CA2046340A1 - Animal litter - Google Patents
Animal litterInfo
- Publication number
- CA2046340A1 CA2046340A1 CA 2046340 CA2046340A CA2046340A1 CA 2046340 A1 CA2046340 A1 CA 2046340A1 CA 2046340 CA2046340 CA 2046340 CA 2046340 A CA2046340 A CA 2046340A CA 2046340 A1 CA2046340 A1 CA 2046340A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- granules
- carbon
- composition
- core
- outer layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011147 inorganic material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 3
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052622 kaolinite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000006172 buffering agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K1/00—Housing animals; Equipment therefor
- A01K1/015—Floor coverings, e.g. bedding-down sheets ; Stable floors
- A01K1/0152—Litter
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Housing For Livestock And Birds (AREA)
Abstract
A moisture and odour absorbing composition suitable for use as animal litter, has a core comprising activated carbon surrounded by a porous, coherent and mechanically resistant outer layer having a lower carbon content than the core. The composition may be made by preparing granules of a composition comprising inorganic and carbonaceous components and heating the granules until carbon or carbonaceous material in an outer layer of the granules is combusted or otherwise wholly or partly removed and any carbonisable material in the interior of the granules is carbonised and recovering the product having an activated carbon core.
Description
- 20~4U
90/09099 PC~r/GB90/00201 ANIMAL LITTER .
The present invention relates to animal hygiene. It provides a granular absorbent material and a method of producing such material. The lnvention also relates to the use of such material as litter for anLmals, more especially domestic pets.
Granular absor~ent compositions, which may be used as absorbents for various liquids or as animal litter, are already known. Such compositions may consist of inorganic materials such ' as clay, cellulosic or other organic materials, or a mixture of inorganic-and.organic materials.
W086!00496 describes the manufacture of an absorbent composition, for-use as a pet lit~er, by mixing clay with cellulosic material, pelletising the m~ture, drying the resultant pellets and heating the pellets to a temperature of from 550-llOO`C. During heating, the cellulosic material is fully combusted,-and the result is a comFosition in the form of porous ceramic or sintered clay pellets.
It has now been discovered that substantial advantages are obtained by the provision of an absorbent material in the ~orm of a pelleted or other granular product, the granules of which have a core comprising activated carkon, surrounded by a porous, coherent, and mechanically resistant outer layer having a lower carbon content than the oore.
.
i At least the s~rface layer of the granules is -preferably substantially'free from carbon or carbonised residues.
The core may have a substantially black appearance-while the outer - layer may be liqhter in colour and is preferably substantially white. ~
' ' The'composition is preferably-made by preparing pellets or ~ ' r; -other'granules comprising an~inorganic component c ~ Ie of '--~
'' 'providing a h'àrdened structurè on heating and a carbonaceous ' '-':` comFonent~ ~hich'may`bè~carDo`n o~ricarbonisable material, and-heating the granules under conditions such that the car~onaceous oomponent in an outer layer o~ the granules is combusted, volatilise or ~
otherwise wholly or partly re~oved, thereby producing a porous '' , W O 9o/09099 PCT/GB90/00201 ,-20~63l~0 - 2 -structure, while the car`onaceous material in the interior is -`
substantially retained as activated carbon or an activated carbonised residue.
The inorganic component is preferably hardenable by sintering or calcination so that, while the carbonaceous component in the outer layer of the granules is combusted or otherwise removed, the inorganic component is hardened to reinforce the granule and in particular the porous outer layer.
It has been discovered that the product of this invention is not only highly absorbent for liquids, but can absorb urine and the like with substantial reduction in odour, owing to the activated carbon centres of the granules. Unlike conventional active charcoal absorkents, the product of the present invention is clean to handle, substantially free fmm dust and has less propensity for scattering. By the choice and quantity of inorganic components, the density can ke adjusted to provide a product which is not too heavy for oonvenience of carrying, while not so light as to promote scattering.
The bulk density of the product is preferably from 400 to 500 grams per litre, but may extend over the range from 300-700 g/l.
The product can be made at a neutral pH value without the use of buffering agents. The product preferably has a porosity of 50 to `~
300~, more preferably 200 to 250~, and a water absorbtion capacity of 50 to 200~ more preferably lO0 to 150%, by weight.
Thepreferred carbonaceous starting materials are finely divided combustible mater.ials of low ash residue, for example amorphous carbon, lamp black, soot, bone char, or charcoal. Gther materials having a substantial carbonaceous content, perhaps in cQmbination with inorganic co~ponents, for example lignite, can also be used.
