CA1293864C - Apparatus for generating compressed gas - Google Patents
Apparatus for generating compressed gasInfo
- Publication number
- CA1293864C CA1293864C CA000529958A CA529958A CA1293864C CA 1293864 C CA1293864 C CA 1293864C CA 000529958 A CA000529958 A CA 000529958A CA 529958 A CA529958 A CA 529958A CA 1293864 C CA1293864 C CA 1293864C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- flow
- turbine
- compressor
- steam
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K21/00—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for
- F01K21/04—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas
- F01K21/047—Steam engine plants not otherwise provided for using mixtures of steam and gas; Plants generating or heating steam by bringing water or steam into direct contact with hot gas having at least one combustion gas turbine
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas- turbine plants for special use
- F02C6/04—Gas-turbine plants providing heated or pressurised working fluid for other apparatus, e.g. without mechanical power output
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
- Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The apparatus for generating compressed gas includes a pair of gas generators disposed in series and in alternating relation with water-cooled coolers. Water from at least one cooler is injected into the gas flow path within at least one of the gas generators. A steam circuit may also be provided wherein a steam generator is disposed between a gas generator and a water cooler with the steam turbine of the circuit driving a terminal compressor for compressing the gas to a final pressure and temperature.
The steam circuit may also include an evaporator which is connected in heat exchange relation with a flow of gas between a combustion chamber and a turbine of at least one of the gas generators.
The apparatus for generating compressed gas includes a pair of gas generators disposed in series and in alternating relation with water-cooled coolers. Water from at least one cooler is injected into the gas flow path within at least one of the gas generators. A steam circuit may also be provided wherein a steam generator is disposed between a gas generator and a water cooler with the steam turbine of the circuit driving a terminal compressor for compressing the gas to a final pressure and temperature.
The steam circuit may also include an evaporator which is connected in heat exchange relation with a flow of gas between a combustion chamber and a turbine of at least one of the gas generators.
Description
1 Z 9 3 ~ 6~ P.6024 AN APPARATUS FOR GENERATING COMP~ESSED ~AS
This invention relates to an apparatus for generating compressed gas. More particularly, this invention relates to`an apparatus and method for generating compressed gas.
~ As is known, a compressed gas which consists mainly of air and of combustion products such as carbon dioxide and water vapor has been used especially in oil and gas fields for pressure injection as well as a raw material in the chemical industry, for example in the production of ammonia, for gasifying fuels and for producing steel~ To this end, various types of apparati have been used to generate the compressed gas. For example, Swiss Patent ~ 630,702 descrl~bes an apparatus for generating co.~pressed :~ gas which includes several stages of gas generators which are arranged sequentially. }n each case, each gas generator consists of a compressor, a.combustion chamber and a turbine which drives the compressor. In addition, ; a steam generator is connected to the turbine to re~eive the exhaust gas of the turbine as a heatina medium and a ~: ~
water-cooled heat exchanger is connected to the steam generator for cooling of t~e exhaust gas to ambient temperature.
As described, during operation,the pressure of the gas is increased in the suc~essive staqes. ~In addition, the steam from the steam generator serves as a steam source for a steam turbine which drives a compressor located at the down-stream end of the apparatus and which serves to condense the gas to an ultimate pressure.
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For some applications of compressed gas, particularly for injecting pressure in oil and gas fields, in the ocean ~rom ships or platforms for drilling barges, and the like, the weight and dimensions of the total apparatus must be kapt as small as possible. Further, from calculations of known apparati, the largest, heaviest and most expensive components appear to be the steam generators.
Generally, in the known apparati, heat is recovered from the exhaust gas under a pressure which is greater than atmospheric pressure. Hence, the dimensions of the heat exchangers are smaller and the negative effect of the pressure decrease on the turbine output is also smaller than in the customary waste-heat steam generators :: :
which have a following flue or chimney.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an apparatus for generating compressed gas of relatively limited weight and size.
It is another object of the invention to reduce ~20 the weight and dimensions of a steam generator in an apparatus for generating compressed gas~
It is another object o~ the invention to eliminate the need for a steam generator in a process for generating compressed gas.
It is another object of the invention to provide a relatively efficient apparatus for generating compressed gas.
This invention relates to an apparatus for generating compressed gas. More particularly, this invention relates to`an apparatus and method for generating compressed gas.
~ As is known, a compressed gas which consists mainly of air and of combustion products such as carbon dioxide and water vapor has been used especially in oil and gas fields for pressure injection as well as a raw material in the chemical industry, for example in the production of ammonia, for gasifying fuels and for producing steel~ To this end, various types of apparati have been used to generate the compressed gas. For example, Swiss Patent ~ 630,702 descrl~bes an apparatus for generating co.~pressed :~ gas which includes several stages of gas generators which are arranged sequentially. }n each case, each gas generator consists of a compressor, a.combustion chamber and a turbine which drives the compressor. In addition, ; a steam generator is connected to the turbine to re~eive the exhaust gas of the turbine as a heatina medium and a ~: ~
water-cooled heat exchanger is connected to the steam generator for cooling of t~e exhaust gas to ambient temperature.
As described, during operation,the pressure of the gas is increased in the suc~essive staqes. ~In addition, the steam from the steam generator serves as a steam source for a steam turbine which drives a compressor located at the down-stream end of the apparatus and which serves to condense the gas to an ultimate pressure.
'''' ~9~
For some applications of compressed gas, particularly for injecting pressure in oil and gas fields, in the ocean ~rom ships or platforms for drilling barges, and the like, the weight and dimensions of the total apparatus must be kapt as small as possible. Further, from calculations of known apparati, the largest, heaviest and most expensive components appear to be the steam generators.
