CA1283589C - Clothing for the sheet forming section of a papermaking machine - Google Patents
Clothing for the sheet forming section of a papermaking machineInfo
- Publication number
- CA1283589C CA1283589C CA000549515A CA549515A CA1283589C CA 1283589 C CA1283589 C CA 1283589C CA 000549515 A CA000549515 A CA 000549515A CA 549515 A CA549515 A CA 549515A CA 1283589 C CA1283589 C CA 1283589C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- threads
- transverse
- thread
- longitudinal
- interweaving
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009941 weaving Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 31
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002302 Nylon 6,6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011111 cardboard Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940000425 combination drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002788 crimping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
- D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
- D21F1/0027—Screen-cloths
- D21F1/0036—Multi-layer screen-cloths
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S162/00—Paper making and fiber liberation
- Y10S162/04—Pitch control
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S162/00—Paper making and fiber liberation
- Y10S162/903—Paper forming member, e.g. fourdrinier, sheet forming member
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
- Y10T442/3179—Woven fabric is characterized by a particular or differential weave other than fabric in which the strand denier or warp/weft pick count is specified
Abstract
ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE
The specification describes a clothing for the sheet forming section of a papermaking machine comprising two layers of transverse threads and longitudinal threads 5 interwoven with both layers of transverse threads 3 and 4. Both the paper side and the running side have trans-verse structure and the number of transverse threads in the upper layer is twice as high as that in the lower layer 2. The longitudinal threads 5 interweave twice in each repeat with the upper layer and with the lower layer. Interweaving with the upper layer is effected one time with a transverse thread 3a lying above a transverse wire of the lower layer, the other time with a transverse thread disposed midway above two transverse threads of the lower layer. At the point of interweaving of the lower layer, two adjacent longitudinal threads are disposed side by side, one longitudinal thread inter-weaving, at one point of interweaving, together with the preceding longitudinal thread and, at the next point of interweaving, together with the next following longitudi-nal thread.
The specification describes a clothing for the sheet forming section of a papermaking machine comprising two layers of transverse threads and longitudinal threads 5 interwoven with both layers of transverse threads 3 and 4. Both the paper side and the running side have trans-verse structure and the number of transverse threads in the upper layer is twice as high as that in the lower layer 2. The longitudinal threads 5 interweave twice in each repeat with the upper layer and with the lower layer. Interweaving with the upper layer is effected one time with a transverse thread 3a lying above a transverse wire of the lower layer, the other time with a transverse thread disposed midway above two transverse threads of the lower layer. At the point of interweaving of the lower layer, two adjacent longitudinal threads are disposed side by side, one longitudinal thread inter-weaving, at one point of interweaving, together with the preceding longitudinal thread and, at the next point of interweaving, together with the next following longitudi-nal thread.
Description
35~
CLOTHING FOR THE SHEET FORMING SECTION
OF A PAP~RMAKING MACHINE
The invention relates to a clothing for the sheet forming section of a papermaking machine, eg., a so-called sheet former. The clothing consists of a double-layer fabric, ie., two layers of transverse threads are provided and the longitudinal threads interweave with each of the two layers of transverse threads. both on the running side and on the paper side predominantly the transverse threads are visible. In each repeat, the longitudinal threads interweave twice with the upper layer of the transverse threads. On the paper side, the transverse threads overlay at least 80g of the longitudi-nal threads. The fact that the number of transverse threads on the running side is only half that on the paper side is compensated for by the greater diameter of the transverse threads of the lower layer.
Such a sheet forming fabric has been known from DE-A-2,706,235 (Figure 2F). In this known sheet forming fabric, the longitudinal threads have a relatively flat course, despite two points of interweaving with the upper layer in the interior of the fabric, with the con-sequence that the woven seam, by which in flat woven fabrics, the two fabric ends are joined to form an .
.
: ' ~ . ' . .
', ~35~'3 endless fabric, has relatively low strength. Moreover, cleaning with high pressure water jets from the running side soon destroys the woven seam. The locations where the longitudinal and warp threads meet within the woven seam are distributed at random within the woven seam.
The warp thread ends lie exposed side-by-side at the meeting points, ie., each meeting point is an inter-ruption of the warp thread, so that the transverse or ~ weft thread of the lower layer is not held at the meeting ;~ point of the warp thread ends and is more intensely worn over a width corresponding to two weave repeats. The unwoven free warp thread ends are very soon shredded and destroyed when the papermaking machine fabric is cleaned with high pressure water jets.
From EP-A~30 490, a double-layer sheet forming fabric is known in which the longitudinal threads inter-weave twice per each repeat with the upper layer of transverse threads, but only once with the lower layer of transverse threads. This sheet forming fabric has the same number of transverse threads in the upper and in the lower layer so that the two points of interweaving with the upper layer of transverse threads shorten the trans-verse thread floats on the paper side. As a consequence, it is difficult to remove the paper web from the sheet ` forming fabric.
:
CLOTHING FOR THE SHEET FORMING SECTION
OF A PAP~RMAKING MACHINE
The invention relates to a clothing for the sheet forming section of a papermaking machine, eg., a so-called sheet former. The clothing consists of a double-layer fabric, ie., two layers of transverse threads are provided and the longitudinal threads interweave with each of the two layers of transverse threads. both on the running side and on the paper side predominantly the transverse threads are visible. In each repeat, the longitudinal threads interweave twice with the upper layer of the transverse threads. On the paper side, the transverse threads overlay at least 80g of the longitudi-nal threads. The fact that the number of transverse threads on the running side is only half that on the paper side is compensated for by the greater diameter of the transverse threads of the lower layer.
Such a sheet forming fabric has been known from DE-A-2,706,235 (Figure 2F). In this known sheet forming fabric, the longitudinal threads have a relatively flat course, despite two points of interweaving with the upper layer in the interior of the fabric, with the con-sequence that the woven seam, by which in flat woven fabrics, the two fabric ends are joined to form an .