The heat-hardenable inorganic component is preferably a clay, for example kaolinite, and can be used to increase the strength and density of~the product or-to produce a product with a differently ~ !
3coloured exterior. ~ In a product manufactured from a muxture of ¦
.`
, .. .. .... . . , .. , ., . ,, ., , ., , . ~, . I
.:' - :':: ` . -` , ~ ' ".. `.,- ` ` ' ` .. .: . ` '' `
20~63~
- 3 - ;
organic and inorganic starting materials, the particle size of the organic material will determune the subsequent si7e of the pores in the outer layer of the final product.
In the preferred process for manufacture of the absorbent material according to this invention, car~onaceous material is milled, where necessary, to the desired particle size. An inorganic material, such as clay, may then be admixed, preferably in '~
a weight ratio to the carbon or carbonisa'ole content of the carbonaceous material of between 2:1 and 4:1, and sufficient water added to produce a granulating consistency. The mixture is dried at a temperature below the carbonisirlg point, for example in the ranse 100-200C, either before or after division into granules.
The dried granules are then heated under carbon activating conditions at a temperature and for such a time as to activate the OE bon, if necessary during or after carbonisation of OE bonisable material, and subsequently or simultaneously heated to remove at least a part of the carbonaceous material in the outer layer of the ~ -granules while retaining a core containing activated carbon. This remo~al of carbonaceous material produces pores in the outer laye-of the granules.
The moistened mix may optionally be spread or extruded, ar.d after drying may be broken up into its~final granular form. Fines produced at this stage can be removed by screening and recycled to ';
the mlxLng stage.
The temperature for both the activation/carbonisation step and the removal step may be in the range of 500C to 1200C. The activation/carkonisation step may be carried out under an atm~sphere containing stea~ or carbon dioxide or 'a reducing atmosphera for a ~;
period which depends on temperature, type of carbon or carbonaceous material used arld size of granule, but may be of the order of 10 minutes at a ~emperature of 800 to 900C although considerably ionger times may be"necessary in some cLrcum=tances;'' Fol'lowing the . . , . . . . .. . . . .. . ~ . .,.~, ., . . ., .. , , . ~ ... ... . . . . . . . .
'- activation/carbonisation'step the'atmosphere may be~changed,~if ,, , ., . .. .. . ~.. .. ,-, . .. .. . .
ne'cessary,'to an atmosphere, for'exampIe,'an' oxidising'atmosphere in ... , ... . .. , .... .. .... , ..... ..... _ .. .. . .. .which during further heating carbonàceous~material is'removed, for ~ ' example, by combustion or volatiLisation. Both steps'are preferably carried out in the same heating apparatus.
, .,., : ., . - . : - , .-~ 4 _ It is preferr~d that the granules should be agitated during heatinc,, in order to ensure that all granules are evenly fired and ac~ire the desired porous, mechanically resistant oute~ layer and carbon-con~aining inner zone. The colour of the outer layer becomes lighter as oxidative firing proceeds, while the strength of the outer layer increases. Other things being equal, the lighter the colour the stronger the surface layer on the granule.
If it is desir-ed to prcduce a highly porous product from a starting material with a relatively low carbon content, which may be desirable in enviromental ground, the inorganic component may be a foamed or foamable material or a material which is inherently porous.
The following are examples of the production of absorbent ma~erials according to this invention:-~-.~ -Example I
White kaolinite was mixed with charcoal or other carbonaceous ~ -material in a ratio of preferably 4 parts clay and l par'. carbon. ~`
Water was added and mixed with the powders in a Hobart ~Trade Mark) blender to bind and granulate the mixture.
The granules were dried and fired in a muffle furnace for about 8 hours at a temperature between 800 and 900C. Granules with a whitish speckled external appearance and dark core were ob~ained.
Example II
White kaolinite was mlxed with charcoal or other carbonaceous material in a ratio of preferably 4 parts clay and l part carbon.
Water was added and mixed-with the powders in a Hobart (Trade Mark) blender to bind and granulate the mixture. - ;
The granules were dried and fired in a muffle furnace for about 8 hours aë a temperature between 800 and 900C. For the first 10 minutes of heating the furnace conditions were adjusted to produce , a redu`cing atmosphere to activate the OE bon and the granules.
Following this initial heating step the furn~ce conditions were changed to produce an oxidising atmosphere to remove carbon from the outer layer to produoe an outer layer of enhanced porosity and lior.-20~63~0 colour attractive appearance. `~
Granules with a whi~ish soeckled ex~er.-al aooeairance and dark core were obtained.
~he product should be cooled under a reducing atmosphere.
! ~
. ;_. , . . _ , . ~: . .
