CA1339457C - Pile driving apparatus - Google Patents
Pile driving apparatusInfo
- Publication number
- CA1339457C CA1339457C CA000616999A CA616999A CA1339457C CA 1339457 C CA1339457 C CA 1339457C CA 000616999 A CA000616999 A CA 000616999A CA 616999 A CA616999 A CA 616999A CA 1339457 C CA1339457 C CA 1339457C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- pile
- base frame
- column
- plate
- jack
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D7/00—Methods or apparatus for placing sheet pile bulkheads, piles, mouldpipes, or other moulds
- E02D7/02—Placing by driving
- E02D7/06—Power-driven drivers
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D7/00—Methods or apparatus for placing sheet pile bulkheads, piles, mouldpipes, or other moulds
- E02D7/02—Placing by driving
- E02D7/06—Power-driven drivers
- E02D7/14—Components for drivers inasmuch as not specially for a specific driver construction
- E02D7/16—Scaffolds or supports for drivers
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Placing Or Removing Of Piles Or Sheet Piles, Or Accessories Thereof (AREA)
- Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
Abstract
A pile driving apparatus comprises a base frame having a platform for supporting ballast. The base frame is equipped with a levelling device. The pile driving apparatus comprises a column positioned perpendicular with respect to the base frame and supported by steel supports. At the top of the column is provided a lifting point. A pile loading device consists of a cradle arm which is pivotally mounted to the base frame at the lower end of the column. A hydraulic jack is operative for moving the cradle arm for loading piles onto the device. A hydraulic piston bears a load onto a jack thrust plate, which plate is connected to a transmission plate by means of a shaped plate. The higher end of the transmission plate is ridgedly connected to a pile thrust plate means of another shape. The column is provided with an elongate slit so that when the hydraulic piston edges downwardly against the thrust plate correspondingly downward thrust is applied to the transmission plate. This enables piles having a length substantially the same as the column to be driven into the ground. The base frame levelling device comprises levelling jacks operative to adjust the back frame so that the pile can be positioned substantially level.
Description
13~9~7 PILE DRIVING APPARATUS
This is a division of Application Serial No. 596,736 filed April 14, 1989 for "Pile Driving Apparatus".
This invention relates tc pile driving apparatus, in particular to jack piling systems.
Jack piling apparatuses are usually confined to situations where piles must be driven into the ground and no significant vibration and noise is permitted. Several pile driving apparatuses have been proposed in the past. Several are discussed in "Pile Design and Construction Practice", third edition by M. J. Tomlinson, published in 1987.
Previously used jack piling apparatuses employ the use of a jack which bears down directly onto the top of the pile to be driven into the ground. These systems are frequently referred to as "jack-in piling systems". These systems are mainly used for underpinning foundations, but owing to their relative complexity, are not competitive with conventional piling systems and so are seldom used in new pile foundation works One previously used jack piling apparatus involves inserting a jack between the foundations to be -.,. 133g457 underpinned and the top of the pile to be driven into the ground. In this kind of system, the foundations themselves provide the reaction force to the jacking.
These systems are subject to m~ny disadvantages. In particular, the set up and positioning of the pile, and mobilization of the Kentledge or ballast to provide the reaction is slow. Generally, a hydraulic jack is used, but are restricted to shorter strokes. This means that extensive use of dolly sections is required, at least six times to jack down one section of the pile.
Moreover short and stout pile sections must be used, which means that the apparatus is only really suitable for larger bearing capacity piles (such as 40 tonnes above working load).
The~Q sy8t.Qm8 arQ alho di~a~vantageous in that the ~t~n~i~n pllë pr~ ure is slow, and the joining of consecutive piles together, frequently done by welding, is inefficient.
Such jack-in piling systems can only install two pile positions per working day. This makes such jack-in piling systems uneconomical for extensive use even in the present pile foundation market.
It ls an aim of the present lnvention to provlde a plle drlvlng apparatus which overcomes the aforementloned dlsadvantages.
- According to the present invention, there ls provlded a plle drlvlng apparatus comprlslng:
~ack.means positioned at least partlally alongslde a plle to be drlven for exertlng a plle drlvlng force in a dlrectlon substantlally parallel to but spaced apart from the longltudlnal axls of the plle to be drlven, at least a part of sald ~ack means extendlng alongslde the plle;
transmlsslon means for tran~mlttlng the plle drlvlng force from sald ~ack means onto the plle;
reactlon means for provldlng a reactlon force to the plle drlvlng force;
a column means for recelvlng the plle to be drlven, sald column means havlng an upper end and a lower end; and a base frame attached to sald lower end of sald column means, sald base frame lncludlng ballast support means for supportlng ballast, sald ~ack means belng posltloned on sald column means.
The column means preferably comprlses a column for recelvlng the plle along lts length on one side thereof, the length of the plle substantially correspondlng to the length of the column.
The ~ack means may be flxed to one end of the column on the slde of the. column whlch ls opposlte from the slde recelvlng the pile.
13394~7 The transmission means may comprise a first thrust member for receiving a piston of the jack means, a second thrust member ~or urging against the free end of the pile, and a transmission member which links the first and second th.-ust members via an aperture extending along the length of the column.
The piston of the ~ack means is preferably capable of pushing the first thrust member along substantially half of the length of the column in a single stroke, thereby permitting driving of the pile in tWO stro~es of the jack means.
A base frame is attached towards the lower end of the column, and comprises support means for supporting the apparatus, and levelling means for levelling the base and ensuring the column is at leas~ substantially vertical.
The base frame is preferably arranged to support ballast or Kentledge for providing the reaction force to the pile driving force, the reaction force being transmitted between the ballast or Kentledge and the jack means via the column.
1339~7 The column may be ln the form of a steel "H" cross-sectional column.
According to the present lnventlon, there is further provided a base frame for a ~ack pillng apparatus, the base frame comprlsing support means for supportlng a plle to be driven lnto the ground, and supportlng a ~ack means for drlving the plle lnto the ground, and for supportlng ballast or Kentledge for provldlng a reaction force to the iack means, wherein the base frame includes levelling ~acks operative to ad~ust the base frame so that the pile can be made to be substantlally vertlcal.