Generally, in the known apparati, heat is recovered from the exhaust gas under a pressure which is greater than atmospheric pressure. Hence, the dimensions of the heat exchangers are smaller and the negative effect of the pressure decrease on the turbine output is also smaller than in the customary waste-heat steam generators :: :
which have a following flue or chimney.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an apparatus for generating compressed gas of relatively limited weight and size.
It is another object of the invention to reduce ~20 the weight and dimensions of a steam generator in an apparatus for generating compressed gas~
It is another object o~ the invention to eliminate the need for a steam generator in a process for generating compressed gas.
It is another object of the invention to provide a relatively efficient apparatus for generating compressed gas.
~Z93~6~ 22583-370 BrieEl~l, the invention provides an apparatus for generating compressed gas which .is comprised of at leas~ two gas generators disposed in series, at least two water-cooled coolers and means for removing water from at least one of the coolers and for adding the removed water to the gas flow in at least one of the gas generators.
; This invention provides an apparatus Eor generating compressed gas comprising at least two gas generators disposed in series, each gas generator including a compressor for compressing 10 a flow of gas and a turbine for expanding a flow of gas and connected to said compressor to drive said compressor; at least two wa-ter-cooled coolers, one o said coolers bein~ connected to and between said gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing therebetween, and a second of said coolers being connected to and downstream of said gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing therefrom; and means for removing water from at least one of said coolers and for adding the removed water to the gas flow in at . ~ :
: least one of said gas generators.
This inventlon also provides an apparatus for generating compressed gas comprising at least two gas generators disposed in series relative to a flow of gas therethrough, each said generator including a compressor for compressing the flow of gas, a combustion chamber downstream of said compressor for combustion of the flow of gas wlth a fuel therein and a turbine for expanding a ~ flow o~ gas from said combustion chamber and connected to said :~:: compressor to drive said compressor; at least two water-cooled ~ coolers, one of said coolers being connected to and between said ,~
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gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing therebetween, and a second of said coolers being connected to and downstream of said gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing therefrom; a pipe connected between at least one of said coolers and the gas flow in at least one of said gas generators for co~veying a flow of warm water from said one cooler to the gas flow; and an admixing device connected to said pipe for admixing a flow of warm water into the gas flow on at least one side of said combustion chamber of said one gas generator.
This lnvention also provides a method of compressing gas cornprising the steps of sequentially compressing and expanding a flow of gas in at least two gas generators; cooling the flow of gas between each gas generator and downstream of said gas generators in heat exchange with a flow of water; and admixing water from the heat exchange into the flow of gas in at leas~ one gas generator~
; Each gas generator includes a compressor for compressing a flow of gas and a turbine for expanding the flow of gas and which is connected to the compressor in order to drive the compressor. In addition, a combustion chamber or a catalytic reactor is connected in the flow of gas between the compressor and the turbine.
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One of the coolers is connected to and between the gas generators in order to cool a flow of gas passing therebetween wnile the second cooler is connected to and downstream of the gas generators in order to cool a fIow of gas passing therefrom.
The means for removing the water from at least one of -3a-~Z~3386~
the coolers includes an adrnixing device which is connected to the gas 10w in at least one gas generator in order to add water on at least one side of the combustion charnber or catalytic reactor, respectively. Such an admixing device may be in the form of a plurality of nozzles for injecting the water into the gas flow.
In the event that a gas generator may have a plurality of stages, water can be added between the several stages of each gas generator as the case may be.
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The apparatus also includes a compressor which is connected in serias to the gas generators to receive and compress a gas flow therefrom for delivery to a consumer.
In addition, a steam turbine is connected to this compressor in order to drive the compressor while a steam circiut is connected to the turbine in order to circulate steam there-through. This steam circiut also includes an evaporator for conveying a flow of condensed steam from the turbine in heat exchange with a flow of gas from at least one of the gas generators in order to cool the flow of gas from the gas generator.
Th~ admixture of cooling water at a site between the combustion chamber (or catalytic reactor) and a location where the gas enters the turblne of a gas generator causes an increase in the volumn throughput in the turbine. Thus, the output of the compressor which is mechanically connected with the turbine increases. Correspondingly, the output of the - ~ terminal compressor which is driven by the steam turbine decreases and, thus, the steam requirement of the steam turbine decreases. Simultaneously, the exhaust gas at the out-Iet ends of the turbine of each gas generator becomes colder and the steam generation in the succeeding evaporatoxs decreases.
However, this is compensated by the decreased steam requirement in the steam turbine which drives the terminal compressor.
In this case, the steam circuit is integrated into the gas circuit with decreased heat transfer througna solid wall.
~386~
The advantage of adding water between the compressvr and the combustion chamber (or catalytic reactor) of a gas generator is that the water at this location will be heàted in the combustion chamber (or in the catalytic reactor~ to a very high temperature. The steam is only expanded after cooling the steam/gas mixture.
Of note, an expansion of the gas at a ~ressure ratio of 1.94 and an entering temperature of 650C yields a higher output than expansion at the same pressure ratio and an en*ering temperature at the turbine of only 500C.
Should the oxygen content of ~he fuel gas be reduced, the water admixture before the combustion chamber (or the catalytic reactor) permits a higher load of the ~; ~ combustion chamber (or the catalytic reactor) at constant temperatuxe. In this respect, the outlet temperature of the combustion chamber or catalytic reactor is critical and the limit temperatures must be strictly observed. A
;greater mass throughput permits burning of more fuel at the same temperature limit value and, thus, the reduction 20~ ~ of;the number of combustion chambers or catalytic reactors which are arranged sequentially.
