
! Dombar~aGe17 8oooMGnchen8o - :, : . , , . : , .. .
,. , :~ ; .. ;, .
~.,.i;
; - 2 - 2~7~ A
~.
mentioned drawbacks.
According to the invention this is achieved in that substances such as waste waters, fats and oils are homogenized separately or jointly, optionally by adding water, to give particles having a size of 1 ~m or less, and the resulting homogenized material is ~ed through one or more filtering substances and optionally added again to the above substances.
The homogenizer used can be e.g. that of German patent application P 40 41 005.6 or that of German patent application "Homogenizer and its use" of Dec. 23, 1991.
In a preferred embodiment the biocatalyst Bioclean (obtainable from the company of Shieer Biotechnology GmbH) can be added to the process according to the invention, the proportion by volume of biocatalyst to waste waters being 1:250 to 1:8000~
that of biocatalyst to fats being 1:300 to l:loO0, and that of biocatalyst to oils being 1:200 to 1:1000. It is particularly preferred that the proportion by volume of biocatalyst to household waste waters is l:loO0 to 1:8000, that of biocatalyst to fatty waste waters is 1:400 to 1:1000 and that of biocatalyst to oily waste waters is 1:250 to 1:600.
A plurality of substances can be purified biologically by the process according to the invention. In this case, all kinds of waste water such as contaminated water (washings, rinsing water and bath water), sanitary sewage, waste waters containing oil and fat as well as industrial waste water are to be mentioned in this connection. Substances such as sewage sludge, fats and oils, also in isolated form, can be purified and decomposed as well. Thus, the process according to the invention is suitable for use in the case of oil contamination of body waters and soil. Here as in the ~ase of the puri~ication of waste waters, fats, faeces and sewage sludge, it proved to be advantageous to add part of the purified material to the non-purified substances and allow them to take effect thereon.
UrsulaSche~
~ DornbersstraBe 17 ;~ 8000 Munchen 80 ,.
.. . . . .. .
~ .
.
. .:, .
- . '~
~ ~ 2 0 7 l~
.
According to the invention any materials suitable for retaining particles in homogenized materials (solutions) can be used individually or in combined form as filtering substances~
Gravel, particularly precious basalt granulate, is employed preferably.
According to the invention the homogenized material can be added in any form to these materials. The homogenized materials are advantageously present in a finely dispersed form, the application by spraying being particularly preferred~
Furthermore, the process according to the invention distinguishes itself by conventional, biologically operating purification plants in that - the time of waste water purification is reduced to about ~ one half, ; - as mentioned, oils and fats do not have to be separated, - no residues occur and water of higher purification degree is obtained, - the power demand is considerably lower, and - waste water purification is odor-free.
.;~;
The process according to the invention can be carried out by means of an apparatus which is also the subject matter of the present invention. The apparatus serves as an example of many other conceivable apparatuses. It distinguishes itself by - a homogenizer (H), - one or more reaction vessels (F) containing filtering substances, and : - a measuring instrument (M), parts (H), (F) and (M) communicating with one another in such a way that a flow of the homogenized material is possible one or several times through one or more reaction vessels containing filtering substances and the purity of the resultin~
~b~ g~tza~
(~ e,GG;)~C
.,.. ~ " " ~ " "
: j ~ , ,. ,, ~ , :
.!
. . 4 . f~
.; ~, . .:
homogenized material can be investigated. 2 ~
In a preferred embodiment the apparatus according to the invention has a biocatalyst dosing apparatus (D) and a reaction vessel (U) between the homogenizer (H) and the reaction vessel(s) (F) for reacting the homogenized material with the biocatalyst~
Also, the apparatus according to the invention preferably has a reaction vessel (S) suitable for collecti~g the substances to be homoyenized and communicating with the homogenizer (H).
Dosing apparatuses (D) and measuring instruments (M) are generally known and used in many fields of industry.
. .
The apparatus according to the invention may contain any materials suitable for retaining particles in homogenized materials (solutions) as filtering substances, which may contain equal or different materials when several reaction vessels (F) are used. It is preferred to use gravel, particularly precious basalt granulate.