The base frame ls constructed so as to be sufflciently stlff to resist dlstortions due to the reactlon force whlch occurs durlng plle drlving.
Accordlng to the present lnventlon, there is provlded a plle loadlng devlce for loadlng plles lnto a plle drlvlng apparatus, the plle loadlng devlce comprlslng an elongate cradle whlch ls plvotally connectable to the apparatus so that the cradle can be moved between horlzontal and vertlcal posltlons, and a ~ack for movlng the cradle about the plvotal polnt, whereln the cradle ls conflgured to recelve a plle when ln the horlzontal posltlon, and to be moved lnto a vertlcal posltlon by . ~ ~
1339~57 means of the jack thereby enabling positioning of the pile for driving into the ground.
The loading device is preferably provided with means for guiding the end of the pile closest to the pivotal end of the cradle for locating it with the exposed end of the previously driven pile.
The pile loading device is also configured for placing a dolly onto a partially driven pile.
The guiding means may be adjustable to accommodate different pile profiles.
The pile loading device and/or base frame may be incorporated in~o the pile driving apparatus as defined hereinbefore.
Embodiments of the invention may include a jointing apparatus for connecting adjacent piles end to end, and for restraining relative movement between the piles in the 3 degrees of rotational motion, and the 3 degrees of translational motion.
According to the present invention, there is provided a jointing apparatus preferably comprises a plate having a 13~9~
cross-section corresponding substantially to that of the pile to be driven, bonding means extending from one side of the plate around which the pile is cast thereby enabling bonding of the plate to the pile, and a channel f~rmed in the plane of the plate and for receiving a leg of a substantially '~Cl~ or ~U~ shaped clip such that there can be no relative movement between the clip and the plate.
The other leg of the clip can be received by a corresponding ressess of a corresponding plate cast into another pile. Positioning of the plate clip in this way joins the piles and prevents relative movement therebetween.
A plurality of channels may be formed in end plate for receiving a corresponding number of clips thereby providing extra security againsc relative movement between adjacent piles.
The pile driving apparatus of the present invention, ~hich may include the base frame and/or the pile loading device, may be suspended from or attached to a mobile crane.
- 1~394~7 Instead of mounting the apparatus on a base frame, the apparatus may be mounted onto a mobile base machine which has sufficient weight to provide the reaction force.
~ mbodiments of the present invention provide signi-ficant advantages over previously used jack-in pile driving systems.
A significant advantage is afforded by the pile driving apparatus of the present invention owing to the in-direct application of the driving force from the jack means to lo the pile.
The advantages are as follows: a smaller but longer pile element having a pilo bearing capacity ranging froln 10 to 40 tonnes (working load) can be driven; the ballast or Kentledge can be simply and quickly mobilized; the pile exten-sion procedure can be carried out quickly without much manual labour; piles may be joined together simply and inexpensively;
the hydraulic jack can install the section of pile by only two stokes thereby reducing the number of dolly usages (this leads to a speeding up of the overall pile driving process);
and since at least a part of the jack means is arranged to extend alongside the pile, the length of the pile element can correspond - 1339457 "'' to the available headroom, which in turn leads to a greater stability during driving of the pile.
Embodiments of the present invention thereby enable longer jacking strokes and a faster piling extension pcocedure. Embodiments of the invention can install about 20 pile positions in a working day.
Embodiments of the present invention are therefore cost competitive with other existing pile systems which are not generally designed for underpinning works.
Moreover, embodiments of the present invention do not preclude the use of twin or multiple hydraulic jack assemblies for providinq the pile driving force.
Embodiments of the present invention may be used for pre-stressed concrete pile elements of various cross-sectional shapes, for example, triangular, I'V't shaped s~uare, round, hexagonal or tubular.
Pre-stressed concrete pile elements are preferably pre-tensioned using a single pre-stressing wire along the central longitudinal axis of the pile. Several pre-stressing wires can also be used. Piles of 125 mm to 225 mm in lateral dimension may be used.
1339~7 Embodiments of the invention enable use of pre-stressed concrete pile elements having effective pre-stress of less than 2 MPa. Piles made of other materials such as timber or steel may also be driven into the ground using embodiments of the present invention, Lengths of pile elements may, for example be between 3 and 6 metres long.
The invention will now be ~urther described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a sectional plan view taken along the lines A-A (of Figure 2) of an embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a sectional side elevation taken along the lines B-B of Figure l;
Figure 3 is a detailed sectional plan view of part of the embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 4 is a part sectional side elevational view of the embodiment taken along the lines B-B of Figure 3;
Figure S is a schematic view of an embodiment of the invention supported by a mobile base machine;
Figure 6 illustrates an embodiment of the invention mounted on a static base frame which is positioned using a mobile crane; and Figures 7a and 7b respectively show 133g4~7 plan and side elevational views of a clip for clipping adjacent piles together; and Figures 1 and 2 illustrate an embodiment of the invention which comprises a base frame 1 having a platform 3 for supporting ballast or Kentledge 5. The base frame 1 is prefer-ably constructed of steel sections or steel plates which are sufficiently stiff to prevent any significant distortions occurring when the reaction force is applied during pile instal-lation.
The base frame 1 is equipped with a levelling device in the form of jacks 7 positioned at each corner thereof. Each jack 7 can be adjusted independently of one another so as to ensure that the base frame lies substantially horizontally, and in particular, to ensure that a pile 8 (see Figure 3) to be driven into the ground is vertical with respect to the ground.
The Kentledge or ballast may be weights totalling 40 tonnes. One 10 tonne weight 9 may be positioned at each corner of the base frame 1 above a jack 7.
The pile driving apparatus comprises a column 11 positioned substantially perpendicular with respect to the base frame 1, and supported in position by means of steel supports 13. Bracing members 15 are proYided on the base frame 1 in order to enhance the stiffness of t he appara tUS .
The column 11 will be described in detail below with reference to Figures 3 and 4. At the top of the column 11 is pro~ided a lifting point 17 which can be attached to the hook of, for example, a mobile crane thereby enabling positioning of the apparatus.
The apparatus includes a pile loading device which consists of a cradle arm 19 which is pivotally mounted at point 21 to the base frame 1, at the lower end of the column 11. A hydraulic iack 23 is positioned on the base frame 1 and comprises a hydraulic piston 25 which is connected to the cradle arm 19. The operation of the cradle arm will be discussed below.
Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the column 11 of the pile driYing apparatus in more detail. The column 11 is constructed of a steel "H~ profiled column which is of sufficient strength to transmit the reaction force from a jack means to the Kentledge. The jack means is in the form of a hydraulic cylinder 27 and a hydraulic piston 29. The hydraulic cylinder 27 is fixedly attached ~o the top end of one side of the column 11. This side of 133g4S7 the column 11 forms a hydraulic jack compartment of the pile driving apparatus.
The other side of the column 11 forms the pile compartment 31 of the pile driving apparatus. The pile compartment 31 receives the pile 8 for driving into the ground.
A transmission means transmits the pile driving force from the hydraulic cylinder 27 to the pile 8 contained in the pile compartment 31. The transmission means comprises a jack thrust plate 33 onto which the driving load of the hydraulic piston 29 bears. The jack thrust plate 33 is rigidly connected to a transmission plate 35 by means of a shear plate 3? which is welded onto the transmission plate. The higher end of the transmission plate 35 is rigidly connected to a pile thrust plate 39 by means of another shear plate 41. The web portion 43 of the column 11 is provided with an elongate slit running along the longitudinal length thereof for accommodating ~he transmission plate 35 and for permitting the transmission plate to move along the length of the column 11. As can be seen from Figure 4, when the hydraulic piston 29 urges downwardly against the jack thrust plate 33 in the direction of arrow A, a corresponding downward thrust is transmitted via the 133~457 transmission plate 35 to the pile thrust plate 39.
The configuration of transmission means is such that the hydraulic cylinder 27 and the hydraulic piston 29 can extend alongside the pile to be driven into the ground.
Consequently. piles having a length substantially corresponding to the height of the column 11 may be driven into the ground with embodiments of the present invention.
In order to enhance the stiffness of the column 11, stiffener plates 45 are welded along the length of the web portion 43 of the column 11. In the hydraulic iack compartment of the column 11, there is provided a channel section g7 which acts as a guide for the transmission plate 35. The channel section 47 also reduces the possibility of the transmission means twisting within the slit formed in the web portion 43.
The pile thrust plate 39 has a cross-section which corresponds to the cross-section of the pile 8. This thrust plate 3~ makes contact with the pile to be driven into the ground.
The hydraulic piston 29 is capable of extending to substantially half the length of the pile 8, thereby 13~94-~7 driving half the length of the pile into the ground in one stroke, This embodiment is provided with the pile loading device which comprises the cradle arm lg which is pivotally mounted at the point 21 to the base frame 1 at the lower end of the column 11. The operation of the pile loading device is as follows.
The cradle arm 19 is lowered, by means of the hydraulic jack 23 and piston 25, into a horizontal position as illustrated in Figure 2. The pile element 8 is then lifted and placed horizontally onto the cradle arm 19 either manually or by crane. The hydraulic jack piston 25 then retracts causing the cradle arm 19 to swing into a vertical position together with the pile element to be loaded into the pile compartment 31 of the column 11. A
guide 49 is proYided on the cradle arm 19 which ensures that the lowermost end of the pile element is correctly located above the correct position on the ground, or if the pile element is an extension pile, the adapter 49 ensures that the lowermost end of the pile extension accurately locates with the top of the pile element already driven into the ground.
16 ~339457 The guide 49 may be adjusted to accommodate eiles of different profiles and sizes.
Figure 5 illustrates the pile driving apparatus of the present embodiment mounted on a mobile base machinc 50, The pile driving apparatus may be transported by the mobile base machine 50 as illustrated in Figure 5. The column 11 is supported on the mobile base machine 50 by means of a steel hollow section column 51 which is pivotally supported at a point 53 of the mobile base machine 50. The pile driving apearatus can be deeloyed by means of the hydraulic arm 55. During deployment, the mobile base machine 50 can be stabilized by means of a stability jack 57.
Figure 6 illustrates the pile driving apparatus mounted on a static base frame which is positioned using a mobile crane 52. The mobile crane also loads the Kentledge onto the base frame The column 11 is suspended from the mobile crane 52 by means of a hook attached to the lifting point 17 of the column 11. The horizontal positioning of the base frame 1 can be controlled by means of a position control attachment 59 which can be controlled by the mobile crane 52.
The installation of piles by the embodiment of the invention will be described as follows.
The mobile base machine or crane may be capable of liftinq a 10 tonne load. The bearing capacity of the pile may be 16 tonnes working load, and the pile length per element may be 5 metres. During installation, the column 11 and base frame 1 are first lifted into place and positioned over the desired location. The four 10 tonne Kentledge pieces are then lifted and placed into position on the base frame 1 to form the ~entledge.
Levelling of the base frame 1 can then take place in order to ensure that the column 11 is vertical.
While this is being done, the cradle arm 19 is lowered to the horizontal position in order Co receive the pile element. The hydraulic jack 23 and 25 then lifts the cradle arm 19 and pile element into the pile compartment 31, and the pile thrust plate 39 is located on the top end of the pile.
The hydraulic cylinder and piston 27 and 29 can then drive the pile element, via the indirect jacking force method of the invention until, for example, half of the pile element is driven into the ground. The hydraulic eiston 29 can then be retracted to its original position 13~94~
when the loading of the pile took place. During retraction of the piston 29, the cradle arm 19 is again lowered to the horizontal position in oraer to receive a steel dolly. The cradle arm 19 then lifts the dolly (not shown) into the pile compartment -1 with the dolly end resting flat on the half embedded pile element.
.
The hydraulic piston 29 is then activated again and the dolly pushes the remaining half o~ the pile element downwards. The cradle arm 19 can then be used to remove the dolly and further extension pile elements can then be driven into the ground using the above procedure.
Once the required pile penecration or bearinq capacity has been reached, any pile elements protruding from t~e ground can be cut by means of an appropriate special cutter. The Kentledge can then be unloaded from the base frame and the apparatus then lifced to another pile position for repeat procedures.
