CA1313772C - Fertilizer combined with mycelium of fungi and the process of production - Google Patents
Fertilizer combined with mycelium of fungi and the process of productionInfo
- Publication number
- CA1313772C CA1313772C CA000575992A CA575992A CA1313772C CA 1313772 C CA1313772 C CA 1313772C CA 000575992 A CA000575992 A CA 000575992A CA 575992 A CA575992 A CA 575992A CA 1313772 C CA1313772 C CA 1313772C
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- Prior art keywords
- fertilizers
- mycelium
- residues
- fungi
- production
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/20—Fertilizers of biological origin, e.g. guano or fertilizers made from animal corpses
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Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
FERTILIZERS COMBINED WITH MYCELIUM OF FUNGI
AND THE PROCESS OF PRODUCTION
According to the invention the fertilizers are characterized by the utilization of composted residues from the animal and/or plant production in combination with denaturated mycelium of fungi from the industrial production of metabolites. Based on acceptable application rates and costs for production high yields are realizable. Simultaneously, the accumulation of nitrate in the tissue of plants and the wash-out of nitrate into the groundwater are drastically reduced. Furthermore, the fertilizers can be easily handled.
FERTILIZERS COMBINED WITH MYCELIUM OF FUNGI
AND THE PROCESS OF PRODUCTION
According to the invention the fertilizers are characterized by the utilization of composted residues from the animal and/or plant production in combination with denaturated mycelium of fungi from the industrial production of metabolites. Based on acceptable application rates and costs for production high yields are realizable. Simultaneously, the accumulation of nitrate in the tissue of plants and the wash-out of nitrate into the groundwater are drastically reduced. Furthermore, the fertilizers can be easily handled.
Description
13~377~
Fertilizers combined with mycelium of fungi and the process of production 1~ Field of the Invention The invention relates generally to commercial production of a fertilizer based on composts originated form residues of the animal and/or plant production.
Fertilizers combined with mycelium of fungi and the process of production 1~ Field of the Invention The invention relates generally to commercial production of a fertilizer based on composts originated form residues of the animal and/or plant production.
2. Description As everybody knows composts are formed by the microbial rot of organic re~idues of biogenic origin. They are appreciated of their content of humus, nutrients and growth regulators as mean~
of soil amelioration. Their value as fertilizer must be consider-ed differently . During the conventional composting process anaccumulation takes place in the case of phosphate and potassium whereas a continous reduction of the content of nitrogen is caused by the combination of aero~ic and anaerobic conditions. In dependence of the degree of mineralization such composts will finally be very poor in nitrogen.
Composts prepared along the lines of gardeners show the disadvan-tage that the content of nutrients, their composition and availibity for plant growth can only be calculated vaguely.
The low concentration requires the application of high amounts if a fertilizing effect shall be reached which is comparable with the efficiency of mineral fertilizer. Evaluations of yields ` 13i377~
which had been obtained by N-sources of different quality in relation to their availibility must be based on an identical total nitrogen level assuming that all the other nutrients for the plant growth are available in sufficient quantities. It is a wel].-known fact that high yields are linked to a high offer of nitrogen which causes in many kinds of plants, e.c.spinach, an accumulation of nitrate in the plant tissue.
The composting process may lead to a preservation of nutrients if it runs under defined conditions. The preparation of substrates for the culti~ation of mushrooms might be considered as an example. After the harvesting period the spent mushroom compost can be taken as a starting material for the production of composts utilizable for horticultural purposes. Mixtures with peat and bark can be produced for soil amelioration (DE-PS 30 24 737) but also fertilizers after supplementation with mineral fertilizers (DE -PS 28 31 583). After being intensively mixed up the favoraole interrelationships between humus and inorganic nutrients are specifically optimized. The amounts of the single components ~.ixed up can be adapted to a desirable ratio of short and long lasting fertilizing effects on plant growth.