.
: ' ~ . ' . .
', ~35~'3 endless fabric, has relatively low strength. Moreover, cleaning with high pressure water jets from the running side soon destroys the woven seam. The locations where the longitudinal and warp threads meet within the woven seam are distributed at random within the woven seam.
The warp thread ends lie exposed side-by-side at the meeting points, ie., each meeting point is an inter-ruption of the warp thread, so that the transverse or ~ weft thread of the lower layer is not held at the meeting ;~ point of the warp thread ends and is more intensely worn over a width corresponding to two weave repeats. The unwoven free warp thread ends are very soon shredded and destroyed when the papermaking machine fabric is cleaned with high pressure water jets.
From EP-A~30 490, a double-layer sheet forming fabric is known in which the longitudinal threads inter-weave twice per each repeat with the upper layer of transverse threads, but only once with the lower layer of transverse threads. This sheet forming fabric has the same number of transverse threads in the upper and in the lower layer so that the two points of interweaving with the upper layer of transverse threads shorten the trans-verse thread floats on the paper side. As a consequence, it is difficult to remove the paper web from the sheet ` forming fabric.
:
~ .
.. .
: , ' . ' , , .
5~39 A similar sheet forming fabric is known from DE-B-2,263,l176 where the longitudinal threads are inter-woven two or three times into the upper layer. In the lower layer, the longitudinal threads extend under two or three transverse threads, so that they are subject to high wear. According to DE-B-2,540,~90, this is remedied in that each longitudinal thread interweaves at the most with every sixth transverse thread in the lower layer.
However, there still remains the disadvantage of low dewatering capacity and difficulties in removing the sheet, especially in the manufacture of tissue paper.
In the manufacture of paper on twin-wire paper machines, it is a nuisance that the interior of the papermachine clothing fills with water flowing through and, at the point of deflection of the clothing~ said water is forced out of the interstices of the lower layer. Due to the high speeds of 1,500 to 1,800 m/min.
at which the twin-wire formers are operated, the issuing water forms a dense mist at the first deflection point. -From EP-A-80 686, it has been known, in a double-layer sheet former for a papermaking machine, to interweave the longitudinal threads with the lower layer twice in each repeat, the first time together with the preceding longi-tudinal thread and the next time together with the next , .
5~3'3 following longitudinal thread, the longitudinal threadextending between two points of interweaving over at least one trans~erse thread of the lower layer. This mode of interweaving is to ensure that the sheet forming fabric i3 a transverse thread runner and has an accordingly longer service life.
The invention is concerned with the problems of providing a clothing for the sheet for~ing section of a papermaking machine which exhibits an improved combination of retention, dewatering capacity and sheet removal.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a clothing for the sheet forming section of a papermaking machine comprising two layers of transverse threads and longitudinal threads interwoven with both layers o~ transverse threads, in which both on the paper side and on the running side predominantly the transverse threads are visible, and the number of transverse threads in the upper layer is twice the number of transverse threads in -the lower layer, the longitudinal threads are interwoven into the upper layer twice in each repeat and they interweave one time with a transverse thread disposed above a transverse thread of the lower layer and the other time with a transverse thread disposed midway above two transverse threads o~ the lower layer and between the two points o~ interweaving the ~r -4-~h .. . .
. . ~. .
~ t3S~t3 longitudinal thread extends under at least two transverse threads of the upper layer in which the longitudinal threads are interwoven twice per repea-t into the lower layer of the transverse threads and each time the interweaving is per-formed by two adjacent longitudinal threads, one longitudinalthread interweaving at a point of interweaving together with the preceding longitudinal thread and at the next following point of interweaving together with the following longitudinal thread and the longi-tudinal thread extends between points of interweaving over at least one transverse thread of the lower layer.
In the clothing of the present invention, the longitudinal threads interweave twice in each repeat with the lower layer and, at each point of in-terweaving, two adjacent longitudinal threads lie side-by-side.
Compared with a sheet forming fabric having equal number o transverse threads in the upper and the lower layer, in the sheet forming fabric of the inven-.~ .
.
.A~
.
tion, the float length of the upper transverse threads is not shortened by repeated interweaving with the longi-tudinal threads. Due to two points of interweaving of the longitudinal threads with the upper layer, the sur-face of the fabric becomes denser, but surprisingly, the permeability does not decrease - it even increases.
This seems to be due to the fact that the paper side con-sists of a great number of transverse threads and each transverse thread of the upper layer interweaves only once per repeat with a longitudinal thread. Hence, the transverse thread floats remain highly overmonoplanar relative to the longitudinal thread knuckles.
The term "overmonoplanar" is derived from the fact that, in a flat woven fabric, the transverse threads (weft) at first lie straight in the fabric and the knuckles of the longitudinal threads (warp) project on both sides of the fabric. During thermosetting of the fabric, high tension is exerted on the longitudinal threads so that they tend to straighten. In so doing, they deform the transverse threads and crimp them, which is known as crimp interchange. Frequently, sheet forming fabrics are thermoset at such longitudinal tension that the topmost points of the longitudinal threads and of the transverse threads are disposed in a single plane; the fabric is then monoplanar. If thermosetting is continued : ' ' ' ' ' . ~ ~ ,' ' ~` ` .
:
5~'~
beyond this point, the crimp of the longitudinal threads decreases and that of the transverse threads increases, ie, the transverse threads project on the paper side and, depending on the construction of the fabric, also on the backing side.