In a preferred embodiment the apparatus has pumps mounted between the parts, i.e. homogenizer (H), reaction vessel or vessels (F) and measuring instrument (M), and between the reaction vessel (S), homogenizer (H), biocatalyst dosing apparatus (D), reaction ve~sel (U), reaction vessel or vessels (F) and measuring instrument (M), respectively. As an alternative, the parts (H), (F) as well as (M), and tS), (H), tD), (U), (F) and (M), respectively, ~an be mounted with the height decreasing from (H) to (M) and from (S) to (M), respectively. The flow of the homogenized material to the measuring instrument (M) is guaranteed by this.
The apparatus according to the invention furthermore distinguishes itself in that all reaction vessels may be closed and only have to be aerated by the natural oxygen supplied_____ ~3~12~r/q~
O~n ~
- ,;
- . .
:, .
- . ~ .,~
~ ' J .
. ~; 2 ~
through a shaft. Thus, the apparatus according to the invention is odor-free and therefore suitable for installation in vehicles, particularly ships.
The invention is explained by means of the figure~
The figure shows an apparatus according to the invention which comprises a reaction vessel (S) suitable for collecting the substances to be homogenized, a homogenizer (H), a biocatalyst dosing apparatus (D), a reaction vessel (U) suitable for reacting the homogenized material with the biocatalyst, three reaction vessels (F) containing filtering substances, and a measuring instrument (M) . The parts (s)l (H), (D), (U), (F), and (M) communicate with one another via pumps.
Ursula Scherz ~1 ~or,7ber~straBe17 ,~ 8000Munchen~Q ~y ,';, ~
. .
. ,, , : " . . :, ::: : : . . : .
,, : ~ :
The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for the biological purification, particularly decomposition, of substances such as waste waters, fats and oils.
As is known, waste waters are purified in biologically operating clarification plants in that their solid components settle to the bottom of the clarifying basin and the purified water is fed into further downstream clarifying basins up to the final delivery.
The sludge settling in this case has to be kept constantly in motion and aerated using compressed air, since biological clarification can only work when oxygen is supplied. A high power demand is therefore characteristic of such clarification plants.
The removal and final storage of the major amounts of sewage sludge also present considerable difficulties. In the case of small clarification plants an average sludge accumulation of 1 m3 per head and year has to be expected (Regelwerk, Abwasser, Abfall der Abwassertechnischen Vereinigung e.V. Arbeitsblatt A
123, June 19~5).
Furthermore, waste waters containing oil and fat bring the biological clarification to a standstill, since they prevent the access of oxygen~ Thus, such waste waters have to be collected in separate tanks and can only be clarified with great expenditure.
Therefore, it is the object of the present invention to provide a biological purification method which avoids the a a Ursula Sche~
! Dombar~aGe17 8oooMGnchen8o - :, : . , , . : , .. .
,. , :~ ; .. ;, .
~.,.i;
; - 2 - 2~7~ A
~.
mentioned drawbacks.
According to the invention this is achieved in that substances such as waste waters, fats and oils are homogenized separately or jointly, optionally by adding water, to give particles having a size of 1 ~m or less, and the resulting homogenized material is ~ed through one or more filtering substances and optionally added again to the above substances.
The homogenizer used can be e.g. that of German patent application P 40 41 005.6 or that of German patent application "Homogenizer and its use" of Dec. 23, 1991.
In a preferred embodiment the biocatalyst Bioclean (obtainable from the company of Shieer Biotechnology GmbH) can be added to the process according to the invention, the proportion by volume of biocatalyst to waste waters being 1:250 to 1:8000~
that of biocatalyst to fats being 1:300 to l:loO0, and that of biocatalyst to oils being 1:200 to 1:1000. It is particularly preferred that the proportion by volume of biocatalyst to household waste waters is l:loO0 to 1:8000, that of biocatalyst to fatty waste waters is 1:400 to 1:1000 and that of biocatalyst to oily waste waters is 1:250 to 1:600.
A plurality of substances can be purified biologically by the process according to the invention. In this case, all kinds of waste water such as contaminated water (washings, rinsing water and bath water), sanitary sewage, waste waters containing oil and fat as well as industrial waste water are to be mentioned in this connection. Substances such as sewage sludge, fats and oils, also in isolated form, can be purified and decomposed as well. Thus, the process according to the invention is suitable for use in the case of oil contamination of body waters and soil. Here as in the ~ase of the puri~ication of waste waters, fats, faeces and sewage sludge, it proved to be advantageous to add part of the purified material to the non-purified substances and allow them to take effect thereon.