Said fertilizers show a considerable disadvantage for they have a water content up to 80 %. It can not be sufficiently influenced by the addition of the mineral fertilizers. Therefore, the fertilizer produced as described in DE-PS 28 31 583 is a greasy product if it is not dried as required to a humidity content lower than 50 % or 40 %, preferably. This aim can be reached by storage under roofs or by drying using a suitable equipment.
These treatments require a great deal of additional time and money. A further disadvantage arises from the fact that good yields are obtainable but also accumulation of nitrate takes place as it occurs in plants after the application of mineral nitrogen fertilizers. Moreover, as comparable with mineral fertilizers, the wash-out of nitrate polluts the groundwater and reduces the quality of drinking-water.
` 131377~
Since several years fertilizers are available which mainly consist of mycelium of fungi from the penicilline production in fermenters. The mycelium grows in liquid media containing sugars, nitrogen-sources and some other additives. At the end of the fermentation process the mycelium is separated by filtration. The soluble penicilline is extracted by organic solvents.
The discarded mycelium is sterilized by heat and afterwards pelletized. The pellets have a low water content and consist of 8~ % of organic matter loaded with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassi-um, magnesia, calcium and trace elements. Because of the highcontent of organic matter this fertilizer is especially suited for light soils poor in nutrients but the high price makes it only acoeptable for the recovery of desolate soils, e.c. ski pistes, embankments (see EP-OS O 121 493) where no or unsuffi-cient results had been obtained by other means.
The invention has the aim to find a fertilizer and the procedureto produce it by which yields might be reached based on acceptable quantities and costs combined with a low nitrate uptake and accumulation by plants and a drastically reduced leaching of nitrate into the groundwater. Furthermore, the handling of the fertilizer should be easy.
According to the invention the problem has been solved by the combination of compost based on residues from the animal and~or plant production with denaturated mycelium from the industrial production of metabolites, especially with mycelia of antibiotics producing fungi, which are denaturated by thermal sterilization.
According to the invention the said combination is characterized by a number of advantages which makes it to a valuable fertilizer from an ecological point of view. On the one side good yields are reachable on the same level as obtained by the pelletized mycelium itself although the amount of added compost is very high in order to lower the costs of the resulting product, on the ~31~77~
other side the uptake and accumulation of nitrate by plants became extremely low, as it is obtainable in the case of pure compost. The nitrate-reducing influence of the compost remains unaffected after being combined with mycelium of fungi without a reduction of yields obtained by the pure mycelium. According to the doctrine that good or even maximal yield,s are linked to a high accumulation of nitrate in special vegetables is the said result not expectable. Instead of that a significantly reduced yield and simultaneously increased uptake of nitrate in compari-son to the application of pure mycelium would have beenplausible. Since the described effects of the invention already occur in presence of relatively lo~ amounts of added mycelium a low-cost fertilizers can be offered which allows the production of hi2h yields in good quality.
Furthermore, according to the invention, the ecological value of the fertilizer is enhanced by the property that the nitrogen applicated to the soil is biologically fixed and will only be delayed released. Therefore, the nitrogen is protected asainst wash out and leaching to the groundwater. A slowly flowing nitro~en source leads to high yields without extremely high nitrate accumulations in the plants and undesired pollution rates in the environment.
A further advantage derives from the fact that the dry mycelium ^ of fungi mixed into the compost takes up a lot of water leading to an upgraded product from the standpoint of handling. Drying processes which are costly can be omitted. Nevertheless, the high humidity of the compost furthers the break up of the pelletized mycelium and the integration of the material into the compost.
The use of the invention provides that the residues ta~en for composting are spent mushroom substrates which are prepared from organic materials, e.c. straw, stable manure, especially horse manure. The starting materials undergo a heat-rot which leads to a compost free of pests and harmful moulds. It serves as a ~31 37~2 substrate for the cultivation of edible mushrooms. During the cultivation process the utilized substrate~ only loose a small part of their nutrients. Caused by the degradation of organic matter a relative accumulation of the remaining nutrients takes place.
.