; The water admixture before the combus~ion chamber ::: : ~ : :
is limited by the detectable amount of heat which passes the compressor. If a great amount of water were added, complete evaporation would not be possible since there would be insuf~icient heat. Although it may be possible to achieve complete evaporaeion through the suppl~ o external ~g386~
heat, this would complicate the construction of the apparatus and would increase the need for heat transfer walls. Accordinglyj it is advantageous, in many cases, to add water not only before the combustion chamber (or catalytic reactor) but also beyond these components. If necessary; the water can be at least partially evaporated before being added, for example through the hèat of t~e process or through an external heat source.
These and o~ther ob~ects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
~ ~ Fig. l illustrates a flow diagram of an apparatus ;~ fox compressing gas constructed in accordance with the ~15 invention;
, Fig. 2 iIlustrates a~modified apparatus in accordance with the invention which eliminates the need for steam ~ generators~
; 20 Fig. 3 illustrates a view similar to Fig. 1 of a modified apparatus which employs an additional evaporator for the gas flow within D gas generator in accordance with the invention;
~25 Fig. 4 illustrates a further modified apparatus similar to that of Fig. 1 wherein water is added to the . : :
first gas generator in accordance with the invention; and Fig. 5 illustrates a further modified apparatus similar to that apparatus of Fig. ~ with water being added in the first gas generator.
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Referring to Fig. 1, the apparatus for generating a compressed gas comprises at least two gas generators 20, 23 which are disposed in series, at least two steam generators : 21, 24 which are disposed in alternating relation with the gas generators 20, 23 relative to the gas flow, a pair of water~cooled coolers 22, 25 which are disposed in alternating manner relative to the steam generators 21, 24 and means for removing water from at least one of the coolers 22, 25 and for adding the removed water to the gas flow in at least one of the gas generators 20, 23. In addition, the apparatus includes a terminal compressor 26 and a steam turbine 41 which is conne~ted to the terminal compressor 2~ to drive the ; : compressor 26.
: ~ : As illustrated, the initial gas generator 20, may ;
be constructed in the form of a jet power unit or in the form of a turbosupercharger and includes a compressor 20A, at least one combustion chamber 20B and a turbine 20C which is : : connected to the compressor 20A by a common drive shaft in order to drive the compressor 20A. Instead of using one or : more combustion chambers 20C, catalytic reactors may be employed if the oxygen content of the compressed gas is to be below ignition (limit) value.
A supply pipe ~0 is connected to the intake end of the compressor 20A in order to deliver a gas, such as fresh air at atmospheric pressure to the compressor 20A.
A fuel line 31 is connected to the combustion chamber 20B in order to deliver fuel in known manner.
~33~
The second gas generator 23 also includes a compressor 23A, combustion chamber 23B and turbine 23C as above. In addition, since the intake pressure of the gas -generator 23 may be higher than atmospheric pressure, the -5 gas generator 23 is surrounded, for reasons of stability, by a casing 48 filled with a gas, the pressure of which corresponds at least to the intake pressure of the compressor 23A. In this case, compressed gas can be enclosed within the casing 48 or can be obtained via a branch line 35A leading from a gas supply plpe 35 to the intake of the compressor 23A. In any event, a cooling device 49 is disposed within the casing 4~ in order to remove radiation los~es. As above, a fuel supply pipe 36 is connected to the combustion chamber 23B to deliver fuel thereto.
As illustrated, the steam generators 21, 24 are disposed ~n a steam circuit with the turbine 41 as well as with a condensor 44 and a pump 45. As shown, the circuit includes a pipe 38 for dalivering expanded steam from the ~`turbine 41 to the condensor 44. The condensed steam is then delivered via the pump 45 to branch lines 46, 47f each of which leads to a respectiue steam generator 21, 24. The heated working~medium, i.e. steam is returned from each steam generator 21, 24 through a pipe 42 to the intake side of the steam turbine 41 for driving of the turbine 41 and, thus, the compressor 26.
The initial cooler 22 receives the cooled gas flow from the steam generator 21 via a pipe 32 and, after \
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coolingl delivers the gas flow to the pipe 35 leading to the compressor 23A of the second gas generator 23~ In additisn, the cooler 22 is ~upplied with water via a pump 33. This water is sprayed into the cooler in known manner and after warming is removed from the bottom of the cooler 22 via a pipe 34.
The steam generator 24 is connected via ~ pipe 37 to the turbine 23C of the gas generator 23 to receive the flow of exhaust gas and delivers this flow, after cooling, to the second cooler 25. The aooler 25 is supplied with water through a pipe 54 and has an exhaust line at the bottom fo- expelling ~he waxmed water. A pump 55 i5 provided in the line 54 in order to deliver the water under pressure.
The means for xemoving water from the cooler 25 includes a pipe 52 which extends between the bottom end of the cooler 25 and the ~as generator 23, As indicated, a pump 53 is provided in the line 52 in order to deliver the warm water under pressure. In addition, the means includes a pair of admixing devices 50, 51 which are located in the gas $10W on opposite sides of the combustion ~hamber 23B.
For example, each admixing device sn ~ 51 includes a pluralit~_ of nozzles for injecting the water into the gas flow as in-dicated by the direction of the arrows. Alternatively, the admixing devices may be constructed of spray nozzles or per-forated pipes. In addition, each admixing device may include a packing material, SUC}l as described in Swiss Patent 389,503 downstream of the n~zzles, or a static mixer, such as described _g_ ~25~3~36~L
in Swiss Patents 537,208 and 547,120. Further, it is possible to use the admixing device in the manner of a countercurrent exchange column with packing material or with plates in which the gas is introduced into ~he column from the bottom to the top and the water is injected in counter-current from the top to the bottom.