' .
, ", ," ...... ~ ~
90/09099 PC~r/GB90/00201 ANIMAL LITTER .
The present invention relates to animal hygiene. It provides a granular absorbent material and a method of producing such material. The lnvention also relates to the use of such material as litter for anLmals, more especially domestic pets.
Granular absor~ent compositions, which may be used as absorbents for various liquids or as animal litter, are already known. Such compositions may consist of inorganic materials such ' as clay, cellulosic or other organic materials, or a mixture of inorganic-and.organic materials.
W086!00496 describes the manufacture of an absorbent composition, for-use as a pet lit~er, by mixing clay with cellulosic material, pelletising the m~ture, drying the resultant pellets and heating the pellets to a temperature of from 550-llOO`C. During heating, the cellulosic material is fully combusted,-and the result is a comFosition in the form of porous ceramic or sintered clay pellets.
It has now been discovered that substantial advantages are obtained by the provision of an absorbent material in the ~orm of a pelleted or other granular product, the granules of which have a core comprising activated carkon, surrounded by a porous, coherent, and mechanically resistant outer layer having a lower carbon content than the oore.
.
i At least the s~rface layer of the granules is -preferably substantially'free from carbon or carbonised residues.
The core may have a substantially black appearance-while the outer - layer may be liqhter in colour and is preferably substantially white. ~
' ' The'composition is preferably-made by preparing pellets or ~ ' r; -other'granules comprising an~inorganic component c ~ Ie of '--~
'' 'providing a h'àrdened structurè on heating and a carbonaceous ' '-':` comFonent~ ~hich'may`bè~carDo`n o~ricarbonisable material, and-heating the granules under conditions such that the car~onaceous oomponent in an outer layer o~ the granules is combusted, volatilise or ~
otherwise wholly or partly re~oved, thereby producing a porous '' , W O 9o/09099 PCT/GB90/00201 ,-20~63l~0 - 2 -structure, while the car`onaceous material in the interior is -`
substantially retained as activated carbon or an activated carbonised residue.
The inorganic component is preferably hardenable by sintering or calcination so that, while the carbonaceous component in the outer layer of the granules is combusted or otherwise removed, the inorganic component is hardened to reinforce the granule and in particular the porous outer layer.
It has been discovered that the product of this invention is not only highly absorbent for liquids, but can absorb urine and the like with substantial reduction in odour, owing to the activated carbon centres of the granules. Unlike conventional active charcoal absorkents, the product of the present invention is clean to handle, substantially free fmm dust and has less propensity for scattering. By the choice and quantity of inorganic components, the density can ke adjusted to provide a product which is not too heavy for oonvenience of carrying, while not so light as to promote scattering.
The bulk density of the product is preferably from 400 to 500 grams per litre, but may extend over the range from 300-700 g/l.
The product can be made at a neutral pH value without the use of buffering agents. The product preferably has a porosity of 50 to `~
300~, more preferably 200 to 250~, and a water absorbtion capacity of 50 to 200~ more preferably lO0 to 150%, by weight.
Thepreferred carbonaceous starting materials are finely divided combustible mater.ials of low ash residue, for example amorphous carbon, lamp black, soot, bone char, or charcoal. Gther materials having a substantial carbonaceous content, perhaps in cQmbination with inorganic co~ponents, for example lignite, can also be used.
The heat-hardenable inorganic component is preferably a clay, for example kaolinite, and can be used to increase the strength and density of~the product or-to produce a product with a differently ~ !
3coloured exterior. ~ In a product manufactured from a muxture of ¦
.`
, .. .. .... . . , .. , ., . ,, ., , ., , . ~, . I
.:' - :':: ` . -` , ~ ' ".. `.,- ` ` ' ` .. .: . ` '' `
20~63~
- 3 - ;
organic and inorganic starting materials, the particle size of the organic material will determune the subsequent si7e of the pores in the outer layer of the final product.
In the preferred process for manufacture of the absorbent material according to this invention, car~onaceous material is milled, where necessary, to the desired particle size. An inorganic material, such as clay, may then be admixed, preferably in '~
a weight ratio to the carbon or carbonisa'ole content of the carbonaceous material of between 2:1 and 4:1, and sufficient water added to produce a granulating consistency. The mixture is dried at a temperature below the carbonisirlg point, for example in the ranse 100-200C, either before or after division into granules.
The dried granules are then heated under carbon activating conditions at a temperature and for such a time as to activate the OE bon, if necessary during or after carbonisation of OE bonisable material, and subsequently or simultaneously heated to remove at least a part of the carbonaceous material in the outer layer of the ~ -granules while retaining a core containing activated carbon. This remo~al of carbonaceous material produces pores in the outer laye-of the granules.