Selections among the offered spent mushroom composts are based on economical criterions as there are costs for transport or special compositions which might play a role in respect to special applications after heing converted. The spent mushroom composts are composted as described in DE-PS 28 31 583. As already pointed out the required drying can be omitted.
In mixtures with spent mushroom compost can be used alternatively or in combination stable manures, straw, wood and/or bark as starting materials for the composting process.
According to the invention a further optimization can be reached by the addition of mineral fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers, in acceptable amounts. Ammonium salts are preferred but also diammonphosphate and other mineral fertilizers are suitable. In spite of small supplementations higher yields are obtainable than with the pure pelletized mycelium and a signifi-cantly lower accumulation of nitrate occurs than in the combina-tion of compost and mineral fertilizers. The amount of added mineral fertilizer can be adjusted to the desired purpose of application. Nevertheless, the increasing addition of mineral fertilizer combines maximum yields with increasing accumulations of nitrate. Experiments indicated that in the case of carefully explored formulas satisfying yields are obtainable with relative-; ly low contents of nitrate. Such a fertilizer can be used forthe production of food and feed. The metabolism of the consumers subsequently converts nitrate into metabolites of a cancerogenicpotential, therefore, quality of foodstuffs is desirable in that direction.
According to the invention the addition of further nutritious organic additives are part of possible formulas, e.c~horn-, blood- or bone-meal. Furthermore, the addition of trace elements, e.c.iron, copper, magnesia, manganese, boron, molybdene or zinc might be advisable.
.
According to the invention, the addition of supplements improving the physical structure might be desirable. Clay minerals, resins, lava and charcoal are suitable as a reservoir for water as well as a store for nutrients or absorbent for harmful elements. The addition of lime, gypsum or special fertilizers are necessary for the regulation of pH-values. Perlite, styrene polymers and clay products improve the pore volume. Lignite furthers drizzling.
Lava and inorganic particles like stones of different sieve lines stabilize the structure a~ainst shrinking in the case of culture substrates for plant growth.
Based on experiments carried out practical formulas could be demonstrated with an nitrogen content between 2 % and 6.5 %, preferably between 2 % and 4 %.
Above all a process seems to be desirable by which residues are composted under defined conditions before the denaturated mycelium of fungi from the industrial production of metabolites will be mixed in. Definded conditions means a process controlled treatment of residues by which the starting material will be shredded, mixed up and turned including all parts of the stack.
Furthermore, the composting procedure takes places between 30 and 60U C. It might be useful to add microbial starter cultures~
Starter cultures means pre-cultivated microbial populations which are dominating the metabolic turn-over after being added to the compost pile.
According to the invention yields and uptake of nitrate by plants after being fertilized by products based on the said formulations are listed up together with results obtained from plants which had been cultivated in presence of commonly used fertilizer.
Tab~le l and Table 2 (see page 12) show the 13137~2 -- 7 -- .
results of experiments carried out in spring with the spinach-F1-hybrid "Melodie" in Mitscherlich-pots. The figures represent a~erage values of parallel attempts. The following combinations of` fertilizers (total nitrogen content in brackets) are compared:
Example I:
-Mushroom Compost (abbreviation for spent mushroom compost after repeated composting; (1.5 % N);
Example II:
Bark compost (abbreviation for heat-rot bark in presence of urea);
n sieve-line 0 to 20 mm (1 % N);
Example III:
Mycelium of Fungi (abbreviation for heat sterilized mycelium from penicilline production plants); (6.5 % N);
Example IV:
Calcium-ammonium-nitrate; mineral fertilizer containing 50 %
ammonium-N and 50 g nitrate-N (26 % N);
Example V: (2 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost 3.5 kg Diammonphosphate (mineral fertilizer:16 % N;46 ~ P20s) Example VI: (4 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost 4 kg Diammonphosphate 12 kg Ammoniumsulfate (21 % N) Example VII: (2 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost 7.5 kg Mycelium of Fungi ` i3137~
_ample VIII:(2.5 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost 1l5 kg Mycelium of Fungi 3 kg Diammonphosphate Example IX: (3 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost 22.5 kg Mycelium of Fungi 4 kg Diammonphosphate 1 kg Ammoniumsulfate Example X: (3.5 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost kg Mycelium of Fungi kg Diammonphosphate 3 kg Ammoniumsulfate Example XI: (4 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost 37.5 kg Mycelium of Fun~i 6 kg Diammonphosphate kg Ammoniumsulfate Example XII: (6.5 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost kg Mycelium of Fungi kg Diammonphopshate kg Ammoniumsulfate The yields pointed out in the following tables are obtained by the utilization of the fertilizers whose preparation was based on the said formulas. The values represent harvested fresh matter (g) and dry matter content (%). The content of nitrate-N of each sample was calculated at 1 kg fresh matter. The added amount of fertilizer per Mitscherlich-pot is also listed up. The amount of nitrate-N can be converted to nitrate by multiplication by 4.