In operation, an excess of fresh air is drawn in at atmospheric pressure through the pipe 30 into the compressor 20A. Fuel is also supplied through the pipe 31 into the combustion chamber 20B. After compression and subsequent combustion, the exhaust gas is delivered to the turbine 20C
and, after expans on, forms a leating medium within the steam generator 21. The cool~d exhaust gas then flows through the ~; pipe 32 to the cooler 22 in which the gas is cooled to room temperature, for example by being sprayed with water which is injected under pressure by the pump 33. The cooled exhaust gas then flows through the pipe 35 into the compressor 23A
of the second gas generator 23.
After compression, the gas flow in the gas 20~ generator 23 is admixed with water in the injection device 50 and the water is evaporated. After combustion, the gas flow is admixed with another portion of warmed water in the : admixing device 51 before entering the turbine 23C. The expanded hot exhaust gas then leaves the turbine 23C and flows through the pipe 37 to the second steam generator 24 ; and, thereafter, to the cooler 25.
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The exhaust gas is further cooled in the cooler 25 to room temperature and is then exhausted to the terminal compressor 26 wherein the gas is compressed to the ultimate pressure. Thereafter, the gas is exhausted through the pipe 40 to a consumer (not shown).
Referr1ng to Fig. 2, wherein prime reference characters indicate like parts as above, the apparatus for generating the compressed gas may be constructed without the steam generators. In this case, the required pressure of the gas is generated exclusively by the compressors 20'A7 23'A.
: Further, the terminal compressor and associated ~turbine may also be eliminated. In this case, the generated compressed gas is supplied by a pipe 56' to a consumer (not shown).
~ : : Referring~to F1g. 3, wherein double prime reference characters indicate like parts as above, the steam circuit may be provided with a further evaporator for convey1ng:a flow of condensed steam in heat exchange with a flow of gas, for example, in the second gas generator 23". Asindicated, the evaporator 57 is interconnected between the combustion chamber 23~'lB and the admixing device 51" immediately upstream of the turbine 23"C. In addition, on the steam side, the evaporator 57 is connected~between the bxanch pipe 47" and : the return pipe 42".
2S Alternatively, in place of the evaporator 57, use may be made of a pre-warmer or superheater or a combination of both, generally known.as a "steam generator".
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As indicated, the upstream cooler 22" cooperates with a cooling water circuit which includes a cooler 58.
This cooler 58 ma~ be cooled in any suitable manner, for example by air or, if the apparatus is used on ~oard a ship, by ocean water.
The apparatus illustrated in Fig. 3 may operate so as to pxoduce no excess water in the cooler 22". To this end, the temperature in the pipe 35" is selected to be so high that the water produced in the combustion chamber 20"B is still completely in the gaseous phase even after cooling.
A cooler 6Q may also be provided in the cooling water circuit associated w~.th the downslream cooler 25". In a similar manner, this cooler 60 may also be cooled :
with air or ocean water. In order to carry off excess water, a pipe 59 is connected to the cooling circuit as indicated.
The excess water which is produce~ because of the hydrogen which is freed during combustion is separated in the cooler 25". In this regard, the water is saturated with ~20~ ~ carbon dioxide but does not contain any mineral salts or other impurities. When drawn off via the pipe 59, the excess water need only be aerated in order to remove the carbon dioxide before being used, for example, in a thermal degaser as additional water.
Of note, the excess water obtained from the operation of the apparatus of Fig. 3 may have additional uses. For example, the excess water may be used as a washing fluid without further treatment for washing sea salt out of air containing salt on entering the first compressor 20"A or as drinking water or as industrial water after a simple treatment consisting essentially of aeration and, thus, fill the need of other installations.
This is of particular advantage for drilling barges and ships where additional facilities would otherwise be required for the removal of salt from sea water.
Referring to Fig. 4, wherein triple prime reference characters indicate like parts as above, the apparatus for generating compressed gas may be constructed in similar manner to the embodiment illustrated in Fig. l but with the water being admixed in the first gas generator 20l''. Tn this regard, the water taken from the second cooler 25'"
is passed through a pipe 61 " ' to the admixing devices 50'"
51 "'. Of note, no pump is required for passing the water to the admixing devices 50' " , 51 "'.
Referring to Fig. 5 wherein quad-prime reference characters indicate like parts as above, the apparatus for generating compressed gas may be constructed in similar ~ashion to the embodiment shown in Fig. 2 but with the admixed water being admixed with the first gas generator 20 By way of example, the following represents a numerical example for the operation of an apparatus as illustrated in Fig. 3. In this respect, the locations A-L are indicated in Fig. 3.
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The invention provides an apparatus which can be constructed without the need for a steam circuit and steam generators for the cooling of the exhaust ~as from the gas generators.
The invention further provides for a reduction in the cost of building an apparatus for generating compressed gas while retaining the production output of the apparatus.
Depending upon the degree of optimizatlon, reduced heat recovery, and, thus, higher fuel consumption may have to be accepted in return for the elimination or substantial reduction in the size of the generators.
The invention further provides an apparatus of reduced size and we~ght for generating compressed gas.
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:
; This invention provides an apparatus Eor generating compressed gas comprising at least two gas generators disposed in series, each gas generator including a compressor for compressing 10 a flow of gas and a turbine for expanding a flow of gas and connected to said compressor to drive said compressor; at least two wa-ter-cooled coolers, one o said coolers bein~ connected to and between said gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing therebetween, and a second of said coolers being connected to and downstream of said gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing therefrom; and means for removing water from at least one of said coolers and for adding the removed water to the gas flow in at . ~ :
: least one of said gas generators.