The sheet forming fabric is then overmonoplanar on the paper side and the fibre web is supported by the transverse threads (transverse thread carrier or weft carrier). If the same phenomenon occurs also on the running side, the transverse threads are exposed to wear (transverse thread or weft runner). In flat, woven sheet - forming fabrics, thermosetting cannot effect monoplani-city or overmonoplanicity because there, the longitudinal threads are formed by the weft so that they are already disposed straight in the fabric owing to the weaving operation. The pronounced transverse structure on the paper side of the clothing of the invention, in com-bination with the overmonoplanicity, offers good support to the forming paper and, at the same time, facilitates the removal of the paper sheet from the sheet forming section. This is significant particularly in case of very thin tissue paper of low tensile strength. It is equally significant, in the manufacture of tissue paper, that the fabric is highly permeable. At operating speeds of the papermaking machine in the order of 1,500 to 1,800 - ~:
', .
~s;~s~.S3 m/min. and the high degree of dilution of the paper pulp, large quantities of water must be discharged through the fabric over short dewatering paths and within extremely short periods, especially in the manufacture of tissue paper.
The clothing of the invention is especially well suited for use on twin wire paper machines. It has been found that, with the papermachine clothing of the invention, the above-mentioned discharge of fabric water, at the first points of fabric deflection, is substan-tially decreased. It has not been clarified why this is so. With prior art clothings, where each longitudinal thread interweaves with the lower layer only once in each repeat, the lower half of the fabric is formed nearly excIusively of isolated transverse thread knuckles since, after one interweaving step, the longitudinal threads return obliquely upwardly to the paper side.
Actually, one would have expect a fabric having a very loose structure (DE-A-2,706,235, Figure 2F) to let the water freely flow through the fabric rather than retain it. A fabric with denser interlacing of the threads on the running side - like in the papermachine clothing of the invention - should be expected to retain more water in the fabric. Surprisingly, this is not so.
.,.. . , .. . :
: ~ ., . . . - . :
, , ,, ' ' . . .
.
3'3 Po3~1bly, thi~ 1~ due to the fact that the longitudinal threads largely remain on the runnln~ side, as they interweave twice with the transverse threads on the running side. This reduce~ the inter~tice~ between the transverqe thread~ on the running ~ide. By pair-wise arrangement of the longitudinal threadq at the points of interweaving the otherwise very open running side i9 par-tially ~ealed so that the entrainment of water and the later di charge at the point~ o~ deflection i~ sub~tan tially reduced. Nevertheles~, the fabric 3till i~ a transverse thread runner on the running ~ide. The float3 of transverse threads between the point~ of interweaving with the longitudinal thread~ are very long on the running side and at the point~ Or interweaving two longi-tudinal threads each with Joint longitudinal tension acts on the tran~verse threads and crimp them.
Owing to its high dewatering capacity, the papermachine ¢lothing of the invention i~ suited espe-cially for the manufacture of fine tiQsue paper typeq on twin wire paper machines.
Ths sheet forming fabric o~ the invention i also suited for the manufacture of writing and printing paper types as it permit~ extremely high numbers of ._ tran~verse threads in the upper layer, whi-le being still ~, : , ~
~ 5 ~.~3 sufficiently permeable, which improves the retention of the paper pulp and marking. Owing to the improved reten-tion, sheet forming fabric is suited also for manufac-turing so-called "brown" paper types, ie., kraft paper, packaging paper based on recycled material and for card-board. Preferably, the weave is a 7-, 8-, 14- or 18-harness weave, based on transverse threads in the lower layer.
The transverse threads in the lower layers suitably have greater diameter. The diameter of said transverse threads is selected only so wide that the longitudinal threads are still able to suffficiently crimp said transverse threads and that, in this way, the longitudinal threads are hardly exposed to wear. This crimping occurs only when the clothing is se so that the setting tension must be selected accordingly in order to impart to the sheet forming fabric the transverse thread runner.
Suitably, the clothing of the invention is woven flat so that the transverse threads become the weft threads and the longitudinal threads function as warp threads. The manufacture of a transverse thread runner by endless weaving meets with additional problems, but it is also possible. However, it requires looms with very ..
5~
high number of harnesses or a thread divider according to DE-C-3,108,189.
The transverse threads of the upper and the lower layer and the longitudinal threads are suitably synthetic resin monofilament, especially polyester mono-filament. The transverse threads of the lower layer and, optionally, of the upper layer, may also consist par-tially of polyamide.
Examples of the invention will be explained hereafter with reference to the drawings wherein:
Figure 1 schematically illustrates the course of a longitudinal thread;
Figure 2 is a plan view of the paper side of the clothing;
Figure 3 is a plan view of the running side, and;
Figure 4 shows the course of a longitudinal thread in another example.
According to Figure l, the example comprises an upper layer 1 of transverse threads 3 and a lower layer 2 of transverse threads 4. The number of transverse threads in the upper layer 2 is twice that in the lower ':
. . .
~ S ~3 layer 2, so that, in the upper layer 1, one transversethread 3a each is disposed above a transverse thread 4 of the lower layer 2 and the next transverse thread 3b is disposed midway above two transverse threads 4 of the lower layer 2.
Longitudinal threads 5 connect the upper layer 1 and the lower layer 2. Figure 1 shows the course of a longitudinal thread 5 within one weave repeat. The weave repeat extends over sixteen transverse threads 3 of the upper layer and eight transverse threads 4 of the lower layer. Commencing at the left-hand margin of the figure, the longitudinal thread 5 passes over a transverse thread 3a of the upper layer 1, then under two transverse threads 3b and 3a of the upper layer 1, over one trans- -verse thread 3b of the upper layer 1, then interweaves with the fifth transverse thread 4 of the lower layer 2, passes between the two layers 1, 2, interweaves with the eighth transverse thread 4 of the lower layer 2 and, finally, rises obliquely upwards in order to again inter-weave with the tirst transverse thread 3a in the upper layer 2 in the next ~ollowing weave repeat.