Adjacent ends o~ extension piles may be connected together by means of the "clip in" jointing system of the present invention. An example of such a jointing system will be described below.
lg 13~9457 Figures 7a and 7b illustrate an embodiment of clip-in jointing system according to the present invention. The jointing assembly comprises a substantially ~V~-shaped or triangular shaped plate 61 having the same cross-section as ~he pile element to be driven into the ground. A recess 63 is formed on each of the three sides of the plate 61 for receiving a linking portion 65 of a substantially "U" or "C" shaped clip 67. A plate 69 is welded to the plate 61 at each of the recess points 63, and provides a channel 71 or hole for receiving a leg 73 of the clip 67. A bonding bar 75 is welded to each of the plates 69.
The end of the concrete pile is cast around the bonding bars 75 thereby securely bonding the plate 61 to the pile element.
Tensile stress resultants are transferred from the concrete pile element to the bonding bars 75 by interface bond. These stresses are in turn transferred through the channel shaped plate 69 and the V-shaped or triangular shaped plate 61 which have been welded to the bonding bars 75. Through contact stresses, the tensile stress resultants are transferred via the clip 67 to the adjacent pile end of similar construction.
13 3 9 ~ ~7 For com~ressive stress resultants, these stresses are transferred through direct contact stresses becween the V-shaped plate 61 of adiacent pile elements.
During installation of pile elements, as soon as the two pile elements have been positioned end to end, the two legs 73 of the clip 67 can be simply and easily inserted into the channels 71.
The clip 67 is slightly profiled during manufacture to provide a slight interference or press fit during insertion at the joint.
Three or more clips 67 are positioned in order to rigidly secure the pile end together thereby restraining relative movement therebetween in each of the 6 degrees of freedom (ie 3 rotations and 3 translations).
The advantages afforded by embodiments of the present invention can be contrasted with established jack-in pile systems as follows.
Existing jack-in pile systems are restricted to relatively short pile elements, typically of 0.76 to 1,2 metres in length owing to the ability of the pile element to be manoeuvred by human strength. This leads l~g4~7 to a large number of joints being re~uired to instal a pile. Embodiments of the invention enable the use of .elatively long pile elements, typically 3 to 6 metres in length since ~he pile can be manipulated by the machiner~ instead of relying on human effort. Also, fewer joints are re~uired.
Also in embodiments of the invention, moderate side dimensions of piles may be employed, for example, 100 mm to 200 mm, whereas in established systems 300 mm erecast concrete piles are used.
In existing systems, the existing foundation is often used to provide the reaction for the jacking forces.
However, embodiments of the invention enable Kentledge to be placed on a mobile machine or on the base frame of the apparatus itself. The Kentledge can easily be moved to a new position where re~uired, and is not restricted to the position of the existing foundations.
Embodiments of the invention are also advantageous in that they permit a long stroke of the jack, for example, 1.5 ~o 4 mecres thereby enabling an entire pile elemenC
to be installed in two strokes. In contrast, conventional systems have a short jack stroke of, for example, 0.25 metres thereby re~uiring a multiple number of strokes required to install a single pile element.
Embodiments of the invention may incorporate the clip-in jointing system described hereinabove which enables the ioints of adiacent piles to be established speedily.
This contrasts with prior art arrangements wherein precast concrete elements are bonded together by inserting short steel bars into the longitudinal central hole, and subsequently grouting them with cement.
.
Embodiments of the present invention enable full use of the available headroom, the headroom corresponding substantially to the length of each pile element to be used. For example, a 3 metre length of pile elemenc may be installed in the headroom of only 3.1 metres. This contrasts with the prior art in which working headroom is required to accommodate both the length of the pile element and the hydraulic jack plus any packing. For example, a working headroom of about 1.8 metres enables installation of only a 1.2 metre length of open-ended steel tube.
Another difficulty with prior art arrangements is that the hydraulic jack and packing must be removed before another pile element can be added to the previous element already jacked into the ground. The jack is 133g4,~7 ' then put into position. In contrast, in embodiments of the invention the hydraulic jack 27 and 29, remains in position until the entire pile is installed to a required depth or bearing cap-acity.
Prior art arrangements are restricted for use in under-pinning existing foundations. However, embodiments of the invcntion makc it compctitivc to bc uscd for ncw building found-ations. Embodiments of the invention are not only cheaper and faster when used for underpinning existing foundations, but they will find substantial use for new foundations and are not re-stricted to underpinning existing foundations.
Embodiments of the invention also enable the use of twin or multiple hydraulic jacks to be used for providing the jacking force.
This is a division of Application Serial No. 596,736 filed April 14, 1989 for "Pile Driving Apparatus".
This invention relates tc pile driving apparatus, in particular to jack piling systems.
Jack piling apparatuses are usually confined to situations where piles must be driven into the ground and no significant vibration and noise is permitted. Several pile driving apparatuses have been proposed in the past. Several are discussed in "Pile Design and Construction Practice", third edition by M. J. Tomlinson, published in 1987.
Previously used jack piling apparatuses employ the use of a jack which bears down directly onto the top of the pile to be driven into the ground. These systems are frequently referred to as "jack-in piling systems". These systems are mainly used for underpinning foundations, but owing to their relative complexity, are not competitive with conventional piling systems and so are seldom used in new pile foundation works One previously used jack piling apparatus involves inserting a jack between the foundations to be -.,. 133g457 underpinned and the top of the pile to be driven into the ground. In this kind of system, the foundations themselves provide the reaction force to the jacking.
These systems are subject to m~ny disadvantages. In particular, the set up and positioning of the pile, and mobilization of the Kentledge or ballast to provide the reaction is slow. Generally, a hydraulic jack is used, but are restricted to shorter strokes. This means that extensive use of dolly sections is required, at least six times to jack down one section of the pile.
Moreover short and stout pile sections must be used, which means that the apparatus is only really suitable for larger bearing capacity piles (such as 40 tonnes above working load).
The~Q sy8t.Qm8 arQ alho di~a~vantageous in that the ~t~n~i~n pllë pr~ ure is slow, and the joining of consecutive piles together, frequently done by welding, is inefficient.
Such jack-in piling systems can only install two pile positions per working day. This makes such jack-in piling systems uneconomical for extensive use even in the present pile foundation market.
It ls an aim of the present lnvention to provlde a plle drlvlng apparatus which overcomes the aforementloned dlsadvantages.