1~1377~
In Table 1 results are listed up obtained with 1 g N per Mitscherlich-pot corresponding 70 kg nitrogen per hectar. In tab].e 2 are listed up results with 2 g N per pot corresponding 140 kg N per hectar.
According to the invention both tables show that the application of fertilizer without any added mineral fertilizer leads to the same yield as obtained with Mycelium of Fungi itself although the amount of Mycelium of Fungi (Formula VII) is very low. Simulta-neously, the uptake of nitrate by the plants remains on the same level as in the case of compost used in example I. The low supplementation with Mycelium of Fungi effects a threefold yield without any change of the uptake of nitrate by the plants.
Herewith, for the first time an ecologically valuable production which is simultaneously connected with high yields has been realized.
Furthermore, the examples VIII and IX indicate that an increase of the added Mycelium of Fungi and a proportionated addition of mineral fertilizer make possible high yields on relatively low levels of accumulated nitrate. This statement is also true for the example X in table 2.
Only a weak or no increase of yields occurs after a significant increase of the amount of mineral fertilizer in the examples XI
and XII. In the case of example XII a depression of growth i~
obvious followed by a drastic increa~e of the uptake of nitrate.
The effects of such combinations on plant growth can be compared with the influence of generally offered mineral fertilizers and their combinations with organic matter. In ~pite of these disadvantages the composition, availibility of nutrients and the long-lasting effect make them ecologically worthwile for special purposes, e.c.extensive cultivation of soils or for recultivation measures.
13~377~
T_ e Fertilizer Fresh Dry 3 Added*
Formulation matter maxtter amount Compost 29 8,9 2,1 67 ~II Mycelium of fungi 90 7,3 15 15 IV Mineral fertilizer 101 8,3 683 3,8 v Compost 97 6,6 .11 50 + tlineral fertilizer 114 7,2 305 25 VII 88 ` 11 2,5 S0 VIII Compost + 112 9,0 3,8 40 IX Mycelium of Fungi 98 7,1 9,8 33 X Casually 112 6,7 33 29 mineral fertilizer 11 8 6,o 11 3 25 XII 106 7,6 490 15 control soil 10 14 * Nitrogen supply 1 9 per Mitscherlich pot corresponding 70 kg N per hectar Table 2 fertilizer fresh Dry N 3 Added*
formulation matter mat/.ter 17 a~oun Compost 4172 13 40 200 llI Mycelium of Fungi 121 6,7 396269 3o7,6 IV Mineral fertilizer101 76,68 311 100 V Compost ~ , Mineral fertilizer122 160,4 625 10O
Compost ~ .
VIII Mycelium ofFungi 110 8,1 31 uv IX casuallY li 6,0 7a97 6568 XI 143 6,3 700 S0 XII 115 6,8 ~~4 ~û
contrGl soil 10 14 * Nitrogen supply 2 9 per Mitscherlich pot corresponding l40 kg N per hectar
of soil amelioration. Their value as fertilizer must be consider-ed differently . During the conventional composting process anaccumulation takes place in the case of phosphate and potassium whereas a continous reduction of the content of nitrogen is caused by the combination of aero~ic and anaerobic conditions. In dependence of the degree of mineralization such composts will finally be very poor in nitrogen.