Each longitudinal thread 5 thus interweaves within one weave repeat with a transverse thread 3a disposed above a transverse thread 4 of the lower layer 2 '' , ~ . , ~ ~35~
and with a transverse thread 3b disposed midway above two transverse threads 4 of the lower layer. Between the two transverse threads 3a and 3b of the upper layer with which the longitudinal thread 5 interweaves two, four or another even number of transverse threads must be disposed in order to answer the requirement that each longitudinal thread interweaves within one repeat with a transverse thread 3a disposed above one transverse thread 4 of the lower layer 2 and with a transverse thread 3b disposed midway above two transverse threads 4 of the lower layer 2.
The weave pattern on the paper side is shown in Figure 2. It is discernible that adjacent longitudinal threads 5 are mutually offset by six transverse threads in longitudinal direction and each weave repeat comprises eight longitudinal threads 5.
Figure 3 is a bottom view of the running side of the example shown in Figures 1 and 2. At each point of interweaving, two longitudinal threads 5 lie side-by-side and jointly intereave with a transverse thread 4 in the lower layer 2. At one point of interweaving, the threads interweave with the left-hand longitudinal thread 5 and, at the next oint, disposed futher above in Figure 3 they interweave with the right-hand longitudinal thread.
' ~ :
, . ., ~ . .
35~3~3 In Figures 2 and 3, it is discernible that both on the paper side and on the running side~ there is a pronounced transverse structure which is prerequisite for a transverse thread carrier and transverse thread runner.
In the example illustrated by Figures 1 to 3, the two points of the interweaving of the longitudinal thread 5 into the upper layer 1 directly follow each other, ie., without any intermediate interweaving of the longitudinal thread 5 with the lower layer 2. In the same way, the two points of interweaving ofthe longitudi-nal thread 5 with the lower layer 2 directly follow each other.
Figure 4 shows an example in which the longitu-dinal threads 5 alternatively interweave with the upper layer 1 and with the lower layer 2 so that, between two points of interweaving with the upper layer 1, there is one point of interweaving of the longitudinal thread 5 with the lower layer 2. Figure ll shows the course of two adjacent longitudinal threads 5.
Example The fabric has the eight-harness weave shown in Figures 1 to 3 and is woven flat. ~he longitudinal threads 5 consist of polyester monofilament of 0.15 mm :. . ,- " ' : ', , ' ::
.
~3 diameter and are arranged in a density of 68 filaments/cm. The transverse threads 3 of the upper layer consist of polyester monofilament of 0.14 mm diameter and are arranged in a density of 42 filaments/cm. The transverse threads of the lower layer 2 consist alternately of polyester monofilament and polyamide-6, 6 monofilament of 0.1~ mm diameter and are arranged in a density of 21 filaments/cm.
These da~a apply to the finally set fabric.
Setting is carried out at a temperature of about 200 C.
and at a tension such that the longitudinal thread 5 is displaced toward the fabric interior both on the paper side and on the running side so that it is not exposed to wear on the running side and does not interfere with the removal of the sheet on the paper side. During setting, the fabric elongates by about 8%. The crimp height of the longitudinal threads 5 decreases and the longitudinal threads are displaced into the fabric interior. The transverse threads 3 and 4 are crimped by the tension exerted by the longitudinal threads 5 whereby the width of the fabric decreases by about 11~. Due to transverse contraction and the pressure and tension of the longitu-dinal threads 5, the transverse threads 3 and 4 bend out-wardly along the long floats and form the desired overmonoplanar structure on the paper side and on the running side.
- . ~ : , , . . .
. ~
: ~ .
.
.. .
: , ' . ' , , .
5~39 A similar sheet forming fabric is known from DE-B-2,263,l176 where the longitudinal threads are inter-woven two or three times into the upper layer. In the lower layer, the longitudinal threads extend under two or three transverse threads, so that they are subject to high wear. According to DE-B-2,540,~90, this is remedied in that each longitudinal thread interweaves at the most with every sixth transverse thread in the lower layer.
However, there still remains the disadvantage of low dewatering capacity and difficulties in removing the sheet, especially in the manufacture of tissue paper.
In the manufacture of paper on twin-wire paper machines, it is a nuisance that the interior of the papermachine clothing fills with water flowing through and, at the point of deflection of the clothing~ said water is forced out of the interstices of the lower layer. Due to the high speeds of 1,500 to 1,800 m/min.
at which the twin-wire formers are operated, the issuing water forms a dense mist at the first deflection point. -From EP-A-80 686, it has been known, in a double-layer sheet former for a papermaking machine, to interweave the longitudinal threads with the lower layer twice in each repeat, the first time together with the preceding longi-tudinal thread and the next time together with the next , .
5~3'3 following longitudinal thread, the longitudinal threadextending between two points of interweaving over at least one trans~erse thread of the lower layer. This mode of interweaving is to ensure that the sheet forming fabric i3 a transverse thread runner and has an accordingly longer service life.
The invention is concerned with the problems of providing a clothing for the sheet for~ing section of a papermaking machine which exhibits an improved combination of retention, dewatering capacity and sheet removal.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a clothing for the sheet forming section of a papermaking machine comprising two layers of transverse threads and longitudinal threads interwoven with both layers o~ transverse threads, in which both on the paper side and on the running side predominantly the transverse threads are visible, and the number of transverse threads in the upper layer is twice the number of transverse threads in -the lower layer, the longitudinal threads are interwoven into the upper layer twice in each repeat and they interweave one time with a transverse thread disposed above a transverse thread of the lower layer and the other time with a transverse thread disposed midway above two transverse threads o~ the lower layer and between the two points o~ interweaving the ~r -4-~h .. . .
. . ~. .
~ t3S~t3 longitudinal thread extends under at least two transverse threads of the upper layer in which the longitudinal threads are interwoven twice per repea-t into the lower layer of the transverse threads and each time the interweaving is per-formed by two adjacent longitudinal threads, one longitudinalthread interweaving at a point of interweaving together with the preceding longitudinal thread and at the next following point of interweaving together with the following longitudinal thread and the longi-tudinal thread extends between points of interweaving over at least one transverse thread of the lower layer.