- According to the present invention, there ls provlded a plle drlvlng apparatus comprlslng:
~ack.means positioned at least partlally alongslde a plle to be drlven for exertlng a plle drlvlng force in a dlrectlon substantlally parallel to but spaced apart from the longltudlnal axls of the plle to be drlven, at least a part of sald ~ack means extendlng alongslde the plle;
transmlsslon means for tran~mlttlng the plle drlvlng force from sald ~ack means onto the plle;
reactlon means for provldlng a reactlon force to the plle drlvlng force;
a column means for recelvlng the plle to be drlven, sald column means havlng an upper end and a lower end; and a base frame attached to sald lower end of sald column means, sald base frame lncludlng ballast support means for supportlng ballast, sald ~ack means belng posltloned on sald column means.
The column means preferably comprlses a column for recelvlng the plle along lts length on one side thereof, the length of the plle substantially correspondlng to the length of the column.
The ~ack means may be flxed to one end of the column on the slde of the. column whlch ls opposlte from the slde recelvlng the pile.
13394~7 The transmission means may comprise a first thrust member for receiving a piston of the jack means, a second thrust member ~or urging against the free end of the pile, and a transmission member which links the first and second th.-ust members via an aperture extending along the length of the column.
The piston of the ~ack means is preferably capable of pushing the first thrust member along substantially half of the length of the column in a single stroke, thereby permitting driving of the pile in tWO stro~es of the jack means.
A base frame is attached towards the lower end of the column, and comprises support means for supporting the apparatus, and levelling means for levelling the base and ensuring the column is at leas~ substantially vertical.
The base frame is preferably arranged to support ballast or Kentledge for providing the reaction force to the pile driving force, the reaction force being transmitted between the ballast or Kentledge and the jack means via the column.
1339~7 The column may be ln the form of a steel "H" cross-sectional column.
According to the present lnventlon, there is further provided a base frame for a ~ack pillng apparatus, the base frame comprlsing support means for supportlng a plle to be driven lnto the ground, and supportlng a ~ack means for drlving the plle lnto the ground, and for supportlng ballast or Kentledge for provldlng a reaction force to the iack means, wherein the base frame includes levelling ~acks operative to ad~ust the base frame so that the pile can be made to be substantlally vertlcal.
The base frame ls constructed so as to be sufflciently stlff to resist dlstortions due to the reactlon force whlch occurs durlng plle drlving.
Accordlng to the present lnventlon, there is provlded a plle loadlng devlce for loadlng plles lnto a plle drlvlng apparatus, the plle loadlng devlce comprlslng an elongate cradle whlch ls plvotally connectable to the apparatus so that the cradle can be moved between horlzontal and vertlcal posltlons, and a ~ack for movlng the cradle about the plvotal polnt, whereln the cradle ls conflgured to recelve a plle when ln the horlzontal posltlon, and to be moved lnto a vertlcal posltlon by . ~ ~
1339~57 means of the jack thereby enabling positioning of the pile for driving into the ground.
The loading device is preferably provided with means for guiding the end of the pile closest to the pivotal end of the cradle for locating it with the exposed end of the previously driven pile.
The pile loading device is also configured for placing a dolly onto a partially driven pile.
The guiding means may be adjustable to accommodate different pile profiles.
The pile loading device and/or base frame may be incorporated in~o the pile driving apparatus as defined hereinbefore.
Embodiments of the invention may include a jointing apparatus for connecting adjacent piles end to end, and for restraining relative movement between the piles in the 3 degrees of rotational motion, and the 3 degrees of translational motion.
According to the present invention, there is provided a jointing apparatus preferably comprises a plate having a 13~9~
cross-section corresponding substantially to that of the pile to be driven, bonding means extending from one side of the plate around which the pile is cast thereby enabling bonding of the plate to the pile, and a channel f~rmed in the plane of the plate and for receiving a leg of a substantially '~Cl~ or ~U~ shaped clip such that there can be no relative movement between the clip and the plate.
The other leg of the clip can be received by a corresponding ressess of a corresponding plate cast into another pile. Positioning of the plate clip in this way joins the piles and prevents relative movement therebetween.
A plurality of channels may be formed in end plate for receiving a corresponding number of clips thereby providing extra security againsc relative movement between adjacent piles.
The pile driving apparatus of the present invention, ~hich may include the base frame and/or the pile loading device, may be suspended from or attached to a mobile crane.
- 1~394~7 Instead of mounting the apparatus on a base frame, the apparatus may be mounted onto a mobile base machine which has sufficient weight to provide the reaction force.
~ mbodiments of the present invention provide signi-ficant advantages over previously used jack-in pile driving systems.
A significant advantage is afforded by the pile driving apparatus of the present invention owing to the in-direct application of the driving force from the jack means to lo the pile.
The advantages are as follows: a smaller but longer pile element having a pilo bearing capacity ranging froln 10 to 40 tonnes (working load) can be driven; the ballast or Kentledge can be simply and quickly mobilized; the pile exten-sion procedure can be carried out quickly without much manual labour; piles may be joined together simply and inexpensively;
the hydraulic jack can install the section of pile by only two stokes thereby reducing the number of dolly usages (this leads to a speeding up of the overall pile driving process);
and since at least a part of the jack means is arranged to extend alongside the pile, the length of the pile element can correspond - 1339457 "'' to the available headroom, which in turn leads to a greater stability during driving of the pile.
Embodiments of the present invention thereby enable longer jacking strokes and a faster piling extension pcocedure. Embodiments of the invention can install about 20 pile positions in a working day.
Embodiments of the present invention are therefore cost competitive with other existing pile systems which are not generally designed for underpinning works.
Moreover, embodiments of the present invention do not preclude the use of twin or multiple hydraulic jack assemblies for providinq the pile driving force.
Embodiments of the present invention may be used for pre-stressed concrete pile elements of various cross-sectional shapes, for example, triangular, I'V't shaped s~uare, round, hexagonal or tubular.
Pre-stressed concrete pile elements are preferably pre-tensioned using a single pre-stressing wire along the central longitudinal axis of the pile. Several pre-stressing wires can also be used. Piles of 125 mm to 225 mm in lateral dimension may be used.