Composts prepared along the lines of gardeners show the disadvan-tage that the content of nutrients, their composition and availibity for plant growth can only be calculated vaguely.
The low concentration requires the application of high amounts if a fertilizing effect shall be reached which is comparable with the efficiency of mineral fertilizer. Evaluations of yields ` 13i377~
which had been obtained by N-sources of different quality in relation to their availibility must be based on an identical total nitrogen level assuming that all the other nutrients for the plant growth are available in sufficient quantities. It is a wel].-known fact that high yields are linked to a high offer of nitrogen which causes in many kinds of plants, e.c.spinach, an accumulation of nitrate in the plant tissue.
The composting process may lead to a preservation of nutrients if it runs under defined conditions. The preparation of substrates for the culti~ation of mushrooms might be considered as an example. After the harvesting period the spent mushroom compost can be taken as a starting material for the production of composts utilizable for horticultural purposes. Mixtures with peat and bark can be produced for soil amelioration (DE-PS 30 24 737) but also fertilizers after supplementation with mineral fertilizers (DE -PS 28 31 583). After being intensively mixed up the favoraole interrelationships between humus and inorganic nutrients are specifically optimized. The amounts of the single components ~.ixed up can be adapted to a desirable ratio of short and long lasting fertilizing effects on plant growth.
Said fertilizers show a considerable disadvantage for they have a water content up to 80 %. It can not be sufficiently influenced by the addition of the mineral fertilizers. Therefore, the fertilizer produced as described in DE-PS 28 31 583 is a greasy product if it is not dried as required to a humidity content lower than 50 % or 40 %, preferably. This aim can be reached by storage under roofs or by drying using a suitable equipment.
These treatments require a great deal of additional time and money. A further disadvantage arises from the fact that good yields are obtainable but also accumulation of nitrate takes place as it occurs in plants after the application of mineral nitrogen fertilizers. Moreover, as comparable with mineral fertilizers, the wash-out of nitrate polluts the groundwater and reduces the quality of drinking-water.
` 131377~
Since several years fertilizers are available which mainly consist of mycelium of fungi from the penicilline production in fermenters. The mycelium grows in liquid media containing sugars, nitrogen-sources and some other additives. At the end of the fermentation process the mycelium is separated by filtration. The soluble penicilline is extracted by organic solvents.
The discarded mycelium is sterilized by heat and afterwards pelletized. The pellets have a low water content and consist of 8~ % of organic matter loaded with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassi-um, magnesia, calcium and trace elements. Because of the highcontent of organic matter this fertilizer is especially suited for light soils poor in nutrients but the high price makes it only acoeptable for the recovery of desolate soils, e.c. ski pistes, embankments (see EP-OS O 121 493) where no or unsuffi-cient results had been obtained by other means.
The invention has the aim to find a fertilizer and the procedureto produce it by which yields might be reached based on acceptable quantities and costs combined with a low nitrate uptake and accumulation by plants and a drastically reduced leaching of nitrate into the groundwater. Furthermore, the handling of the fertilizer should be easy.
According to the invention the problem has been solved by the combination of compost based on residues from the animal and~or plant production with denaturated mycelium from the industrial production of metabolites, especially with mycelia of antibiotics producing fungi, which are denaturated by thermal sterilization.