This inventlon also provides an apparatus for generating compressed gas comprising at least two gas generators disposed in series relative to a flow of gas therethrough, each said generator including a compressor for compressing the flow of gas, a combustion chamber downstream of said compressor for combustion of the flow of gas wlth a fuel therein and a turbine for expanding a ~ flow o~ gas from said combustion chamber and connected to said :~:: compressor to drive said compressor; at least two water-cooled ~ coolers, one of said coolers being connected to and between said ,~
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gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing therebetween, and a second of said coolers being connected to and downstream of said gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing therefrom; a pipe connected between at least one of said coolers and the gas flow in at least one of said gas generators for co~veying a flow of warm water from said one cooler to the gas flow; and an admixing device connected to said pipe for admixing a flow of warm water into the gas flow on at least one side of said combustion chamber of said one gas generator.
This lnvention also provides a method of compressing gas cornprising the steps of sequentially compressing and expanding a flow of gas in at least two gas generators; cooling the flow of gas between each gas generator and downstream of said gas generators in heat exchange with a flow of water; and admixing water from the heat exchange into the flow of gas in at leas~ one gas generator~
; Each gas generator includes a compressor for compressing a flow of gas and a turbine for expanding the flow of gas and which is connected to the compressor in order to drive the compressor. In addition, a combustion chamber or a catalytic reactor is connected in the flow of gas between the compressor and the turbine.
~:
One of the coolers is connected to and between the gas generators in order to cool a flow of gas passing therebetween wnile the second cooler is connected to and downstream of the gas generators in order to cool a fIow of gas passing therefrom.
The means for removing the water from at least one of -3a-~Z~3386~
the coolers includes an adrnixing device which is connected to the gas 10w in at least one gas generator in order to add water on at least one side of the combustion charnber or catalytic reactor, respectively. Such an admixing device may be in the form of a plurality of nozzles for injecting the water into the gas flow.
In the event that a gas generator may have a plurality of stages, water can be added between the several stages of each gas generator as the case may be.
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The apparatus also includes a compressor which is connected in serias to the gas generators to receive and compress a gas flow therefrom for delivery to a consumer.
In addition, a steam turbine is connected to this compressor in order to drive the compressor while a steam circiut is connected to the turbine in order to circulate steam there-through. This steam circiut also includes an evaporator for conveying a flow of condensed steam from the turbine in heat exchange with a flow of gas from at least one of the gas generators in order to cool the flow of gas from the gas generator.
Th~ admixture of cooling water at a site between the combustion chamber (or catalytic reactor) and a location where the gas enters the turblne of a gas generator causes an increase in the volumn throughput in the turbine. Thus, the output of the compressor which is mechanically connected with the turbine increases. Correspondingly, the output of the - ~ terminal compressor which is driven by the steam turbine decreases and, thus, the steam requirement of the steam turbine decreases. Simultaneously, the exhaust gas at the out-Iet ends of the turbine of each gas generator becomes colder and the steam generation in the succeeding evaporatoxs decreases.
However, this is compensated by the decreased steam requirement in the steam turbine which drives the terminal compressor.
In this case, the steam circuit is integrated into the gas circuit with decreased heat transfer througna solid wall.
~386~
The advantage of adding water between the compressvr and the combustion chamber (or catalytic reactor) of a gas generator is that the water at this location will be heàted in the combustion chamber (or in the catalytic reactor~ to a very high temperature. The steam is only expanded after cooling the steam/gas mixture.
Of note, an expansion of the gas at a ~ressure ratio of 1.94 and an entering temperature of 650C yields a higher output than expansion at the same pressure ratio and an en*ering temperature at the turbine of only 500C.
Should the oxygen content of ~he fuel gas be reduced, the water admixture before the combustion chamber (or the catalytic reactor) permits a higher load of the ~; ~ combustion chamber (or the catalytic reactor) at constant temperatuxe. In this respect, the outlet temperature of the combustion chamber or catalytic reactor is critical and the limit temperatures must be strictly observed. A
;greater mass throughput permits burning of more fuel at the same temperature limit value and, thus, the reduction 20~ ~ of;the number of combustion chambers or catalytic reactors which are arranged sequentially.
; The water admixture before the combus~ion chamber ::: : ~ : :
is limited by the detectable amount of heat which passes the compressor. If a great amount of water were added, complete evaporation would not be possible since there would be insuf~icient heat. Although it may be possible to achieve complete evaporaeion through the suppl~ o external ~g386~
heat, this would complicate the construction of the apparatus and would increase the need for heat transfer walls. Accordinglyj it is advantageous, in many cases, to add water not only before the combustion chamber (or catalytic reactor) but also beyond these components. If necessary; the water can be at least partially evaporated before being added, for example through the hèat of t~e process or through an external heat source.
These and o~ther ob~ects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:
~ ~ Fig. l illustrates a flow diagram of an apparatus ;~ fox compressing gas constructed in accordance with the ~15 invention;
, Fig. 2 iIlustrates a~modified apparatus in accordance with the invention which eliminates the need for steam ~ generators~
; 20 Fig. 3 illustrates a view similar to Fig. 1 of a modified apparatus which employs an additional evaporator for the gas flow within D gas generator in accordance with the invention;
~25 Fig. 4 illustrates a further modified apparatus similar to that of Fig. 1 wherein water is added to the . : :
first gas generator in accordance with the invention; and Fig. 5 illustrates a further modified apparatus similar to that apparatus of Fig. ~ with water being added in the first gas generator.
~3~
1~ .
Referring to Fig. 1, the apparatus for generating a compressed gas comprises at least two gas generators 20, 23 which are disposed in series, at least two steam generators : 21, 24 which are disposed in alternating relation with the gas generators 20, 23 relative to the gas flow, a pair of water~cooled coolers 22, 25 which are disposed in alternating manner relative to the steam generators 21, 24 and means for removing water from at least one of the coolers 22, 25 and for adding the removed water to the gas flow in at least one of the gas generators 20, 23. In addition, the apparatus includes a terminal compressor 26 and a steam turbine 41 which is conne~ted to the terminal compressor 2~ to drive the ; : compressor 26.