In the clothing of the present invention, the longitudinal threads interweave twice in each repeat with the lower layer and, at each point of in-terweaving, two adjacent longitudinal threads lie side-by-side.
Compared with a sheet forming fabric having equal number o transverse threads in the upper and the lower layer, in the sheet forming fabric of the inven-.~ .
.
.A~
.
tion, the float length of the upper transverse threads is not shortened by repeated interweaving with the longi-tudinal threads. Due to two points of interweaving of the longitudinal threads with the upper layer, the sur-face of the fabric becomes denser, but surprisingly, the permeability does not decrease - it even increases.
This seems to be due to the fact that the paper side con-sists of a great number of transverse threads and each transverse thread of the upper layer interweaves only once per repeat with a longitudinal thread. Hence, the transverse thread floats remain highly overmonoplanar relative to the longitudinal thread knuckles.
The term "overmonoplanar" is derived from the fact that, in a flat woven fabric, the transverse threads (weft) at first lie straight in the fabric and the knuckles of the longitudinal threads (warp) project on both sides of the fabric. During thermosetting of the fabric, high tension is exerted on the longitudinal threads so that they tend to straighten. In so doing, they deform the transverse threads and crimp them, which is known as crimp interchange. Frequently, sheet forming fabrics are thermoset at such longitudinal tension that the topmost points of the longitudinal threads and of the transverse threads are disposed in a single plane; the fabric is then monoplanar. If thermosetting is continued : ' ' ' ' ' . ~ ~ ,' ' ~` ` .
:
5~'~
beyond this point, the crimp of the longitudinal threads decreases and that of the transverse threads increases, ie, the transverse threads project on the paper side and, depending on the construction of the fabric, also on the backing side.
The sheet forming fabric is then overmonoplanar on the paper side and the fibre web is supported by the transverse threads (transverse thread carrier or weft carrier). If the same phenomenon occurs also on the running side, the transverse threads are exposed to wear (transverse thread or weft runner). In flat, woven sheet - forming fabrics, thermosetting cannot effect monoplani-city or overmonoplanicity because there, the longitudinal threads are formed by the weft so that they are already disposed straight in the fabric owing to the weaving operation. The pronounced transverse structure on the paper side of the clothing of the invention, in com-bination with the overmonoplanicity, offers good support to the forming paper and, at the same time, facilitates the removal of the paper sheet from the sheet forming section. This is significant particularly in case of very thin tissue paper of low tensile strength. It is equally significant, in the manufacture of tissue paper, that the fabric is highly permeable. At operating speeds of the papermaking machine in the order of 1,500 to 1,800 - ~:
', .
~s;~s~.S3 m/min. and the high degree of dilution of the paper pulp, large quantities of water must be discharged through the fabric over short dewatering paths and within extremely short periods, especially in the manufacture of tissue paper.
The clothing of the invention is especially well suited for use on twin wire paper machines. It has been found that, with the papermachine clothing of the invention, the above-mentioned discharge of fabric water, at the first points of fabric deflection, is substan-tially decreased. It has not been clarified why this is so. With prior art clothings, where each longitudinal thread interweaves with the lower layer only once in each repeat, the lower half of the fabric is formed nearly excIusively of isolated transverse thread knuckles since, after one interweaving step, the longitudinal threads return obliquely upwardly to the paper side.
Actually, one would have expect a fabric having a very loose structure (DE-A-2,706,235, Figure 2F) to let the water freely flow through the fabric rather than retain it. A fabric with denser interlacing of the threads on the running side - like in the papermachine clothing of the invention - should be expected to retain more water in the fabric. Surprisingly, this is not so.
.,.. . , .. . :
: ~ ., . . . - . :
, , ,, ' ' . . .
.
3'3 Po3~1bly, thi~ 1~ due to the fact that the longitudinal threads largely remain on the runnln~ side, as they interweave twice with the transverse threads on the running side. This reduce~ the inter~tice~ between the transverqe thread~ on the running ~ide. By pair-wise arrangement of the longitudinal threadq at the points of interweaving the otherwise very open running side i9 par-tially ~ealed so that the entrainment of water and the later di charge at the point~ o~ deflection i~ sub~tan tially reduced. Nevertheles~, the fabric 3till i~ a transverse thread runner on the running ~ide. The float3 of transverse threads between the point~ of interweaving with the longitudinal thread~ are very long on the running side and at the point~ Or interweaving two longi-tudinal threads each with Joint longitudinal tension acts on the tran~verse threads and crimp them.
Owing to its high dewatering capacity, the papermachine ¢lothing of the invention i~ suited espe-cially for the manufacture of fine tiQsue paper typeq on twin wire paper machines.
Ths sheet forming fabric o~ the invention i also suited for the manufacture of writing and printing paper types as it permit~ extremely high numbers of ._ tran~verse threads in the upper layer, whi-le being still ~, : , ~
~ 5 ~.~3 sufficiently permeable, which improves the retention of the paper pulp and marking. Owing to the improved reten-tion, sheet forming fabric is suited also for manufac-turing so-called "brown" paper types, ie., kraft paper, packaging paper based on recycled material and for card-board. Preferably, the weave is a 7-, 8-, 14- or 18-harness weave, based on transverse threads in the lower layer.
The transverse threads in the lower layers suitably have greater diameter. The diameter of said transverse threads is selected only so wide that the longitudinal threads are still able to suffficiently crimp said transverse threads and that, in this way, the longitudinal threads are hardly exposed to wear. This crimping occurs only when the clothing is se so that the setting tension must be selected accordingly in order to impart to the sheet forming fabric the transverse thread runner.
Suitably, the clothing of the invention is woven flat so that the transverse threads become the weft threads and the longitudinal threads function as warp threads. The manufacture of a transverse thread runner by endless weaving meets with additional problems, but it is also possible. However, it requires looms with very ..
5~
high number of harnesses or a thread divider according to DE-C-3,108,189.