According to the invention the said combination is characterized by a number of advantages which makes it to a valuable fertilizer from an ecological point of view. On the one side good yields are reachable on the same level as obtained by the pelletized mycelium itself although the amount of added compost is very high in order to lower the costs of the resulting product, on the ~31~77~
other side the uptake and accumulation of nitrate by plants became extremely low, as it is obtainable in the case of pure compost. The nitrate-reducing influence of the compost remains unaffected after being combined with mycelium of fungi without a reduction of yields obtained by the pure mycelium. According to the doctrine that good or even maximal yield,s are linked to a high accumulation of nitrate in special vegetables is the said result not expectable. Instead of that a significantly reduced yield and simultaneously increased uptake of nitrate in compari-son to the application of pure mycelium would have beenplausible. Since the described effects of the invention already occur in presence of relatively lo~ amounts of added mycelium a low-cost fertilizers can be offered which allows the production of hi2h yields in good quality.
Furthermore, according to the invention, the ecological value of the fertilizer is enhanced by the property that the nitrogen applicated to the soil is biologically fixed and will only be delayed released. Therefore, the nitrogen is protected asainst wash out and leaching to the groundwater. A slowly flowing nitro~en source leads to high yields without extremely high nitrate accumulations in the plants and undesired pollution rates in the environment.
A further advantage derives from the fact that the dry mycelium ^ of fungi mixed into the compost takes up a lot of water leading to an upgraded product from the standpoint of handling. Drying processes which are costly can be omitted. Nevertheless, the high humidity of the compost furthers the break up of the pelletized mycelium and the integration of the material into the compost.
The use of the invention provides that the residues ta~en for composting are spent mushroom substrates which are prepared from organic materials, e.c. straw, stable manure, especially horse manure. The starting materials undergo a heat-rot which leads to a compost free of pests and harmful moulds. It serves as a ~31 37~2 substrate for the cultivation of edible mushrooms. During the cultivation process the utilized substrate~ only loose a small part of their nutrients. Caused by the degradation of organic matter a relative accumulation of the remaining nutrients takes place.
.
Selections among the offered spent mushroom composts are based on economical criterions as there are costs for transport or special compositions which might play a role in respect to special applications after heing converted. The spent mushroom composts are composted as described in DE-PS 28 31 583. As already pointed out the required drying can be omitted.
In mixtures with spent mushroom compost can be used alternatively or in combination stable manures, straw, wood and/or bark as starting materials for the composting process.
According to the invention a further optimization can be reached by the addition of mineral fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizers, in acceptable amounts. Ammonium salts are preferred but also diammonphosphate and other mineral fertilizers are suitable. In spite of small supplementations higher yields are obtainable than with the pure pelletized mycelium and a signifi-cantly lower accumulation of nitrate occurs than in the combina-tion of compost and mineral fertilizers. The amount of added mineral fertilizer can be adjusted to the desired purpose of application. Nevertheless, the increasing addition of mineral fertilizer combines maximum yields with increasing accumulations of nitrate. Experiments indicated that in the case of carefully explored formulas satisfying yields are obtainable with relative-; ly low contents of nitrate. Such a fertilizer can be used forthe production of food and feed. The metabolism of the consumers subsequently converts nitrate into metabolites of a cancerogenicpotential, therefore, quality of foodstuffs is desirable in that direction.
According to the invention the addition of further nutritious organic additives are part of possible formulas, e.c~horn-, blood- or bone-meal. Furthermore, the addition of trace elements, e.c.iron, copper, magnesia, manganese, boron, molybdene or zinc might be advisable.
.
According to the invention, the addition of supplements improving the physical structure might be desirable. Clay minerals, resins, lava and charcoal are suitable as a reservoir for water as well as a store for nutrients or absorbent for harmful elements. The addition of lime, gypsum or special fertilizers are necessary for the regulation of pH-values. Perlite, styrene polymers and clay products improve the pore volume. Lignite furthers drizzling.
Lava and inorganic particles like stones of different sieve lines stabilize the structure a~ainst shrinking in the case of culture substrates for plant growth.
Based on experiments carried out practical formulas could be demonstrated with an nitrogen content between 2 % and 6.5 %, preferably between 2 % and 4 %.
Above all a process seems to be desirable by which residues are composted under defined conditions before the denaturated mycelium of fungi from the industrial production of metabolites will be mixed in. Definded conditions means a process controlled treatment of residues by which the starting material will be shredded, mixed up and turned including all parts of the stack.