: ~ : As illustrated, the initial gas generator 20, may ;
be constructed in the form of a jet power unit or in the form of a turbosupercharger and includes a compressor 20A, at least one combustion chamber 20B and a turbine 20C which is : : connected to the compressor 20A by a common drive shaft in order to drive the compressor 20A. Instead of using one or : more combustion chambers 20C, catalytic reactors may be employed if the oxygen content of the compressed gas is to be below ignition (limit) value.
A supply pipe ~0 is connected to the intake end of the compressor 20A in order to deliver a gas, such as fresh air at atmospheric pressure to the compressor 20A.
A fuel line 31 is connected to the combustion chamber 20B in order to deliver fuel in known manner.
~33~
The second gas generator 23 also includes a compressor 23A, combustion chamber 23B and turbine 23C as above. In addition, since the intake pressure of the gas -generator 23 may be higher than atmospheric pressure, the -5 gas generator 23 is surrounded, for reasons of stability, by a casing 48 filled with a gas, the pressure of which corresponds at least to the intake pressure of the compressor 23A. In this case, compressed gas can be enclosed within the casing 48 or can be obtained via a branch line 35A leading from a gas supply plpe 35 to the intake of the compressor 23A. In any event, a cooling device 49 is disposed within the casing 4~ in order to remove radiation los~es. As above, a fuel supply pipe 36 is connected to the combustion chamber 23B to deliver fuel thereto.
As illustrated, the steam generators 21, 24 are disposed ~n a steam circuit with the turbine 41 as well as with a condensor 44 and a pump 45. As shown, the circuit includes a pipe 38 for dalivering expanded steam from the ~`turbine 41 to the condensor 44. The condensed steam is then delivered via the pump 45 to branch lines 46, 47f each of which leads to a respectiue steam generator 21, 24. The heated working~medium, i.e. steam is returned from each steam generator 21, 24 through a pipe 42 to the intake side of the steam turbine 41 for driving of the turbine 41 and, thus, the compressor 26.
The initial cooler 22 receives the cooled gas flow from the steam generator 21 via a pipe 32 and, after \
~3~
coolingl delivers the gas flow to the pipe 35 leading to the compressor 23A of the second gas generator 23~ In additisn, the cooler 22 is ~upplied with water via a pump 33. This water is sprayed into the cooler in known manner and after warming is removed from the bottom of the cooler 22 via a pipe 34.
The steam generator 24 is connected via ~ pipe 37 to the turbine 23C of the gas generator 23 to receive the flow of exhaust gas and delivers this flow, after cooling, to the second cooler 25. The aooler 25 is supplied with water through a pipe 54 and has an exhaust line at the bottom fo- expelling ~he waxmed water. A pump 55 i5 provided in the line 54 in order to deliver the water under pressure.
The means for xemoving water from the cooler 25 includes a pipe 52 which extends between the bottom end of the cooler 25 and the ~as generator 23, As indicated, a pump 53 is provided in the line 52 in order to deliver the warm water under pressure. In addition, the means includes a pair of admixing devices 50, 51 which are located in the gas $10W on opposite sides of the combustion ~hamber 23B.
For example, each admixing device sn ~ 51 includes a pluralit~_ of nozzles for injecting the water into the gas flow as in-dicated by the direction of the arrows. Alternatively, the admixing devices may be constructed of spray nozzles or per-forated pipes. In addition, each admixing device may include a packing material, SUC}l as described in Swiss Patent 389,503 downstream of the n~zzles, or a static mixer, such as described _g_ ~25~3~36~L
in Swiss Patents 537,208 and 547,120. Further, it is possible to use the admixing device in the manner of a countercurrent exchange column with packing material or with plates in which the gas is introduced into ~he column from the bottom to the top and the water is injected in counter-current from the top to the bottom.
In operation, an excess of fresh air is drawn in at atmospheric pressure through the pipe 30 into the compressor 20A. Fuel is also supplied through the pipe 31 into the combustion chamber 20B. After compression and subsequent combustion, the exhaust gas is delivered to the turbine 20C
and, after expans on, forms a leating medium within the steam generator 21. The cool~d exhaust gas then flows through the ~; pipe 32 to the cooler 22 in which the gas is cooled to room temperature, for example by being sprayed with water which is injected under pressure by the pump 33. The cooled exhaust gas then flows through the pipe 35 into the compressor 23A
of the second gas generator 23.
After compression, the gas flow in the gas 20~ generator 23 is admixed with water in the injection device 50 and the water is evaporated. After combustion, the gas flow is admixed with another portion of warmed water in the : admixing device 51 before entering the turbine 23C. The expanded hot exhaust gas then leaves the turbine 23C and flows through the pipe 37 to the second steam generator 24 ; and, thereafter, to the cooler 25.
,.
` ' -10-~12~3~
The exhaust gas is further cooled in the cooler 25 to room temperature and is then exhausted to the terminal compressor 26 wherein the gas is compressed to the ultimate pressure. Thereafter, the gas is exhausted through the pipe 40 to a consumer (not shown).
Referr1ng to Fig. 2, wherein prime reference characters indicate like parts as above, the apparatus for generating the compressed gas may be constructed without the steam generators. In this case, the required pressure of the gas is generated exclusively by the compressors 20'A7 23'A.
: Further, the terminal compressor and associated ~turbine may also be eliminated. In this case, the generated compressed gas is supplied by a pipe 56' to a consumer (not shown).