1339~7 Embodiments of the invention enable use of pre-stressed concrete pile elements having effective pre-stress of less than 2 MPa. Piles made of other materials such as timber or steel may also be driven into the ground using embodiments of the present invention, Lengths of pile elements may, for example be between 3 and 6 metres long.
The invention will now be ~urther described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a sectional plan view taken along the lines A-A (of Figure 2) of an embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a sectional side elevation taken along the lines B-B of Figure l;
Figure 3 is a detailed sectional plan view of part of the embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 4 is a part sectional side elevational view of the embodiment taken along the lines B-B of Figure 3;
Figure S is a schematic view of an embodiment of the invention supported by a mobile base machine;
Figure 6 illustrates an embodiment of the invention mounted on a static base frame which is positioned using a mobile crane; and Figures 7a and 7b respectively show 133g4~7 plan and side elevational views of a clip for clipping adjacent piles together; and Figures 1 and 2 illustrate an embodiment of the invention which comprises a base frame 1 having a platform 3 for supporting ballast or Kentledge 5. The base frame 1 is prefer-ably constructed of steel sections or steel plates which are sufficiently stiff to prevent any significant distortions occurring when the reaction force is applied during pile instal-lation.
The base frame 1 is equipped with a levelling device in the form of jacks 7 positioned at each corner thereof. Each jack 7 can be adjusted independently of one another so as to ensure that the base frame lies substantially horizontally, and in particular, to ensure that a pile 8 (see Figure 3) to be driven into the ground is vertical with respect to the ground.
The Kentledge or ballast may be weights totalling 40 tonnes. One 10 tonne weight 9 may be positioned at each corner of the base frame 1 above a jack 7.
The pile driving apparatus comprises a column 11 positioned substantially perpendicular with respect to the base frame 1, and supported in position by means of steel supports 13. Bracing members 15 are proYided on the base frame 1 in order to enhance the stiffness of t he appara tUS .
The column 11 will be described in detail below with reference to Figures 3 and 4. At the top of the column 11 is pro~ided a lifting point 17 which can be attached to the hook of, for example, a mobile crane thereby enabling positioning of the apparatus.
The apparatus includes a pile loading device which consists of a cradle arm 19 which is pivotally mounted at point 21 to the base frame 1, at the lower end of the column 11. A hydraulic iack 23 is positioned on the base frame 1 and comprises a hydraulic piston 25 which is connected to the cradle arm 19. The operation of the cradle arm will be discussed below.
Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the column 11 of the pile driYing apparatus in more detail. The column 11 is constructed of a steel "H~ profiled column which is of sufficient strength to transmit the reaction force from a jack means to the Kentledge. The jack means is in the form of a hydraulic cylinder 27 and a hydraulic piston 29. The hydraulic cylinder 27 is fixedly attached ~o the top end of one side of the column 11. This side of 133g4S7 the column 11 forms a hydraulic jack compartment of the pile driving apparatus.
The other side of the column 11 forms the pile compartment 31 of the pile driving apparatus. The pile compartment 31 receives the pile 8 for driving into the ground.
A transmission means transmits the pile driving force from the hydraulic cylinder 27 to the pile 8 contained in the pile compartment 31. The transmission means comprises a jack thrust plate 33 onto which the driving load of the hydraulic piston 29 bears. The jack thrust plate 33 is rigidly connected to a transmission plate 35 by means of a shear plate 3? which is welded onto the transmission plate. The higher end of the transmission plate 35 is rigidly connected to a pile thrust plate 39 by means of another shear plate 41. The web portion 43 of the column 11 is provided with an elongate slit running along the longitudinal length thereof for accommodating ~he transmission plate 35 and for permitting the transmission plate to move along the length of the column 11. As can be seen from Figure 4, when the hydraulic piston 29 urges downwardly against the jack thrust plate 33 in the direction of arrow A, a corresponding downward thrust is transmitted via the 133~457 transmission plate 35 to the pile thrust plate 39.
The configuration of transmission means is such that the hydraulic cylinder 27 and the hydraulic piston 29 can extend alongside the pile to be driven into the ground.
Consequently. piles having a length substantially corresponding to the height of the column 11 may be driven into the ground with embodiments of the present invention.
In order to enhance the stiffness of the column 11, stiffener plates 45 are welded along the length of the web portion 43 of the column 11. In the hydraulic iack compartment of the column 11, there is provided a channel section g7 which acts as a guide for the transmission plate 35. The channel section 47 also reduces the possibility of the transmission means twisting within the slit formed in the web portion 43.
The pile thrust plate 39 has a cross-section which corresponds to the cross-section of the pile 8. This thrust plate 3~ makes contact with the pile to be driven into the ground.
The hydraulic piston 29 is capable of extending to substantially half the length of the pile 8, thereby 13~94-~7 driving half the length of the pile into the ground in one stroke, This embodiment is provided with the pile loading device which comprises the cradle arm lg which is pivotally mounted at the point 21 to the base frame 1 at the lower end of the column 11. The operation of the pile loading device is as follows.
The cradle arm 19 is lowered, by means of the hydraulic jack 23 and piston 25, into a horizontal position as illustrated in Figure 2. The pile element 8 is then lifted and placed horizontally onto the cradle arm 19 either manually or by crane. The hydraulic jack piston 25 then retracts causing the cradle arm 19 to swing into a vertical position together with the pile element to be loaded into the pile compartment 31 of the column 11. A
guide 49 is proYided on the cradle arm 19 which ensures that the lowermost end of the pile element is correctly located above the correct position on the ground, or if the pile element is an extension pile, the adapter 49 ensures that the lowermost end of the pile extension accurately locates with the top of the pile element already driven into the ground.
16 ~339457 The guide 49 may be adjusted to accommodate eiles of different profiles and sizes.
Figure 5 illustrates the pile driving apparatus of the present embodiment mounted on a mobile base machinc 50, The pile driving apparatus may be transported by the mobile base machine 50 as illustrated in Figure 5. The column 11 is supported on the mobile base machine 50 by means of a steel hollow section column 51 which is pivotally supported at a point 53 of the mobile base machine 50. The pile driving apearatus can be deeloyed by means of the hydraulic arm 55. During deployment, the mobile base machine 50 can be stabilized by means of a stability jack 57.