The transverse threads of the upper and the lower layer and the longitudinal threads are suitably synthetic resin monofilament, especially polyester mono-filament. The transverse threads of the lower layer and, optionally, of the upper layer, may also consist par-tially of polyamide.
Examples of the invention will be explained hereafter with reference to the drawings wherein:
Figure 1 schematically illustrates the course of a longitudinal thread;
Figure 2 is a plan view of the paper side of the clothing;
Figure 3 is a plan view of the running side, and;
Figure 4 shows the course of a longitudinal thread in another example.
According to Figure l, the example comprises an upper layer 1 of transverse threads 3 and a lower layer 2 of transverse threads 4. The number of transverse threads in the upper layer 2 is twice that in the lower ':
. . .
~ S ~3 layer 2, so that, in the upper layer 1, one transversethread 3a each is disposed above a transverse thread 4 of the lower layer 2 and the next transverse thread 3b is disposed midway above two transverse threads 4 of the lower layer 2.
Longitudinal threads 5 connect the upper layer 1 and the lower layer 2. Figure 1 shows the course of a longitudinal thread 5 within one weave repeat. The weave repeat extends over sixteen transverse threads 3 of the upper layer and eight transverse threads 4 of the lower layer. Commencing at the left-hand margin of the figure, the longitudinal thread 5 passes over a transverse thread 3a of the upper layer 1, then under two transverse threads 3b and 3a of the upper layer 1, over one trans- -verse thread 3b of the upper layer 1, then interweaves with the fifth transverse thread 4 of the lower layer 2, passes between the two layers 1, 2, interweaves with the eighth transverse thread 4 of the lower layer 2 and, finally, rises obliquely upwards in order to again inter-weave with the tirst transverse thread 3a in the upper layer 2 in the next ~ollowing weave repeat.
Each longitudinal thread 5 thus interweaves within one weave repeat with a transverse thread 3a disposed above a transverse thread 4 of the lower layer 2 '' , ~ . , ~ ~35~
and with a transverse thread 3b disposed midway above two transverse threads 4 of the lower layer. Between the two transverse threads 3a and 3b of the upper layer with which the longitudinal thread 5 interweaves two, four or another even number of transverse threads must be disposed in order to answer the requirement that each longitudinal thread interweaves within one repeat with a transverse thread 3a disposed above one transverse thread 4 of the lower layer 2 and with a transverse thread 3b disposed midway above two transverse threads 4 of the lower layer 2.
The weave pattern on the paper side is shown in Figure 2. It is discernible that adjacent longitudinal threads 5 are mutually offset by six transverse threads in longitudinal direction and each weave repeat comprises eight longitudinal threads 5.
Figure 3 is a bottom view of the running side of the example shown in Figures 1 and 2. At each point of interweaving, two longitudinal threads 5 lie side-by-side and jointly intereave with a transverse thread 4 in the lower layer 2. At one point of interweaving, the threads interweave with the left-hand longitudinal thread 5 and, at the next oint, disposed futher above in Figure 3 they interweave with the right-hand longitudinal thread.
' ~ :
, . ., ~ . .
35~3~3 In Figures 2 and 3, it is discernible that both on the paper side and on the running side~ there is a pronounced transverse structure which is prerequisite for a transverse thread carrier and transverse thread runner.
In the example illustrated by Figures 1 to 3, the two points of the interweaving of the longitudinal thread 5 into the upper layer 1 directly follow each other, ie., without any intermediate interweaving of the longitudinal thread 5 with the lower layer 2. In the same way, the two points of interweaving ofthe longitudi-nal thread 5 with the lower layer 2 directly follow each other.
Figure 4 shows an example in which the longitu-dinal threads 5 alternatively interweave with the upper layer 1 and with the lower layer 2 so that, between two points of interweaving with the upper layer 1, there is one point of interweaving of the longitudinal thread 5 with the lower layer 2. Figure ll shows the course of two adjacent longitudinal threads 5.
Example The fabric has the eight-harness weave shown in Figures 1 to 3 and is woven flat. ~he longitudinal threads 5 consist of polyester monofilament of 0.15 mm :. . ,- " ' : ', , ' ::
.
~3 diameter and are arranged in a density of 68 filaments/cm. The transverse threads 3 of the upper layer consist of polyester monofilament of 0.14 mm diameter and are arranged in a density of 42 filaments/cm. The transverse threads of the lower layer 2 consist alternately of polyester monofilament and polyamide-6, 6 monofilament of 0.1~ mm diameter and are arranged in a density of 21 filaments/cm.
These da~a apply to the finally set fabric.
Setting is carried out at a temperature of about 200 C.
and at a tension such that the longitudinal thread 5 is displaced toward the fabric interior both on the paper side and on the running side so that it is not exposed to wear on the running side and does not interfere with the removal of the sheet on the paper side. During setting, the fabric elongates by about 8%. The crimp height of the longitudinal threads 5 decreases and the longitudinal threads are displaced into the fabric interior. The transverse threads 3 and 4 are crimped by the tension exerted by the longitudinal threads 5 whereby the width of the fabric decreases by about 11~. Due to transverse contraction and the pressure and tension of the longitu-dinal threads 5, the transverse threads 3 and 4 bend out-wardly along the long floats and form the desired overmonoplanar structure on the paper side and on the running side.
- . ~ : , , . . .
. ~
: ~ .
.