~ : : Referring~to F1g. 3, wherein double prime reference characters indicate like parts as above, the steam circuit may be provided with a further evaporator for convey1ng:a flow of condensed steam in heat exchange with a flow of gas, for example, in the second gas generator 23". Asindicated, the evaporator 57 is interconnected between the combustion chamber 23~'lB and the admixing device 51" immediately upstream of the turbine 23"C. In addition, on the steam side, the evaporator 57 is connected~between the bxanch pipe 47" and : the return pipe 42".
2S Alternatively, in place of the evaporator 57, use may be made of a pre-warmer or superheater or a combination of both, generally known.as a "steam generator".
.~, .
-~zg3~6~
As indicated, the upstream cooler 22" cooperates with a cooling water circuit which includes a cooler 58.
This cooler 58 ma~ be cooled in any suitable manner, for example by air or, if the apparatus is used on ~oard a ship, by ocean water.
The apparatus illustrated in Fig. 3 may operate so as to pxoduce no excess water in the cooler 22". To this end, the temperature in the pipe 35" is selected to be so high that the water produced in the combustion chamber 20"B is still completely in the gaseous phase even after cooling.
A cooler 6Q may also be provided in the cooling water circuit associated w~.th the downslream cooler 25". In a similar manner, this cooler 60 may also be cooled :
with air or ocean water. In order to carry off excess water, a pipe 59 is connected to the cooling circuit as indicated.
The excess water which is produce~ because of the hydrogen which is freed during combustion is separated in the cooler 25". In this regard, the water is saturated with ~20~ ~ carbon dioxide but does not contain any mineral salts or other impurities. When drawn off via the pipe 59, the excess water need only be aerated in order to remove the carbon dioxide before being used, for example, in a thermal degaser as additional water.
Of note, the excess water obtained from the operation of the apparatus of Fig. 3 may have additional uses. For example, the excess water may be used as a washing fluid without further treatment for washing sea salt out of air containing salt on entering the first compressor 20"A or as drinking water or as industrial water after a simple treatment consisting essentially of aeration and, thus, fill the need of other installations.
This is of particular advantage for drilling barges and ships where additional facilities would otherwise be required for the removal of salt from sea water.
Referring to Fig. 4, wherein triple prime reference characters indicate like parts as above, the apparatus for generating compressed gas may be constructed in similar manner to the embodiment illustrated in Fig. l but with the water being admixed in the first gas generator 20l''. Tn this regard, the water taken from the second cooler 25'"
is passed through a pipe 61 " ' to the admixing devices 50'"
51 "'. Of note, no pump is required for passing the water to the admixing devices 50' " , 51 "'.
Referring to Fig. 5 wherein quad-prime reference characters indicate like parts as above, the apparatus for generating compressed gas may be constructed in similar ~ashion to the embodiment shown in Fig. 2 but with the admixed water being admixed with the first gas generator 20 By way of example, the following represents a numerical example for the operation of an apparatus as illustrated in Fig. 3. In this respect, the locations A-L are indicated in Fig. 3.
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U _ . .
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U~
0~ ~ o o ~ o ~ ~ u~
C d ~ ~ ~ O O
eJ ~ , ~ ~ .
~ ~o O I~ r~ 0 co 3 1~ r~
O c~ c~ ~ ~I ~ r~ I~ r` I~
t~ ~ O ~
~ ~U
O O
3 ..
~ R r~ 1 0 0 0X 0 O ~1 o o o o o~
~ o~ ~ U'~
,1 O
V
C~ O O O
,1 _I ~1 ~ O O O ~ O O C:7 0 0 O ~`I
~ -5 oq~
`D O ~
I` O O 1` ~ ~ oo t-- 1`
~ P~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u~ O O~
æ
:~
`;i' ~D
~ ~ ~ a~ ~ ~ ~ r~ o u~
- ~ ~ ~ V ~:
., , `\
~2~3~6~
The invention provides an apparatus which can be constructed without the need for a steam circuit and steam generators for the cooling of the exhaust ~as from the gas generators.
The invention further provides for a reduction in the cost of building an apparatus for generating compressed gas while retaining the production output of the apparatus.
Depending upon the degree of optimizatlon, reduced heat recovery, and, thus, higher fuel consumption may have to be accepted in return for the elimination or substantial reduction in the size of the generators.
The invention further provides an apparatus of reduced size and we~ght for generating compressed gas.
.
:
Claims (16)
1. An apparatus for generating compressed gas comprising at least two gas generators disposed in series, each gas generator including a compressor for compressing a flow of gas and a turbine for expanding a flow of gas and connected to said compressor to drive said com-pressor;
at least two water-cooled coolers, one of said coolers being connected to and between said gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing therebetween, and a second of said coolers being connected to and downstream of said gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing there-from; and means for removing water from at least one of said coolers and for adding the removed water to the gas flow in at least one of said gas generators.
at least two water-cooled coolers, one of said coolers being connected to and between said gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing therebetween, and a second of said coolers being connected to and downstream of said gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing there-from; and means for removing water from at least one of said coolers and for adding the removed water to the gas flow in at least one of said gas generators.
2. An apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein each said gas generator includes a combustion chamber connected in the flow of gas between said compressor and said turbine thereof.
3. An apparatus as set forth in claim 2 wherein said means includes-an admixing device connected to the gas flow in at least one gas generator to add water thereto on at least one side of said combustion chamber.
4. An apparatus as set forth in claim 3 wherein said admixing device includes a plurality of nozzles for injecting the water into the gas flow.
5. An apparatus as set forth in claim 1 which further comprises a third compressor connected in series to said gas generator to receive and compress a gas flow there-from, a third steam turbine connected to said third compressor and a steam circuit connected to said third turbine to cir-culate steam therethrough, said steam circuit including an evaporator for conveying a flow of condensed steam from said third turbine in heat exchange with a flow of gas from at least one of said gas generators to cool the flow of gas.