Figure 6 illustrates the pile driving apparatus mounted on a static base frame which is positioned using a mobile crane 52. The mobile crane also loads the Kentledge onto the base frame The column 11 is suspended from the mobile crane 52 by means of a hook attached to the lifting point 17 of the column 11. The horizontal positioning of the base frame 1 can be controlled by means of a position control attachment 59 which can be controlled by the mobile crane 52.
The installation of piles by the embodiment of the invention will be described as follows.
The mobile base machine or crane may be capable of liftinq a 10 tonne load. The bearing capacity of the pile may be 16 tonnes working load, and the pile length per element may be 5 metres. During installation, the column 11 and base frame 1 are first lifted into place and positioned over the desired location. The four 10 tonne Kentledge pieces are then lifted and placed into position on the base frame 1 to form the ~entledge.
Levelling of the base frame 1 can then take place in order to ensure that the column 11 is vertical.
While this is being done, the cradle arm 19 is lowered to the horizontal position in order Co receive the pile element. The hydraulic jack 23 and 25 then lifts the cradle arm 19 and pile element into the pile compartment 31, and the pile thrust plate 39 is located on the top end of the pile.
The hydraulic cylinder and piston 27 and 29 can then drive the pile element, via the indirect jacking force method of the invention until, for example, half of the pile element is driven into the ground. The hydraulic eiston 29 can then be retracted to its original position 13~94~
when the loading of the pile took place. During retraction of the piston 29, the cradle arm 19 is again lowered to the horizontal position in oraer to receive a steel dolly. The cradle arm 19 then lifts the dolly (not shown) into the pile compartment -1 with the dolly end resting flat on the half embedded pile element.
.
The hydraulic piston 29 is then activated again and the dolly pushes the remaining half o~ the pile element downwards. The cradle arm 19 can then be used to remove the dolly and further extension pile elements can then be driven into the ground using the above procedure.
Once the required pile penecration or bearinq capacity has been reached, any pile elements protruding from t~e ground can be cut by means of an appropriate special cutter. The Kentledge can then be unloaded from the base frame and the apparatus then lifced to another pile position for repeat procedures.
Adjacent ends o~ extension piles may be connected together by means of the "clip in" jointing system of the present invention. An example of such a jointing system will be described below.
lg 13~9457 Figures 7a and 7b illustrate an embodiment of clip-in jointing system according to the present invention. The jointing assembly comprises a substantially ~V~-shaped or triangular shaped plate 61 having the same cross-section as ~he pile element to be driven into the ground. A recess 63 is formed on each of the three sides of the plate 61 for receiving a linking portion 65 of a substantially "U" or "C" shaped clip 67. A plate 69 is welded to the plate 61 at each of the recess points 63, and provides a channel 71 or hole for receiving a leg 73 of the clip 67. A bonding bar 75 is welded to each of the plates 69.
The end of the concrete pile is cast around the bonding bars 75 thereby securely bonding the plate 61 to the pile element.
Tensile stress resultants are transferred from the concrete pile element to the bonding bars 75 by interface bond. These stresses are in turn transferred through the channel shaped plate 69 and the V-shaped or triangular shaped plate 61 which have been welded to the bonding bars 75. Through contact stresses, the tensile stress resultants are transferred via the clip 67 to the adjacent pile end of similar construction.
13 3 9 ~ ~7 For com~ressive stress resultants, these stresses are transferred through direct contact stresses becween the V-shaped plate 61 of adiacent pile elements.
During installation of pile elements, as soon as the two pile elements have been positioned end to end, the two legs 73 of the clip 67 can be simply and easily inserted into the channels 71.
The clip 67 is slightly profiled during manufacture to provide a slight interference or press fit during insertion at the joint.
Three or more clips 67 are positioned in order to rigidly secure the pile end together thereby restraining relative movement therebetween in each of the 6 degrees of freedom (ie 3 rotations and 3 translations).
The advantages afforded by embodiments of the present invention can be contrasted with established jack-in pile systems as follows.
Existing jack-in pile systems are restricted to relatively short pile elements, typically of 0.76 to 1,2 metres in length owing to the ability of the pile element to be manoeuvred by human strength. This leads l~g4~7 to a large number of joints being re~uired to instal a pile. Embodiments of the invention enable the use of .elatively long pile elements, typically 3 to 6 metres in length since ~he pile can be manipulated by the machiner~ instead of relying on human effort. Also, fewer joints are re~uired.
Also in embodiments of the invention, moderate side dimensions of piles may be employed, for example, 100 mm to 200 mm, whereas in established systems 300 mm erecast concrete piles are used.
In existing systems, the existing foundation is often used to provide the reaction for the jacking forces.
However, embodiments of the invention enable Kentledge to be placed on a mobile machine or on the base frame of the apparatus itself. The Kentledge can easily be moved to a new position where re~uired, and is not restricted to the position of the existing foundations.
Embodiments of the invention are also advantageous in that they permit a long stroke of the jack, for example, 1.5 ~o 4 mecres thereby enabling an entire pile elemenC
to be installed in two strokes. In contrast, conventional systems have a short jack stroke of, for example, 0.25 metres thereby re~uiring a multiple number of strokes required to install a single pile element.
Embodiments of the invention may incorporate the clip-in jointing system described hereinabove which enables the ioints of adiacent piles to be established speedily.
This contrasts with prior art arrangements wherein precast concrete elements are bonded together by inserting short steel bars into the longitudinal central hole, and subsequently grouting them with cement.
.
Embodiments of the present invention enable full use of the available headroom, the headroom corresponding substantially to the length of each pile element to be used. For example, a 3 metre length of pile elemenc may be installed in the headroom of only 3.1 metres. This contrasts with the prior art in which working headroom is required to accommodate both the length of the pile element and the hydraulic jack plus any packing. For example, a working headroom of about 1.8 metres enables installation of only a 1.2 metre length of open-ended steel tube.
Another difficulty with prior art arrangements is that the hydraulic jack and packing must be removed before another pile element can be added to the previous element already jacked into the ground. The jack is 133g4,~7 ' then put into position. In contrast, in embodiments of the invention the hydraulic jack 27 and 29, remains in position until the entire pile is installed to a required depth or bearing cap-acity.