Claims (7)
1. A clothing for the sheet forming section of a papermaking machine comprising two layers of transverse threads and longitudinal threads interwoven with both layers of transverse threads, in which both on the paper side and on the running side predominantly the transverse threads are visible, and the number of transverse threads in the upper layer is twice the number of transverse threads in the lower layer, the longitudinal threads are interwoven into the upper layer twice in each repeat and they interweave one time with a transverse thread disposed above a transverse thread of the lower layer and the other time with a transverse thread disposed midway above two transverse threads of the lower layer and between the two points of interweaving the longitudinal thread extends under at least two transverse threads of the upper layer in which the longitudinal threads are interwoven twice per repeat into the lower layer of the transverse threads and each time the interweaving is per-formed by two adjacent longitudinal threads, one longitudinal thread interweaving at a point of interweaving together with the preceding longitudinal thread and at the next following point of interweaving together with the following longitudinal thread and the longitudinal thread extends between points of interweaving over at least one transverse thread of the lower layer.
2. Clothing according to Claim 1 in which the upper layer has a 7, 8, 14 or 16-harness weave.
3. Clothing according to Claim 1 in which the transverse threads project relative to the longitudinal threads on the paper side and on the running side so that wear primarily concentrates on the transverse threads in the lower layer and the paper sheet is primarily carried by the transverse threads in the upper layer.
4. Clothing according to Claims 1, 2 or 3 in which the two points of interweaving with the upper layer and with the lower layer directly follow each other, without the longitudinal thread interweaving with the respective other fabric layer in-between the two points of interweaving.
5. Clothing according to Claims 1,2 or 3 in which each interweaving of the longitudinal thread with one of the two layers is followed by interweaving with the respective other layer.
6. The use of a clothing according to Claims 1, 2 or 3 for the manufacture of tissue paper.
7. The use of a clothing according to Claims 1, 2 or 3 for the manufacture of paper on a twin-wire papermaking machine.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19863635632 DE3635632A1 (en) | 1986-10-20 | 1986-10-20 | COVER FOR THE SHEET FORMING PART OF A PAPER MACHINE |
| DEP3635632.8 | 1986-10-20 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA1283589C true CA1283589C (en) | 1991-04-30 |
Family
ID=6312061
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA000549515A Expired - Lifetime CA1283589C (en) | 1986-10-20 | 1987-10-16 | Clothing for the sheet forming section of a papermaking machine |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4776373A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0264881B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2573000B2 (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE62948T1 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR8705203A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1283589C (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3635632A1 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2021675B3 (en) |
| FI (1) | FI87812C (en) |
Families Citing this family (37)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3713510A1 (en) * | 1987-04-22 | 1988-11-10 | Oberdorfer Fa F | PAPER MACHINE SCREEN FROM A DOUBLE-LAYER FABRIC |
| DE3801051A1 (en) * | 1988-01-15 | 1989-07-27 | Wangner Gmbh Co Kg Hermann | DOUBLE-DAY LOADING FOR THE SHEETING AREA OF A PAPER MACHINE |
| DE3817144A1 (en) * | 1988-05-19 | 1989-11-30 | Wangner Gmbh Co Kg Hermann | DOUBLE-LAYER COVERING FOR THE SHEET FORMING AREA OF A PAPER MACHINE |
| JP2558153B2 (en) * | 1988-08-30 | 1996-11-27 | 日本フイルコン株式会社 | Woven paper woven fabric with improved wire mark |
| US4909284A (en) * | 1988-09-23 | 1990-03-20 | Albany International Corp. | Double layered papermaker's fabric |
| DE3910019A1 (en) * | 1989-03-28 | 1990-10-04 | Kufferath Andreas Gmbh | MULTILAYER PAPER MACHINE SCREEN |
| US5025839A (en) * | 1990-03-29 | 1991-06-25 | Asten Group, Inc. | Two-ply papermakers forming fabric with zig-zagging MD yarns |
| US5067526A (en) * | 1990-08-06 | 1991-11-26 | Niagara Lockport Industries, Inc. | 14 harness dual layer papermaking fabric |
| JP3425605B2 (en) * | 1991-12-06 | 2003-07-14 | ウエーベックス コーポレーション | Double layer woven fabric used for papermaking felt and papermaking felt |
| US5508094A (en) * | 1991-12-18 | 1996-04-16 | Albany International Corp. | Press fabrics for paper machines |
| US5360518A (en) * | 1991-12-18 | 1994-11-01 | Albany International Corp. | Press fabrics for paper machines |
| US5421374A (en) * | 1993-10-08 | 1995-06-06 | Asten Group, Inc. | Two-ply forming fabric with three or more times as many CMD yarns in the top ply than in the bottom ply |
| US5518042A (en) * | 1994-09-16 | 1996-05-21 | Huyck Licensco, Inc. | Papermaker's forming fabric with additional cross machine direction locator and fiber supporting yarns |
| US5709250A (en) * | 1994-09-16 | 1998-01-20 | Weavexx Corporation | Papermakers' forming fabric having additional fiber support yarns |
| US5983953A (en) * | 1994-09-16 | 1999-11-16 | Weavexx Corporation | Paper forming progess |
| US5525410A (en) * | 1995-02-24 | 1996-06-11 | Albany International Corp. | Press fabric |
| US5641001A (en) * | 1995-08-16 | 1997-06-24 | Huyck Licensco, Inc. | Papermaker's fabric with additional cross machine direction yarns positioned in saddles |