UrsulaSche~
~ DornbersstraBe 17 ;~ 8000 Munchen 80 ,.
.. . . . .. .
~ .
.
. .:, .
- . '~
~ ~ 2 0 7 l~
.
According to the invention any materials suitable for retaining particles in homogenized materials (solutions) can be used individually or in combined form as filtering substances~
Gravel, particularly precious basalt granulate, is employed preferably.
According to the invention the homogenized material can be added in any form to these materials. The homogenized materials are advantageously present in a finely dispersed form, the application by spraying being particularly preferred~
Furthermore, the process according to the invention distinguishes itself by conventional, biologically operating purification plants in that - the time of waste water purification is reduced to about ~ one half, ; - as mentioned, oils and fats do not have to be separated, - no residues occur and water of higher purification degree is obtained, - the power demand is considerably lower, and - waste water purification is odor-free.
.;~;
The process according to the invention can be carried out by means of an apparatus which is also the subject matter of the present invention. The apparatus serves as an example of many other conceivable apparatuses. It distinguishes itself by - a homogenizer (H), - one or more reaction vessels (F) containing filtering substances, and : - a measuring instrument (M), parts (H), (F) and (M) communicating with one another in such a way that a flow of the homogenized material is possible one or several times through one or more reaction vessels containing filtering substances and the purity of the resultin~
~b~ g~tza~
(~ e,GG;)~C
.,.. ~ " " ~ " "
: j ~ , ,. ,, ~ , :
.!
. . 4 . f~
.; ~, . .:
homogenized material can be investigated. 2 ~
In a preferred embodiment the apparatus according to the invention has a biocatalyst dosing apparatus (D) and a reaction vessel (U) between the homogenizer (H) and the reaction vessel(s) (F) for reacting the homogenized material with the biocatalyst~
Also, the apparatus according to the invention preferably has a reaction vessel (S) suitable for collecti~g the substances to be homoyenized and communicating with the homogenizer (H).
Dosing apparatuses (D) and measuring instruments (M) are generally known and used in many fields of industry.
. .
The apparatus according to the invention may contain any materials suitable for retaining particles in homogenized materials (solutions) as filtering substances, which may contain equal or different materials when several reaction vessels (F) are used. It is preferred to use gravel, particularly precious basalt granulate.
In a preferred embodiment the apparatus has pumps mounted between the parts, i.e. homogenizer (H), reaction vessel or vessels (F) and measuring instrument (M), and between the reaction vessel (S), homogenizer (H), biocatalyst dosing apparatus (D), reaction ve~sel (U), reaction vessel or vessels (F) and measuring instrument (M), respectively. As an alternative, the parts (H), (F) as well as (M), and tS), (H), tD), (U), (F) and (M), respectively, ~an be mounted with the height decreasing from (H) to (M) and from (S) to (M), respectively. The flow of the homogenized material to the measuring instrument (M) is guaranteed by this.
The apparatus according to the invention furthermore distinguishes itself in that all reaction vessels may be closed and only have to be aerated by the natural oxygen supplied_____ ~3~12~r/q~
O~n ~
- ,;
- . .
:, .
- . ~ .,~
~ ' J .
. ~; 2 ~
through a shaft. Thus, the apparatus according to the invention is odor-free and therefore suitable for installation in vehicles, particularly ships.
The invention is explained by means of the figure~
The figure shows an apparatus according to the invention which comprises a reaction vessel (S) suitable for collecting the substances to be homogenized, a homogenizer (H), a biocatalyst dosing apparatus (D), a reaction vessel (U) suitable for reacting the homogenized material with the biocatalyst, three reaction vessels (F) containing filtering substances, and a measuring instrument (M) . The parts (s)l (H), (D), (U), (F), and (M) communicate with one another via pumps.
Ursula Scherz ~1 ~or,7ber~straBe17 ,~ 8000Munchen~Q ~y ,';, ~
. .
. ,, , : " . . :, ::: : : . . : .
,, : ~ :
Claims (11)
1. A process for the biological purification, particularly for the decomposition, of substances such as waste waters, fats and oils, characterized in that the substances are homogenized separately or jointly, optionally by adding water, to give particles having a size of 1 µm or less and the resulting homogenized material is fed through one or more filtering substances and optionally added again to the above substances.