Prior art arrangements are restricted for use in under-pinning existing foundations. However, embodiments of the invcntion makc it compctitivc to bc uscd for ncw building found-ations. Embodiments of the invention are not only cheaper and faster when used for underpinning existing foundations, but they will find substantial use for new foundations and are not re-stricted to underpinning existing foundations.
Embodiments of the invention also enable the use of twin or multiple hydraulic jacks to be used for providing the jacking force.
Claims (2)
1. A base frame for a jack piling apparatus, the base frame comprising support means for supporting a pile to be driven into the ground, and supporting a jack means for driving the pile into the ground, and for supporting ballast or Kentledge for providing a reaction force to the jack means, wherein the base frame includes levelling jacks operative to adjust the base frame so that the pile can be made to be substantially vertical.
2. A base frame according to claim 1, wherein the frame is constructed so as to be sufficiently stiff to resist distortions due to the reaction force occurring during pile driving.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB8808988A GB2217366B (en) | 1988-04-15 | 1988-04-15 | Pile driving apparatus |
| GB8808988.3 | 1988-04-15 | ||
| CA000596736A CA1336545C (en) | 1988-04-15 | 1989-04-14 | Pile driving apparatus |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000596736A Division CA1336545C (en) | 1988-04-15 | 1989-04-14 | Pile driving apparatus |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1339457C true CA1339457C (en) | 1997-09-16 |
Family
ID=10635286
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000596736A Expired - Fee Related CA1336545C (en) | 1988-04-15 | 1989-04-14 | Pile driving apparatus |
| CA000616999A Expired - Fee Related CA1339457C (en) | 1988-04-15 | 1995-05-08 | Pile driving apparatus |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000596736A Expired - Fee Related CA1336545C (en) | 1988-04-15 | 1989-04-14 | Pile driving apparatus |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0337475B1 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR0160117B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1019323B (en) |
| AU (1) | AU626088B2 (en) |
| CA (2) | CA1336545C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE68921231T2 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2217366B (en) |
| HK (1) | HK126393A (en) |
| IN (1) | IN175125B (en) |
| MY (1) | MY103708A (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ228740A (en) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2248082B (en) * | 1990-09-18 | 1994-11-16 | Concilink | Pile driving |
| GB2260776A (en) * | 1991-10-25 | 1993-04-28 | Sum Cheong Machinery Pte Ltd | Pile driving apparatus |
| CN1034750C (en) * | 1992-09-11 | 1997-04-30 | 管明德 | Anchor beam type hydrostatic piledriving method and equipment thereof |
| GB9724024D0 (en) | 1997-11-13 | 1998-01-14 | Kvaerner Cementation Found Ltd | Improved piling method |
| HK1027264A2 (en) * | 2000-08-11 | 2000-12-15 | Shu Tong Siu | Hydrostatic pressure ramming machine |
| AU785079B2 (en) * | 2002-03-15 | 2006-09-14 | Ho Choon Aw | Stone column construction for ground improvement |
| AT509461B1 (en) * | 2010-09-27 | 2011-09-15 | Plasser Bahnbaumasch Franz | tamping machine |
| CN115324051B (en) * | 2022-04-13 | 2024-05-07 | 中交第一航务工程局有限公司 | Multifunctional auxiliary frame matched with filling pile drilling machine |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1161796A (en) * | 1966-09-01 | 1969-08-20 | Philip Wilson Turner | Improvements in and relating to Pile Drivers. |
| JPS539001B2 (en) * | 1973-05-18 | 1978-04-03 | ||
| NL7704669A (en) * | 1976-06-01 | 1977-12-05 | Hanebeck Bau Gmbh | DEVICE FOR THE NOISELESS DRIVING OF PANEL WALL BOARDS AND SIMILAR BUILDING PARTS. |
| NL7800182A (en) * | 1978-01-06 | 1979-07-10 | Ballast Nedam Groep Nv | METHOD FOR INSTALLING A CONCRETE POST INTO THE GROUND. |
| GB2028902B (en) * | 1978-08-29 | 1982-08-11 | Spence D | Hydraulically powered attachment for a tractor |
| US4555090A (en) * | 1983-09-23 | 1985-11-26 | Averhoff Wil W | Fence post driving and pulling apparatus |
-
1988
- 1988-04-15 GB GB8808988A patent/GB2217366B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1989
- 1989-04-13 NZ NZ228740A patent/NZ228740A/en unknown
- 1989-04-14 AU AU33038/89A patent/AU626088B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1989-04-14 DE DE68921231T patent/DE68921231T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-04-14 CA CA000596736A patent/CA1336545C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-04-14 EP EP89106670A patent/EP0337475B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-04-15 KR KR1019890004995A patent/KR0160117B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-04-15 MY MYPI89000488A patent/MY103708A/en unknown
- 1989-04-15 CN CN89102292A patent/CN1019323B/en not_active Expired
- 1989-04-17 IN IN341DE1989 patent/IN175125B/en unknown
-
1993
- 1993-11-18 HK HK1263/93A patent/HK126393A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1995
- 1995-05-08 CA CA000616999A patent/CA1339457C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0337475A3 (en) | 1990-04-25 |
| IN175125B (en) | 1995-04-29 |
| AU3303889A (en) | 1989-10-19 |
| MY103708A (en) | 1993-08-28 |
| DE68921231T2 (en) | 1995-07-13 |
| NZ228740A (en) | 1992-03-26 |
| GB2217366A (en) | 1989-10-25 |
| EP0337475A2 (en) | 1989-10-18 |
| CN1019323B (en) | 1992-12-02 |
| GB2217366B (en) | 1992-05-06 |
| DE68921231D1 (en) | 1995-03-30 |
| AU626088B2 (en) | 1992-07-23 |
| KR900016550A (en) | 1990-11-13 |
| HK126393A (en) | 1993-11-26 |
| CN1037941A (en) | 1989-12-13 |
| KR0160117B1 (en) | 1999-01-15 |
| CA1336545C (en) | 1995-08-08 |
| EP0337475B1 (en) | 1995-02-22 |
| GB8808988D0 (en) | 1988-05-18 |
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