| US5937914A (en) * | 1997-02-20 | 1999-08-17 | Weavexx Corporation | Papermaker's fabric with auxiliary yarns |
| US5865219A (en) * | 1997-07-31 | 1999-02-02 | Asten, Inc. | Double layer papermaking fabric having a high stability weave |
| US5967195A (en) * | 1997-08-01 | 1999-10-19 | Weavexx Corporation | Multi-layer forming fabric with stitching yarn pairs integrated into papermaking surface |
| US6112774A (en) * | 1998-06-02 | 2000-09-05 | Weavexx Corporation | Double layer papermaker's forming fabric with reduced twinning. |
| US6179013B1 (en) | 1999-10-21 | 2001-01-30 | Weavexx Corporation | Low caliper multi-layer forming fabrics with machine side cross machine direction yarns having a flattened cross section |
| US6123116A (en) * | 1999-10-21 | 2000-09-26 | Weavexx Corporation | Low caliper mechanically stable multi-layer papermaker's fabrics with paired machine side cross machine direction yarns |
| US6227256B1 (en) * | 1999-12-13 | 2001-05-08 | Albany International Corp. | Multi-layer papermaking fabric having long weft floats on its support and machine surfaces |
| US6585006B1 (en) | 2000-02-10 | 2003-07-01 | Weavexx Corporation | Papermaker's forming fabric with companion yarns |
| US6244306B1 (en) | 2000-05-26 | 2001-06-12 | Weavexx Corporation | Papermaker's forming fabric |
| US6253796B1 (en) | 2000-07-28 | 2001-07-03 | Weavexx Corporation | Papermaker's forming fabric |
| US6379506B1 (en) * | 2000-10-05 | 2002-04-30 | Weavexx Corporation | Auto-joinable triple layer papermaker's forming fabric |
| US6745797B2 (en) | 2001-06-21 | 2004-06-08 | Weavexx Corporation | Papermaker's forming fabric |
| GB0128407D0 (en) | 2001-11-27 | 2002-01-16 | Johnson Dale B | High support double layer forming fabric |
| JP3925915B2 (en) * | 2002-05-24 | 2007-06-06 | 日本フイルコン株式会社 | Industrial two-layer fabric |
| US6837277B2 (en) | 2003-01-30 | 2005-01-04 | Weavexx Corporation | Papermaker's forming fabric |
| RU2354764C2 (en) * | 2004-09-30 | 2009-05-10 | ЭстенДжонсон, Инк. | Double-layer shaping mesh with high resistance in central plane |
| US20090183795A1 (en) | 2008-01-23 | 2009-07-23 | Kevin John Ward | Multi-Layer Papermaker's Forming Fabric With Long Machine Side MD Floats |
| US7766053B2 (en) | 2008-10-31 | 2010-08-03 | Weavexx Corporation | Multi-layer papermaker's forming fabric with alternating paired and single top CMD yarns |
| US8251103B2 (en) | 2009-11-04 | 2012-08-28 | Weavexx Corporation | Papermaker's forming fabric with engineered drainage channels |
| EP3372714B1 (en) * | 2017-03-06 | 2022-07-06 | A. Haberkorn & Co GmbH | Structured circular woven fabric |
Family Cites Families (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4071050A (en) * | 1972-09-01 | 1978-01-31 | Nordiska Maskinfilt Aktiebolaget | Double-layer forming fabric |
| SE385486B (en) * | 1974-10-10 | 1976-07-05 | Nordiska Maskinfilt Ab | PROPAGATION WIRE FOR PAPER, CELLULOSE OR SIMILAR MACHINES AND MANUFACTURED THE SAME |
| SE397371C (en) * | 1976-02-24 | 1980-08-07 | Nordiska Maskinfilt Ab | PREPARATION VIRUS FOR PAPER, CELLULOSA OR SIMILAR MACHINES |
| FR2346489A1 (en) * | 1976-04-02 | 1977-10-28 | Martel Catala Et Cie Sa Ets | IMPROVEMENTS IN CANVAS FOR PAPER MACHINES AND THEIR MANUFACTURING PROCESSES |
| US4086941A (en) * | 1976-10-26 | 1978-05-02 | Huyck Corporation | Biplanar papermaker's belt |
| US4161195A (en) * | 1978-02-16 | 1979-07-17 | Albany International Corp. | Non-twill paperforming fabric |
| CA1110953A (en) * | 1978-10-23 | 1981-10-20 | John G. Buchanan | Duplex forming fabric |
| SE430425C (en) * | 1981-06-23 | 1986-09-19 | Nordiskafilt Ab | PREPARATION WIRES FOR PAPER, CELLULOSA OR SIMILAR MACHINES |
| DE3143433A1 (en) * | 1981-11-02 | 1983-05-11 | Hutter & Schrantz Siebtechnik GmbH, Wien | Double-layered fabric for paper machine screens |
| DE3146385C2 (en) * | 1981-11-23 | 1985-10-31 | Hermann Wangner Gmbh & Co Kg, 7410 Reutlingen | Double-layer fabric as a covering for paper machines |
| SE441016B (en) * | 1982-04-26 | 1985-09-02 | Nordiskafilt Ab | PREPARATION WIRES FOR PAPER, CELLULOSA OR SIMILAR MACHINES |
| US4709732A (en) * | 1986-05-13 | 1987-12-01 | Huyck Corporation | Fourteen harness dual layer weave |
-
1986
- 1986-10-20 DE DE19863635632 patent/DE3635632A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1987
- 1987-09-21 BR BR8705203A patent/BR8705203A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1987-10-15 FI FI874553A patent/FI87812C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-10-16 CA CA000549515A patent/CA1283589C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-19 AT AT87115267T patent/ATE62948T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-10-19 DE DE8787115267T patent/DE3769579D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-19 US US07/109,563 patent/US4776373A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-19 EP EP87115267A patent/EP0264881B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-19 ES ES87115267T patent/ES2021675B3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-10-20 JP JP62265169A patent/JP2573000B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2021675B3 (en) | 1991-11-16 |
| FI87812B (en) | 1992-11-13 |
| US4776373A (en) | 1988-10-11 |
| DE3769579D1 (en) | 1991-05-29 |
| FI874553A0 (en) | 1987-10-15 |
| JP2573000B2 (en) | 1997-01-16 |
| DE3635632A1 (en) | 1988-04-21 |
| JPS63112787A (en) | 1988-05-17 |
| FI874553A (en) | 1988-04-21 |
| BR8705203A (en) | 1988-05-24 |
| EP0264881B1 (en) | 1991-04-24 |
| ATE62948T1 (en) | 1991-05-15 |
| FI87812C (en) | 1993-02-25 |
| EP0264881A1 (en) | 1988-04-27 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
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| MKLA | Lapsed |