6. An apparatus as set forth in claim 5 wherein each said gas generator includes a combustion chamber connected in the flow of gas between said compressor and said turbine thereof and said steam circuit includes at least a second evaporator for conveying a flow of condensed steam from said third turbine in heat exchange with a flow of gas between said combustion chamber and said turbine of at least one gas generator.
7. An apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein each said gas generator includes a catalytic reactor connected in the flow of gas between said compressor and said turbine thereof.
8. An apparatus as set forth in claim 7 wherein said means includes an admixing device connected to the gas flow in at least one gas generator to add water thereto on at least one side of said catalytic tractor.
9. An apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said means includes an admixing device connected to the gas flow in at least one gas generator to add water thereto between said compressor and said turbine.
10. An apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein each gas generator is selected from the group consisting of a jet power unit and a turbosupercharger.
11. An apparatus for generating compressed gas comprising at least two gas generators disposed in series relative to a flow of gas therethrough, each said generator including a compressor for compressing the flow of gas, a combustion chamber downstream of said compressor for com-bustion of the flow of gas with a fuel therein and a turbine for expanding a flow of gas from said combustion chamber and connected to said compressor to drive said compressor;
at least two water-cooled coolers, one of said coolers being connected to and between said gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing therebetween, and a second of said coolers being connected to and downstream of said gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing therefrom;
a pipe connected between at least one of said coolers and the gas flow in at least one of said gas generators for conveying a flow of warm water from said one cooler to the gas flow; and an admixing device connected to said pipe for admixing a flow of warm water into the gas flow on at least one side of said combustion chamber of said one gas generator.
at least two water-cooled coolers, one of said coolers being connected to and between said gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing therebetween, and a second of said coolers being connected to and downstream of said gas generators to cool a flow of gas passing therefrom;
a pipe connected between at least one of said coolers and the gas flow in at least one of said gas generators for conveying a flow of warm water from said one cooler to the gas flow; and an admixing device connected to said pipe for admixing a flow of warm water into the gas flow on at least one side of said combustion chamber of said one gas generator.
12. An apparatus as set forth in claim 11 which further comprises a third compressor connected in series to said gas generator to receive and compress a gas flow therefrom, a third steam turbine connected to said third compressor to drive said third compressor and a stream circuit connected to said third turbine to circulate steam therethrough, said steam circuit including an evaporator for conveying a flow of condensed steam from said third turbine in heat exchange with a flow of gas from at least one of said gas generators to cool the flow of gas.
13. An apparatus as set forth in claim 12 wherein said steam circuit includes at least a second evaporator for conveying a flow of condensed steam from said third turbine in heat exchange with a flow of gas between said combustion chamber and said turbine of at least one gas generator.
14. A method of compressing gas comprising the steps of sequentially compressing and expanding a flow of gas in at least two gas generators;
cooling the flow of gas between each gas generator and downstream of said gas generators in heat exchange with a flow of water; and admixing water from the heat exchange into the flow o-f gas in at least one gas generator.
cooling the flow of gas between each gas generator and downstream of said gas generators in heat exchange with a flow of water; and admixing water from the heat exchange into the flow o-f gas in at least one gas generator.
15. A method as set forth in claim 14 which further comprises the steps of cooling the gas flow from each gas generator in heat exchange with a flow of water to generator a flow of steam, driving a turbine with the generatred flow of steam and driving a compressor from the turbine to compress the flow of gas downstream of the gas generators.
16. A method as set forth in claim 14 wherein the water is admixed at least partially in the form of steam.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH00669/86-8 | 1986-02-19 | ||
| CH66986 | 1986-02-19 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1293864C true CA1293864C (en) | 1992-01-07 |
Family
ID=4192388
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000529958A Expired - Lifetime CA1293864C (en) | 1986-02-19 | 1987-02-18 | Apparatus for generating compressed gas |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0234363A1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1293864C (en) |
| NO (1) | NO870650L (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3087486B1 (en) * | 2018-10-18 | 2022-08-12 | Psa Automobiles Sa | ASSEMBLY COMBINING A GAS TURBINE AND A HEAT TRANSFER FLUID CYCLE |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1010954A (en) * | 1947-12-19 | 1952-06-17 | Rateau Soc | Improvements to turbine engines |
| CH457973A (en) * | 1966-05-06 | 1968-06-15 | Sulzer Ag | Gas-steam turbine plant |
| DE2009301A1 (en) * | 1969-04-07 | 1970-10-29 | tentwesen, Ost-Berlin WP139041 Process for the operation of a gas turbine plant. Apn: VEB Bergmann-Borsig / Görlitzer Maschinenbau, Berlin | |
| GB1415521A (en) * | 1972-01-29 | 1975-11-26 | Landon Kingsway Ltd | Hot gas generator |
| SU571615A2 (en) * | 1975-08-13 | 1977-09-05 | Всесоюзный научно-исследовательский институт горноспасательного дела | Inert gas generator |
| CH630702A5 (en) * | 1978-04-26 | 1982-06-30 | Sulzer Ag | PLANT FOR PRODUCING PRESSURE GAS. |
| DE2837714A1 (en) * | 1978-08-30 | 1980-03-13 | Kurt Dr Ing Zenkner | Compact gas turbine unit - uses turbine exhaust to evaporate pressurised water, resulting steam being introduced in compressor outlet line to turbine |
-
1987
- 1987-02-06 EP EP87101625A patent/EP0234363A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1987-02-18 CA CA000529958A patent/CA1293864C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-02-18 NO NO870650A patent/NO870650L/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0234363A1 (en) | 1987-09-02 |
| NO870650L (en) | 1987-08-20 |
| NO870650D0 (en) | 1987-02-18 |
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