The moistened mix may optionally be spread or extruded, ar.d after drying may be broken up into its~final granular form. Fines produced at this stage can be removed by screening and recycled to ';
the mlxLng stage.
The temperature for both the activation/carbonisation step and the removal step may be in the range of 500C to 1200C. The activation/carkonisation step may be carried out under an atm~sphere containing stea~ or carbon dioxide or 'a reducing atmosphera for a ~;
period which depends on temperature, type of carbon or carbonaceous material used arld size of granule, but may be of the order of 10 minutes at a ~emperature of 800 to 900C although considerably ionger times may be"necessary in some cLrcum=tances;'' Fol'lowing the . . , . . . . .. . . . .. . ~ . .,.~, ., . . ., .. , , . ~ ... ... . . . . . . . .
'- activation/carbonisation'step the'atmosphere may be~changed,~if ,, , ., . .. .. . ~.. .. ,-, . .. .. . .
ne'cessary,'to an atmosphere, for'exampIe,'an' oxidising'atmosphere in ... , ... . .. , .... .. .... , ..... ..... _ .. .. . .. .which during further heating carbonàceous~material is'removed, for ~ ' example, by combustion or volatiLisation. Both steps'are preferably carried out in the same heating apparatus.
, .,., : ., . - . : - , .-~ 4 _ It is preferr~d that the granules should be agitated during heatinc,, in order to ensure that all granules are evenly fired and ac~ire the desired porous, mechanically resistant oute~ layer and carbon-con~aining inner zone. The colour of the outer layer becomes lighter as oxidative firing proceeds, while the strength of the outer layer increases. Other things being equal, the lighter the colour the stronger the surface layer on the granule.
If it is desir-ed to prcduce a highly porous product from a starting material with a relatively low carbon content, which may be desirable in enviromental ground, the inorganic component may be a foamed or foamable material or a material which is inherently porous.
The following are examples of the production of absorbent ma~erials according to this invention:-~-.~ -Example I
White kaolinite was mixed with charcoal or other carbonaceous ~ -material in a ratio of preferably 4 parts clay and l par'. carbon. ~`
Water was added and mixed with the powders in a Hobart ~Trade Mark) blender to bind and granulate the mixture.
The granules were dried and fired in a muffle furnace for about 8 hours at a temperature between 800 and 900C. Granules with a whitish speckled external appearance and dark core were ob~ained.
Example II
White kaolinite was mlxed with charcoal or other carbonaceous material in a ratio of preferably 4 parts clay and l part carbon.
Water was added and mixed-with the powders in a Hobart (Trade Mark) blender to bind and granulate the mixture. - ;
The granules were dried and fired in a muffle furnace for about 8 hours aë a temperature between 800 and 900C. For the first 10 minutes of heating the furnace conditions were adjusted to produce , a redu`cing atmosphere to activate the OE bon and the granules.
Following this initial heating step the furn~ce conditions were changed to produce an oxidising atmosphere to remove carbon from the outer layer to produoe an outer layer of enhanced porosity and lior.-20~63~0 colour attractive appearance. `~
Granules with a whi~ish soeckled ex~er.-al aooeairance and dark core were obtained.
~he product should be cooled under a reducing atmosphere.
! ~
. ;_. , . . _ , . ~: . .
' .
, ", ," ...... ~ ~
Claims (14)
1. An odour and moisture absorbing composition in granular form, the granules having a core comprising activated carbon, and the core being surrounded by a porous, coherent and mechanically resistant outer layer having a lower carbon content than the core.
2. A composition according to claim 1 which comprises an inorganic material which provides a hardened structure in at least the outer layer of the granules.
3. A composition according to claim 2 in which the core of the granules is substantially black and the surface is substantially white.
4. A composition according to claim 1, 2 or 3 in which the carbon is in the form of a carbonised carbonaceous material.
5. A composition according to any preceding claim in which the inorganic material is a clay.
6. A composition according to any preceding claim having a density in the range 400-500 grams per litre.
7. A method of making an odour and moisture absorbing composition, which comprises preparing granules of a composition comprising inorganic and carbonaceous components, heating the granules until carbon or carbonisable material in an outer layer of the granules is combusted or otherwise wholly or partly removed and any carbonisable material in the interior of the granules is carbonised, and recovering a granular product containing activated carbon in the interior and having a porous outer layer with a lower carbon content than the core.