2. The process according to claim 1, characterized in that the biocatalyst (Bioclean) is added, the proportion by volume of biocatalyst to waste waters being 1:250 to 1:8000, that of biocatalyst to fats being 1:300 to 1:1000 and that of biocatalyst to oils being 1:200 to 1:1000.
3. The process according to claim 2, characterized in that the proportion by volume of biocatalyst to household waste waters is 1:1000 to 1:8000, that of biocatalyst to fat-containing waste waters is 1.400 to 1:1000 and that of biocatalyst to oil-containing waste waters is 1:250 to 1:600.
4. The process according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the filtering substances comprise gravel, particularly precious basalt granulate.
5. The process according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the homogenized material is added to the filtering substances in finely dispersed form, particularly by spraying.
6. An apparatus for carrying out the process according to claim 1, characterized by - a homogenizer (H), - one or more reaction vessels (F) containing filtering substances, and - a measuring instrument (M), the parts (H), (F) and (M) communicating with one another in such a way that a flow of the homogenized material is possible once or several times through one or more reaction vessels containing filtering substances and the purity of the resulting homogenized material can be investigated.
7. The apparatus for carrying out the process according to claim 2, characterized in that the apparatus according to claim 6 has a biocatalyst dosing apparatus (D) and a reaction vessel (U) between the homogenizer (H) and the reaction vessel(s) (F) containing filtering substances for reacting the homogenized material with the biocatalyst.
8. The apparatus according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that it has a reaction vessel (S) for collecting the substances to be homogenized, which vessel communicates with the homogenizer (H).
9. The apparatus according to one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the filtering substances comprise gravel, particularly precious basalt granulate.
10. The apparatus according to one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that pumps are mounted between the parts (H), (F) as well as (M), and between (S), (H), (D), (U), (F) and (M), respectively.
11. The apparatus according to one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the parts (H), (F) as well as (M), and (S), (H), (D), (U), (F) and (M), respectively, are mounted with the height decreasing from (H) to (M) and (S) to (M), respectively.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE4041222 | 1990-12-21 | ||
| DEP4041222.9 | 1990-12-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2074804A1 true CA2074804A1 (en) | 1992-06-22 |
Family
ID=6421063
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2074804 Abandoned CA2074804A1 (en) | 1990-12-21 | 1991-12-23 | Process and apparatus for the biological purification of substances |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0515627A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH05503251A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU9091591A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2074804A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE4142890C2 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI923673A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1992011212A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19903103C1 (en) * | 1999-01-27 | 2000-07-06 | Ct Umwelttechnik Gmbh | Water filter assembly cushioning chamber linked by filtrate pump passage, dispensing with holding tank, rinsing water pumps and collector |
| US7186018B2 (en) | 2003-05-07 | 2007-03-06 | Ashland Licensing And Intellectual Property Llc | Fuel processing device having magnetic coupling and method of operating thereof |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4002561A (en) * | 1974-11-20 | 1977-01-11 | Traverse Charles E | Method and apparatus for aerobic sewage treatment |
| GB8601435D0 (en) * | 1986-01-21 | 1986-02-26 | Olley R | Effluent treatment |
| FR2619372B3 (en) * | 1987-08-10 | 1990-01-19 | Boutaud Alfred | APPLICATION METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE BIOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF ORGANIC EFFLUENTS BY DIGESTION IN ACTIVE CONDITIONED MEDIA |
| DE3834244A1 (en) * | 1988-10-07 | 1990-04-12 | Passavant Werke | Process and device for purifying fat- or oil-containing waste water |
-
1991
- 1991-12-23 EP EP92901046A patent/EP0515627A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-12-23 AU AU90915/91A patent/AU9091591A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-12-23 JP JP4501173A patent/JPH05503251A/en active Pending
- 1991-12-23 DE DE19914142890 patent/DE4142890C2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1991-12-23 CA CA 2074804 patent/CA2074804A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-12-23 WO PCT/EP1991/002500 patent/WO1992011212A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1992
- 1992-08-17 FI FI923673A patent/FI923673A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU9091591A (en) | 1992-07-22 |
| EP0515627A1 (en) | 1992-12-02 |
| DE4142890A1 (en) | 1992-06-25 |
| FI923673A0 (en) | 1992-08-17 |
| FI923673A (en) | 1992-08-17 |
| JPH05503251A (en) | 1993-06-03 |
| DE4142890C2 (en) | 1996-03-21 |
| WO1992011212A1 (en) | 1992-07-09 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Dead |