Furthermore, the composting procedure takes places between 30 and 60U C. It might be useful to add microbial starter cultures~
Starter cultures means pre-cultivated microbial populations which are dominating the metabolic turn-over after being added to the compost pile.
According to the invention yields and uptake of nitrate by plants after being fertilized by products based on the said formulations are listed up together with results obtained from plants which had been cultivated in presence of commonly used fertilizer.
Tab~le l and Table 2 (see page 12) show the 13137~2 -- 7 -- .
results of experiments carried out in spring with the spinach-F1-hybrid "Melodie" in Mitscherlich-pots. The figures represent a~erage values of parallel attempts. The following combinations of` fertilizers (total nitrogen content in brackets) are compared:
Example I:
-Mushroom Compost (abbreviation for spent mushroom compost after repeated composting; (1.5 % N);
Example II:
Bark compost (abbreviation for heat-rot bark in presence of urea);
n sieve-line 0 to 20 mm (1 % N);
Example III:
Mycelium of Fungi (abbreviation for heat sterilized mycelium from penicilline production plants); (6.5 % N);
Example IV:
Calcium-ammonium-nitrate; mineral fertilizer containing 50 %
ammonium-N and 50 g nitrate-N (26 % N);
Example V: (2 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost 3.5 kg Diammonphosphate (mineral fertilizer:16 % N;46 ~ P20s) Example VI: (4 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost 4 kg Diammonphosphate 12 kg Ammoniumsulfate (21 % N) Example VII: (2 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost 7.5 kg Mycelium of Fungi ` i3137~
_ample VIII:(2.5 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost 1l5 kg Mycelium of Fungi 3 kg Diammonphosphate Example IX: (3 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost 22.5 kg Mycelium of Fungi 4 kg Diammonphosphate 1 kg Ammoniumsulfate Example X: (3.5 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost kg Mycelium of Fungi kg Diammonphosphate 3 kg Ammoniumsulfate Example XI: (4 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost 37.5 kg Mycelium of Fun~i 6 kg Diammonphosphate kg Ammoniumsulfate Example XII: (6.5 % N) 100 kg Mushroom Compost kg Mycelium of Fungi kg Diammonphopshate kg Ammoniumsulfate The yields pointed out in the following tables are obtained by the utilization of the fertilizers whose preparation was based on the said formulas. The values represent harvested fresh matter (g) and dry matter content (%). The content of nitrate-N of each sample was calculated at 1 kg fresh matter. The added amount of fertilizer per Mitscherlich-pot is also listed up. The amount of nitrate-N can be converted to nitrate by multiplication by 4.
1~1377~
In Table 1 results are listed up obtained with 1 g N per Mitscherlich-pot corresponding 70 kg nitrogen per hectar. In tab].e 2 are listed up results with 2 g N per pot corresponding 140 kg N per hectar.
According to the invention both tables show that the application of fertilizer without any added mineral fertilizer leads to the same yield as obtained with Mycelium of Fungi itself although the amount of Mycelium of Fungi (Formula VII) is very low. Simulta-neously, the uptake of nitrate by the plants remains on the same level as in the case of compost used in example I. The low supplementation with Mycelium of Fungi effects a threefold yield without any change of the uptake of nitrate by the plants.
Herewith, for the first time an ecologically valuable production which is simultaneously connected with high yields has been realized.
Furthermore, the examples VIII and IX indicate that an increase of the added Mycelium of Fungi and a proportionated addition of mineral fertilizer make possible high yields on relatively low levels of accumulated nitrate. This statement is also true for the example X in table 2.
Only a weak or no increase of yields occurs after a significant increase of the amount of mineral fertilizer in the examples XI
and XII. In the case of example XII a depression of growth i~
obvious followed by a drastic increa~e of the uptake of nitrate.