8. A method of making an absorbent composition, which comprises preparing granules of a composition comprising inorganic and carbonaceous components, treating the granules to carbonise any carbonisable material and to activate the carbon and/or carbonised material and heating the granules until carbon or carbonised material in an outer layer of the granules is combusted or otherwise wholly or partly removed, and recovering a granular product retaining activated carbon in the interior and having a porous outer layer with a lower carbon content than the core.
9. A method according to claim 7 or claim 8, wherein the carbon is activated by heating in an atmosphere of steam or carbon dioxide or a reducing atmosphere.
10. A method according to any one of claims 7 to 9, in which the granules are heated at a temperature in the range of 500-1200°C for a time insufficient to combust or otherwise remove carbon or carbonised material in the interior of the granules.
11. A method according to any of claims 7 to 10, in which the composition for the granules is prepared in a moist condition and dried at a temperature in the range of 100-200°C, and the formed granules are subsequently heated at a higher temperature.
12. A method according to claim 11, in which the dried composition is broken up into individual granules from which fines are separated and recycled to the mixing stage.
13. A method according to claim 11 or claim 12, in which the mixture contains clay in a weight ratio to the carbon and/or carbonisable content of the carbonaceous material of between 2:1 and 4:1.
14. Odour and moisture absorbing animal litter comprising a granular composition according to any of claims 1 to 6 or produced by a method according to any of claims 7 to 13.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB898903004A GB8903004D0 (en) | 1989-02-10 | 1989-02-10 | Improvements in animal hygiene |
| GB8903004.3 | 1989-02-10 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2046340A1 true CA2046340A1 (en) | 1990-08-11 |
Family
ID=10651458
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA 2046340 Abandoned CA2046340A1 (en) | 1989-02-10 | 1990-02-09 | Animal litter |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0457828A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH04503156A (en) |
| AU (1) | AU5048990A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2046340A1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB8903004D0 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1990009099A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5860391A (en) * | 1996-08-06 | 1999-01-19 | First Brands Corporation | Absorbents containing activated carbons |
| US20050005869A1 (en) | 2003-07-11 | 2005-01-13 | The Clorox Company | Composite absorbent particles |
| US20050005870A1 (en) | 2003-07-11 | 2005-01-13 | The Clorox Company | Composite absorbent particles |
| US20110123474A1 (en) | 2009-11-24 | 2011-05-26 | Jenkins Dennis B | Non-Visible Activated Carbon in Absorbent Materials |
| EP2632498A4 (en) | 2010-10-27 | 2014-07-09 | Nestec Sa | Malodor control compositions |
| CA3082967A1 (en) | 2017-11-20 | 2019-05-23 | Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. | A clumping deodorizer comprising an activated carbon core |
| WO2019097477A1 (en) | 2017-11-20 | 2019-05-23 | Nestec Sa | Pet litter having an activated carbon layer and methods of making the litter |
| CN107876098B (en) * | 2017-11-21 | 2020-08-28 | 万华化学集团股份有限公司 | Catalyst for synthesizing polyether amine and preparation method and application thereof |
| JP2022529454A (en) | 2019-04-22 | 2022-06-22 | ソシエテ・デ・プロデュイ・ネスレ・エス・アー | Toilet sand composition |
| US11918969B2 (en) | 2019-12-06 | 2024-03-05 | The Clorox Company | Low dusting, small clumping highly absorptive animal litter |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS51129886A (en) * | 1975-05-06 | 1976-11-11 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | Process for producing granular sacavenger for waste water co ntaining heavy metals |
| US4518704A (en) * | 1980-12-08 | 1985-05-21 | Kyoto Ceramic Kabushiki Kaisha | Activated carbon formed body and method of producing the same |
| DE3406654C2 (en) * | 1984-02-24 | 1986-04-24 | Hasso von 4000 Düsseldorf Blücher | Flexible surface filter |
| WO1986000496A1 (en) * | 1984-07-17 | 1986-01-30 | East West Minerals N.L. | Absorbent clay |
-
1989
- 1989-02-10 GB GB898903004A patent/GB8903004D0/en active Pending
-
1990
- 1990-02-09 CA CA 2046340 patent/CA2046340A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-02-09 AU AU50489/90A patent/AU5048990A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-02-09 WO PCT/GB1990/000201 patent/WO1990009099A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-02-09 JP JP50319690A patent/JPH04503156A/en active Pending
- 1990-02-09 EP EP19900903394 patent/EP0457828A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0457828A1 (en) | 1991-11-27 |
| JPH04503156A (en) | 1992-06-11 |
| AU5048990A (en) | 1990-09-05 |
| WO1990009099A1 (en) | 1990-08-23 |
| GB8903004D0 (en) | 1989-03-30 |
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