The effects of such combinations on plant growth can be compared with the influence of generally offered mineral fertilizers and their combinations with organic matter. In ~pite of these disadvantages the composition, availibility of nutrients and the long-lasting effect make them ecologically worthwile for special purposes, e.c.extensive cultivation of soils or for recultivation measures.
13~377~
T_ e Fertilizer Fresh Dry 3 Added*
Formulation matter maxtter amount Compost 29 8,9 2,1 67 ~II Mycelium of fungi 90 7,3 15 15 IV Mineral fertilizer 101 8,3 683 3,8 v Compost 97 6,6 .11 50 + tlineral fertilizer 114 7,2 305 25 VII 88 ` 11 2,5 S0 VIII Compost + 112 9,0 3,8 40 IX Mycelium of Fungi 98 7,1 9,8 33 X Casually 112 6,7 33 29 mineral fertilizer 11 8 6,o 11 3 25 XII 106 7,6 490 15 control soil 10 14 * Nitrogen supply 1 9 per Mitscherlich pot corresponding 70 kg N per hectar Table 2 fertilizer fresh Dry N 3 Added*
formulation matter mat/.ter 17 a~oun Compost 4172 13 40 200 llI Mycelium of Fungi 121 6,7 396269 3o7,6 IV Mineral fertilizer101 76,68 311 100 V Compost ~ , Mineral fertilizer122 160,4 625 10O
Compost ~ .
VIII Mycelium ofFungi 110 8,1 31 uv IX casuallY li 6,0 7a97 6568 XI 143 6,3 700 S0 XII 115 6,8 ~~4 ~û
contrGl soil 10 14 * Nitrogen supply 2 9 per Mitscherlich pot corresponding l40 kg N per hectar
Claims (12)
1. Fertilizers based on composted residues from animal and/or plant production, characterized by the addition of denaturated mycelium of fungi from the industrial production of metabolites.
2. Fertilizers of Claim 1, wherein said mycelium is the mycelium of antibiotics producing fungi.
3. Fertilizers of Claim 1, wherein said residues are spent substrates from mushroom production.
4. Fertilizers of Claim 2, wherein said residues are spent substrates from mushroom production.
5. Fertilizers of any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein said residues are stable manures, straw, wood and/or bark.
6. Fertilizers of any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein said combinations of residues and mycelium are supplemented with mineralic nutrients, especially nitrogen fertilizers.
7. Fertilizers of any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein said fertilizers are combined with further organic supplements.
8. Fertilizers of any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein said fertilizers are combined with supplements improving their structure.
9. Fertilizers of any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein said fertilizers are combined with supplements to provide a nitrogen content between 2% and 4%.
10. Fertilizers of any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein said residues are composted under process control and combined with denaturated mycelium from the industrial production of metabolites.
11. Fertilizers of any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein said residues are composted at a temperature in the range between 30 and 60 C.
12. Fertilizers of any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein said residues are mixed with microbial starter cultures before being composed.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000575992A CA1313772C (en) | 1988-08-29 | 1988-08-29 | Fertilizer combined with mycelium of fungi and the process of production |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000575992A CA1313772C (en) | 1988-08-29 | 1988-08-29 | Fertilizer combined with mycelium of fungi and the process of production |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1313772C true CA1313772C (en) | 1993-02-23 |
Family
ID=4138637
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000575992A Expired - Fee Related CA1313772C (en) | 1988-08-29 | 1988-08-29 | Fertilizer combined with mycelium of fungi and the process of production |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA1313772C (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106171113A (en) * | 2016-07-15 | 2016-12-07 | 山东胜伟园林科技有限公司 | A kind of desulfurated plaster modification method to alkaline land soil compounding with microorganism |
-
1988
- 1988-08-29 CA CA000575992A patent/CA1313772C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106171113A (en) * | 2016-07-15 | 2016-12-07 | 山东胜伟园林科技有限公司 | A kind of desulfurated plaster modification method to alkaline land soil compounding with microorganism |
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